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Topic: Genetically modified crops

	Genetically modified organism - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Examples are diverse, and include commercial strains of wheat that have been modified by irradiation since the 1950s, transgenic experimental animals such mice, or various microscopic organisms altered for the purposes of genetic research.
		Individual genetically modified crops (such as soya) are subject to intense study before being brought to market and are common in the United States, but estimates of their market saturation vary widely.
		Concern over the spread of genetically modified plant pollens has arisen, the claim being that natural plants can be cross-pollenated by the pollen modified plants.
	open-encyclopedia.com /GMO (1135 words)

	Genetically modified food -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A genetically modified food is a (Any solid substance (as opposed to liquid) that is used as a source of nourishment) food product containing some quantity of any (additional info and facts about genetically modified organism) genetically modified organism (GMO) as an ingredient.
		Although "biotechnology" and "genetic modification" commonly are used interchangeably, GM is a special set of technologies that alter the genetic makeup of such living organisms as animals, plants, or bacteria.
		Other crops grown commercially or field-tested are a sweet potato resistant to a virus that could destroy most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries, and a variety of plants able to survive extreme weather.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/genetically_modified_food.htm (2277 words)

	Segregating Genetically Modified Crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetically modified crops (also called GMOs, or genetically modified organisms) are ones that have been developed using genetic engineering techniques to have special characteristics that haven't normally occurred in nature (Bt corn or Round-Up Ready soybeans for example).
		The process of segregating crops involves separate storage and handling and documentation of separation and is called "identity preservation." The idea behind identity preservation is to make sure that a crop that has a special characteristic is protected from contamination by crops that don't have that characteristic.
		Most crop producers and grain handlers are used to producing generic commodities and to blending crops that have different quality levels or that come from different fields.
	www.bae.umn.edu /extens/postharvest/gmoip.html (1099 words)

	Factsheet: Genetically Modified Crops in the United States
		Genetically modified food and agricultural biotechnology have generated considerable interest and controversy in the United States and around the world.
		Crops carrying herbicide-tolerant genes were developed so that farmers could spray their fields to eliminate weeds without damaging the crop.
		An estimated 54 percent of all canola grown in the U.S. in 2001 was genetically modified, according to industry estimates.
	pewagbiotech.org /resources/factsheets/display.php3?FactsheetID=2 (2703 words)

	Genetically Modified Crops
		Genetically modified crops are a hot topic in the scientific world today, both for their potential benefits and their potential drawbacks.
		Hoped-for benefits of using genetically modified crops include disease and pest resistance, improved product quality, an improved ability to weather environmental stresses, and the potential for specialized roles in industrial and pharmaceutical realms.
		Among the concerns about using transgenic crops are the potential for pests to develop resistance and the effect transgenic organisms could have on the natural population.
	esi-topics.com /gmc (340 words)

	Potential Dangers of Genetically Modified Crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Before genetically modified food hits the market it is thoroughly tested to make sure that it is safe for human consumption.
		The effect on local ecosystems of genetically modified crops are a major concern of environmentalists.
		The risk of invasiveness varies depending on the crop, but given the high probability of genetically modified seeds spreading into the wild, it is a problem that every region will have to look out for.
	pubpages.unh.edu /~tpc2/pages/dangers.html (606 words)

	Campaign against Genetically Modified Crops in India (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Though we didn't ask for it, genetically engineered crops will soon enter the Indian market, and no one is questioning the potential hazards to the environment and our health, say environmentalists in India who have called on the government to ban imports of genetically modified crops.
		Farmers in Australia who signed up to test genetically modified crops on their farms are opting out of the program.
		Genetically modified crops are riskier than they should be, says a committee of experts advising the British government.
	www.makingindiagreen.org /camgefood.htm (1820 words)

	Genetically Modified Crops: Demystifying the Science
		The five principal transgenic crops grown in 1998 were, in descending order of area, soya, maize, cotton, rape, and potato; with soya and cotton accounting for 52% and 30% of the global area.
		Herbicide resistant soya was genetically modified by the introduction of a gene from a soil bacterium to make the plant resistant to the herbicide glyphosate.
		My judgement is that GM crops are no more likely to spread their pollen than the crops that we have been growing for years, and certified seed is already grown under conditions that produce 99.9% pure seed.
	www.agbioworld.org /biotech-info/articles/biotech-art/burke.html (5136 words)

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		By far the most insidious dangers of genetic engineering are inherent to the process itself, which greatly enhances the scope and probability of horizontal gene transfer and recombination, the main route to creating viruses and bacteria that cause disease epidemics.
		In conclusion, GM crops have failed to deliver the promised benefits and are posing escalating problems on the farm.
		Already, investigators have found that rats fed genetically modified potatoes had an increased thickening in the lining of their stomach and intestine and a weakening of their immune system.
	www.mercola.com /2003/jul/2/gm_crops.htm (2928 words)

	Scotsman.com News - GM food
		GENETICALLY modified crops have bred with a native species to create a new herbicide resistant plant which environmentalists yesterday branded Britain's first "superweed".
		PLATFORM IN A study in the early 1990s rats were fed genetically modified (GM) tomatoes.
		A STRAIN of unapproved genetically modified corn has been accidentally sold for the past four...
	news.scotsman.com /topics.cfm?tid=9 (487 words)

	Sustainable Communities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The specific purpose of this Ordinance is to ban the planting and transferral of corporate-created, genetically engineered seeds in the Township, to eliminate corporate involvement in farming with genetically engineered seeds, and to eliminate corporate claims to constitutional rights that empower corporations to nullify local laws.
		The planting of corporate-created, genetically engineered or genetically modified seeds within the Township of ________________is hereby prohibited.
		The transferral of corporate-created, genetically engineered or genetically modified seeds within the Township of ___________is hereby prohibited.
	www.celdf.org /scm/ord/ord16.asp (1656 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Brazil OKs genetically modified crops
		Although the environmental group Greenpeace warned that genetically modified crops will harm the environment, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is expected to sign it into law this month.
		Soy production has boomed in Brazil in the past decade, along with the use of the banned genetically modified seeds, despite Monsanto's long-standing complaints that it was being robbed of profits by the widespread illicit use of its technology.
		Experts expect genetically modified soy may be the first such seeds to be approved, followed by other seeds for such crops as wheat or cotton.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002196457_soy04.html (634 words)

	"GREED OR NEED? Genetically modified crops" PANOS Media Briefing 30A, 2/99
		The first commercial GM crop in Europe was due in 1998: between 1,000 and 2,000 hectares of maize with resistance to the European corn borer is expected to be planted in France and 15,000 hectares in northern Spain.
		Their vision is of GM crops as a clean and sustainable solution to the problem of food security for the world's growing population in the 21st century.
		Critics are concerned that GM crops might repeat some of the characteristics of the Green Revolution, in which higher yields were achieved at such a cost in inputs that smaller farmers' prosperity was not increased and indeed many were forced into debt and off their land.
	www.ratical.org /co-globalize/GMcrops.html (11340 words)

	GMO FAQ
		However, there is no GMO in the cheese and no genetic modification involved in the cheese or the cows from which the milk for the cheese is derived.
		It is true that some types of crops can cross with weedy relatives (e.g., rice, sunflower, squash, carrot, sorghum, and others), so traits like resistance to an herbicide or resistance to a group of insect pests can potentially move from the crop to the weed (via the crop plant’s pollen).
		It very well could tend to decrease the diversity in crop genetic bases, because breeders and molecular geneticists will be inclined to stick with the germplasm they’re already using (and have already invested a lot in).
	ohioline.osu.edu /gmo/faq.html (3054 words)

	Britain OKs genetically modified corn crops - Environment - MSNBC.com
		Beckett said she did not think the crop would be grown commercially in Britain until the Spring of 2005 at the earliest.
		Beckett said that the crop must be grown under the same conditions as the trials “or under such conditions as will not result in adverse effects on the environment.” She also stressed that commercial growers must carry out further scientific analysis.
		The United States, the world’s largest producer of genetically modified crops, has been lobbying hard for the European Union to end its effective five-year ban on GM imports and is also trying to get the World Trade Organization to declare the moratorium illegal.
	msnbc.msn.com /id/4485895 (997 words)

	ABC News: Brazil OKs Genetically Modified Crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The modified seeds were banned in Brazil, but their use has been widespread for years by Brazilian farmers who use cloned or smuggled versions of the company's popular Roundup Ready seeds to cut production costs.
		The St. Louis-based company disputed claims that GM crops harm the environment, saying many Brazilian farmers have boosted their profits while significantly reducing the amount of herbicides used to kill weeds.
		Experts estimate about 30 percent of Brazil's soy is grown with genetically engineered seeds, but the figure is near 90 percent in Brazil's southernmost state, where the seeds were first introduced in the 1990s after being smuggled in from neighboring countries with no bans on them.
	abcnews.go.com /International/wireStory?id=546392 (398 words)

	Genetically Modified Crops Pose Dilemma for Developing Countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The study urges developing countries to balance the potential benefits and risks from genetically modified crops so as not to endanger the food supply for their populations.
		On the one hand, it says farming based on genetically modified organisms may produce bigger and better crops, improve profits for farmers, ease domestic food shortages and facilitate the production of new quality products.
		She says developing countries are caught between an ongoing dispute between the European Union and the United States, which have completely different views regarding the safety of genetically modified foods.
	www.voanews.com /english/2005-05-11-voa51.cfm (521 words)

	Social Implications of Genetically Modified Food, by Samantha Madell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Those who are opposed to the genetic modification of food blame, typically, the “men in white coats and men in grey suits” for the current level of corporate and government acceptance of GM organisms (Margaronis 1999).
		By implying that Bt modified crops are safe and “good” because Bt is used by organic farmers is to ignore the complexity which actually characterises organic agriculture.
		To argue in favour of Bt crops by acknowledging that farmers currently abuse chemical pesticides to the detriment of their own health is to imply that GM crops are immune to failure stemming from similar human abuse or error.
	www.samwisenterprise.com /writing_genetic_engineering.html (10984 words)

	Genetically Modified Crops: kids talk about genetic modification in food & genetic engineering: Doors to Diplomacy, ...
		Genetically Modified Crops: kids talk about genetic modification in food & genetic engineering: Doors to Diplomacy, 2003, Ogilvie High School (Australia)
		We invite you to use our activities to learn about our chosen topic, Genetically modified crops, and have your say in our bulletin board discussion at the forum.
		We respect your opinions, but we encourage all visitors to deepen their understanding of this controversial scientific issue and to enter our forums to listen and think as well as speak to others.
	www.geocities.com /gm_crops (111 words)

	Seeds of Concern: Are genetically modified crops an environmental dream come true or a disaster in the making? ...
		For now, virus-resistant crops stake a small share of the GM landscape, but they are likely to become more prevalent, particularly in the developing world.
		Soybeans, corn, cotton and canola were the dominant GM crops in 2000, covering 16 percent of the 271 million hectares devoted to those four commodities.
		To slow insect resistance to the Bt toxin, the EPA requires Bt crop growers to set aside some part of their farmland for crops that have not been genetically modified.
	www.mindfully.org /GE/GE2/Seeds-Of-Concern.htm (2986 words)

	New Scientist Special Report on GM Organisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetically modified cotton plants are continuing to fend off the pink bollworm after eight seasons, much to researchers' surprise
		Crops genetically engineered to produce sterile seeds have been roundly condemned.
		When genetically modified soya came on the scene it seemed like a heaven-sent solution to Argentina's agricultural problems.
	www.newscientist.com /channel/opinion/gm-food (1660 words)

	GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The study of plant genes and genomes and the development of techniques for the incorporation of novel or modified genes into plants eventually led to the commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops in the mid-1990s.
		This book describes the history and development of the science and techniques that underpin plant biotechnology, GM crops that are grown commercially around the world and the new varieties that are being developed.
		The safety record of GM crops is reviewed together with the legislation that has been adopted to cover their use.
	www.worldscibooks.com /lifesci/p284.html (258 words)

	French Activists Attack Genetically Modified Crops
		TOULOUSE, France - Hundreds of activists opposed to genetically modified crops tore out rows of maize in south-western France Sunday and threatened similar future actions of "civil disobedience" to stop the cultivation of bio-engineered food.
		The group of 1,500 was led by Jose Bové, a noted French anti-globalization activist who shot to prominence after helping pull down a McDonald's outlet in 1999 to protest US trade policy and junk food.
		"We are ready to accept the consequences of our acts," said Bové, who has already spent time in jail for destroying a stock of genetically modified seeds in 1998 and ruining genetically modified rice plants in 1999.
	www.commondreams.org /headlines04/0726-03.htm (441 words)

	Food Fights Presentation Genetically Modified Crops (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetically modified (GM) crops offer the promise of high yields, less pesticide and herbicide usage, and the possibility of edible vaccines, nutrition enhanced produce and greater tolerance to cold, drought and salinity.
		At the same time, environmentalists and others are concerned that GM crops pose environmental risks, reduced effectiveness of herbicides and pesticides, gene contamination in non-target species, may pose human health risks.
		Join us in the Current Science & Technology Center at the Museum of Science, Boston for a live discussion about genetically modified crops.
	www.mos.org /cst/article/4580 (104 words)

	Genetically Modified Crops
		Most of us are aware that genetically modified agricultural crops are a part of our food supply.
		University Outreach and Extension does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability or status as a Vietnam-era veteran in employment or programs.
		University of Missouri Extension does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability or status as a Vietnam-era veteran in employment or programs.
	outreach.missouri.edu /Stlouismg/speakers/crops.htm (143 words)

	Genes for Africa: Genetically Modified Crops in the Developing World And Shackleton's Forgotten Expedition: The Voyage ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Separating fact from fiction, this book explains why and how genetically modified (GM) crops can help combat poverty, starvation, and disease in the developing world in a safe and responsible way.
		Explained are the differences and similarities between genetic modification, conventional plant breeding, and natural processes such as crosspollination and mutations.
		Controversial issues such as patents, labeling, regulations and controls, and food safety for GM crops and organically grown food are addressed.
	www.sonnymovie.com /genes.htm (221 words)

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