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Topic: Genetically modified

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	Kids.net.au - Encyclopedia Genetically modified food -
		Subsequent genetically modified food crops included virus-resistant squash, a potato variant that included an organic pesticide called Bt (NB: the EPA classified the Bt potato as a pesticide, but required no labeling), strains of canola, soybean, corn and cotton engineered by Monsanto to be immmune to their popular herbicide RoundUp[?], and Bt corn.
		Although some claim genetically modified foods may even be safer than conventional[?] products, many European consumers are nevertheless demanding that their "right to know" the content and origin of the food they consume be respected.
		In 1999, a 4 year ban was pronounced on new genetically modified crops.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ge/Genetically_modified_food (1192 words)

	Genetic engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and the now-deprecated gene splicing are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside the organism's normal reproductive process.
		Activists opposed to genetic engineering say that with current recombinant technology there is no way to ensure that genetically modified organisms will remain under control, and the use of this technology outside secure laboratory environments carries unacceptable risks for the future.
		Some fear that certain types of genetically engineered crops will further reduce biodiversity in the cropland; herbicide-tolerant crops will for example be treated with the relevant herbicide to the extent that there are no wild plants ('weeds') able to survive, and plants toxic to insects will mean insect-free crops.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_engineering (1986 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The aim is introduce new genetic charecteristics to an organism to increase its usefulness such as, increasing the yield of a crop species, introducing a novel charecteristic, or to produce a new protien or enzyme.
		Many opponents of the use of the term 'genetic engineering' argue the operations of genes in combination with cell biochemistry are rather poorly understood and sometimes lead to unexpected side effects.
		Genetic engineering proponents argue that the technology is harmless and necessary for food production to continue to match population growth.
	www.informationgenius.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/genetic_engineering.html (1525 words)

	Genetically modified food - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Subsequent genetically modified food crops included virus-resistant squash, a potato variant that included an organic pesticide called Bt (NB: the EPA classified the Bt potato as a pesticide, but required no labeling), strains of canola, soybean, corn and cotton engineered by Monsanto to be immune to their popular herbicide Roundup, and Bt corn.
		Although "biotechnology" and "genetic modification" commonly are used interchangeably, GM is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic makeup of such living organisms as animals, plants, or bacteria.
		Genetically Modified Language: The Discourse of Arguments for GM Crops and Food
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /genetically_modified_food.htm (2183 words)

	Hot-Button Issue: Genetically Modified Foods
		Genetically engineered crops can produce higher yields, create their own natural pesticides and result in more nourishing food -- but critics say they also have the potential to cause vast damage to the environment and human health.
		The question of whether genetically modified foods are directly hazardous to human health is at this point largely hypothetical, though consumer advocates say that's because it could take years for such health problems to emerge.
		The widespread sentiment that genetically modified foods were being shoved down people's throats without regard to these environmental and health concerns led to a popular backlash against "frankenfoods" in Europe this year.
	www.motherjones.com /news/special_reports/wto/soriano2.html (872 words)

	Genetically modified foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The most widely grown genetically engineered crops, accounting for over 90% of all the genetically engineered crop acreage in North America, are corn, cotton, soy and canola.
		Genetically engineered-snowdrop potatoes, found to be significantly different in chemical composition from regular potatoes, damaged the vital organs and immune systems of lab rats which were fed the genetically engineered potatoes.
		Genetic engineering continues to receive a clean bill of health by United States' regulatory agencies despite the fact that no independent, government-supported research has been or is being conducted into the effects of genetically engineered foods on mammals.
	www.healingdaily.com /detoxification-diet/genetically-engineered-foods.htm (1861 words)

	True Food Now!
		Genetic Engineering (GE) is a radical new technology that manipulates the genes and DNA - the building blocks of all living things.
		Once released, genetically engineered organisms can never be recalled, so their effects are irreversible.
		These ingredients commonly come from plants that have been genetically altered and are being grown on millions of acres in the United States.
	www.truefoodnow.org /home_whatis.html (799 words)

	Science & Technology at Scientific American.com: Poison Plants? -- Genetically modified crops, grown over much of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since the first genetically modified seeds were sold to farmers just a few years ago, the amount of acreage planted has grown exponentially.
		By the 1998 growing season, it was estimated that genetically altered crops planted in the U.S.--including tomatoes, squash, cotton, canola, corn, soybeans, rapeseed and potatoes--covered an area the size of Scotland.
		When genetic engineers began modifying bacteria to produce a new generation of drugs, such as human insulin, there was little outcry.
	www.sciam.com /article.cfm?articleID=0009632E-2481-1C75-9B81809EC588EF21 (599 words)

	Say no to genetic engineering \| Greenpeace International
		Genetic engineering enables scientists to create plants, animals and micro-organisms by manipulating genes in a way that does not occur naturally.
		Their release is 'genetic pollution' and is a major threat because GMOs cannot be recalled once released into the environment.
		For example, the huge expansion of (genetically engineered) soy monoculture in Argentina has resulted in a sharp decline of traditional food crops such as maize and wheat and also in many small farmers being driven from the land1.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/genetic-engineering (724 words)

	[No title]
		Many are not aware that genetically modified food is funded by drug companies like Pharmacia and large, well-known corporations such as tobacco giant Phillip Morris, which owns Kraft Foods.
		Already, investigators have found that rats fed genetically modified potatoes had an increased thickening in the lining of their stomach and intestine and a weakening of their immune system.
		The FDA has ASSUMED that these modified foods are equivalent to the original foods and does not require any studies to have them approved, despite the fact that this technology has never before existed in the history of the world.
	www.mercola.com /2003/jan/1/gm_foods.htm (753 words)

	US makers of genetically modified products to conquer Russian market - PRAVDA.Ru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Genetically modified organisms were received for the first time in the beginning of the 1980s in the USA, when American scientists changed the genetic structure of plants.
		Genetically modified plants are grown on about 70 million hectares of land nowadays.
		American makers of genetically modified food, the company Monsanto first and foremost (the company presently suffers great losses), are trying to make their way on the perspective Russian market.
	english.pravda.ru /science/19/94/377/14622_genetic.html (781 words)

	Genetically Modified Food - GM Food (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As the new Government Coordinator on GM Foods, it is pleasing to know that she is aware of some of the potential benefits of GM, although it is surprising to find that her priorities, which she declares are the same as the readers', include no reference to the Third World.
		The 'British National Survey on Genetically Modified Foods', currently being conducted by the Food Information Trust, is one of the most blatantly biased and unscientific studies we at SIRC have ever encountered.
		Charging Novartis with "genetic imperialism" Greenpeace has seized samples from ships anchored in the Gulf and suggested that the seeds may be blown from rail carriages during their transportation and thus may affect and disrupt the bio-diversity of Mexican agriculture.
	www.sirc.org /gate/gm_food.html (1357 words)

	Factsheet: Genetically Modified Crops in the United States
		Genetically modified food and agricultural biotechnology have generated considerable interest and controversy in the United States and around the world.
		This paper provides background information regarding the adoption of genetically modified plants among domestic and international farms and is one in a series that the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology has developed to address common questions that are frequently asked about genetically modified food and agricultural biotechnology.
		An estimated 54 percent of all canola grown in the U.S. in 2001 was genetically modified, according to industry estimates.
	pewagbiotech.org /resources/factsheets/display.php3?FactsheetID=2 (2703 words)

	The Genetically Modified Bomb
		When creating a genetic bomb to target specific groups, such genetic profiles are actually far subtler and more accurate than the coarse pseudo-category we call race.
		Another group with a common genetic profile are people with ADHD ("The Edison Gene"), who uniquely share common inherited variations in their dopamine-regulating genes regardless of their ostensible race, geography, or ethnicity.
		Thus, anybody who's part of a group with a shared genetic profile may be at risk in the future, suggest the authors of The Project for a New American Century's (PNAC) report titled "Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century.
	www.commondreams.org /views03/0910-15.htm (821 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Special Report \| 1999 \| 02/99 \| Food under the microscope \| Genetically-modified Q&A
		These beans have been modified to survive being sprayed with the Roundup herbicide that is applied to a field to kill weeds.
		Scientists are also investigating whether plants can be modified to produce new plastics and biofuels that would be kinder to the environment than the products based on oil.
		If the crop was modified to protect it from, say, insect attack and no GM DNA or protein is present in the extracted and purified starch or oil, the food will not have to carry a label.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/special_report/1999/02/99/food_under_the_microscope/newsid_280000/280868.stm (2079 words)

	National Survey Shows Americans Are In The Dark Regarding Genetically Modified Foods (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Genetically Modified Rice In China Benefits Farmers' Health, Study Finds (April 28, 2005) -- Farmers growing genetically modified rice in field trials in China report higher crop yields, reduced pesticide use and fewer pesticide-related health problems, according to a study by researchers in...
		Consumers Value Genetically Modified Foods That Directly Benefit Them (October 28, 2003) -- Consumers may be willing to pay a premium for certain genetically modified foods if they are told of the potential health benefits they may receive from eating those foods, according to a recent...
		Genetic modification (GM) involves the transfer of genes from one plant or animal to another with the purpose of expressing a desired trait, such as pest resistance or increased productivity.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2005/01/050131224504.htm (908 words)

	U.S. Genetically Modified Corn Is Assailed (washingtonpost.com)
		A scientific panel of international experts has concluded that the unintended spread of U.S. genetically modified corn in Mexico -- where the species originated and modified plants are not allowed -- poses a potential threat that should be limited or stopped.
		One variety contained genetically modified bacteria that protect the plant from certain insects, and another protects the plant if a particular kind of otherwise deadly weed killer is used on the fields.
		Genetically modified corn can be legally used as food in Mexico but cannot be planted and grown, except in small test plots recently approved by the government.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A37992-2004Nov9.html (643 words)

	Genetically Modified Crops
		Genetically modified crops are a hot topic in the scientific world today, both for their potential benefits and their potential drawbacks.
		Hoped-for benefits of using genetically modified crops include disease and pest resistance, improved product quality, an improved ability to weather environmental stresses, and the potential for specialized roles in industrial and pharmaceutical realms.
		These papers include genetic analyses of transgenic organisms, experiments examining the rapidity of resistance by pests, as well as methods to slow down pest resistance.
	esi-topics.com /gmc (340 words)

	Dangers of Genetic Engineering—Campaign for mandatory labeling of genetically engineered food
		Genetic engineering is the largest food experiment in the history of the world.
		There are about 40 varieties of genetically engineered crop approved for marketing in the U.S. As a result, 60-70% of the foods on your grocery shelves contain genetically engineered (GE) components.
		Genetically engineered foods contain substances that have never been a part of the human food supply.
	www.safe-food.org (110 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Study raises fears of genetically modified athletes
		Such therapies are not yet ready for use in humans and such genetic enhancement is likely to remain beyond the reach of athletes for some time.
		But the prospect of genetically modified athletes is already alarming drug testers.
		Sweeney says genetic researchers may therefore need to design their treatments to be susceptible to discovery.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn4688 (434 words)

	FAO: AG21: Magazine: Spotlight: Genetically modified crops
		A consultation of experts convened at FAO in January 2005 has recommended that any responsible deployment of Genetically Modified (GM) crops needs to comprise the whole technology development process, from the pre-release risk assessment, to biosafety considerations and post release monitoring.
		Biotechnology in agriculture is applied to genetic resources that are the fruit of selection and development by farmers throughout the world since the Neolithic age.
		Genetic modification is not a good in itself, but a tool integrated into a wider research agenda, where public and private science can balance each other.
	www.fao.org /ag/magazine/0111sp.htm (1476 words)

	Howstuffworks "What are genetically modified (GM) foods?"
		Man has been "genetically modifying" everything from food to dogs for many centuries; but in the past, the only tool has been selective breeding.
		Genetic engineering techniques now allow scientists to insert specific genes into a plant or animal without having to go through the trial-and-error process of selective breeding.
		Monsanto has genetically modified soybeans and other crop plants to create "Roundup Ready" strains that are not affected by Roundup.
	www.howstuffworks.com /question148.htm (431 words)

	CNN - Gerber ends use of GM ingredients - August 4, 1999
		There has been a strong opposition to genetically modified foods in Europe for some time, and Gerber is well aware of this controversy and of the role that Greenpeace has played in bringing it to the fore.
		Because some suppliers either grow both genetically modified and non-GM crops or are located near farms that raise genetically modified foods, Gerber stated they cannot guarantee that their baby food will be 100 percent free of bio-engineered ingredients.
		For instance, pollen from a genetically modified plant stuck to a bee could end up pollinating a plant in a field of non-GM crops, which could therefore contaminate the supply from that field, said Jones.
	www.cnn.com /NATURE/9908/04/gerber.enn (1036 words)

	Irish committee backs genetically modified crops -- Payne 321 (7273): 1368 -- BMJ
		The first genetically modified fruit or vegetable to be cleared for sale to consumers—a tomato modified to remain firm longer than conventional varieties—received US approval in 1994.
		In contrast, no fruit or vegetables containing "live" genetically modified organisms are on sale to consumers in the European Union.
		Although the Irish report calls for stronger regulatory controls on the technology for producing genetically modified organisms and urges the government to build up its scientific testing and assessment capabilities, as well as detailed protocols to govern genetically modified crop trials, the document supports biotechnology in both tone and conclusions.
	bmj.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/321/7273/1368/c (406 words)

	Should Genetically Modified Foods Be Labeled?
		In January 2000, the U.S. accepted an international standard allowing a country to ban the import of genetically modified food without having to prove conclusively that the food is unsafe.
		In 1992, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated that genetic modification of food and ingredients is generally recognized as safe and does not have to be labeled.
		The FDA held public hearings on whether genetically engineered food should be labeled in November and December 1999, in Chicago, Washington and Oakland, Calif. While activists on both sides of the issue crowded the hearings, the public paid little attention.
	speakout.com /activism/issue_briefs/1130b-1.html (458 words)

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