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Topic: Genetics and sexual orientation

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	Council for Responsible Genetics
		Sexual orientation, like any other human behavior, is experienced in complex and variable ways, which are undoubtedly influenced by both biological and societal factors.
		Although the ads asked gay men to "call regardless of the sexual orientation of [their] brother[s]," men with gay brothers might well have been more likely to participate than men with straight brothers, especially if the straight brothers were homophobic or the gay ones were not "out" to their families.
		Since many people believe that homosexuality is genetic, a straight man who has a gay twin, and especially a gay "identical" twin, might well feel that his own sexual orientation was "suspect," and refuse to participate in the study, finding the subject threatening.
	www.gene-watch.org /programs/privacy/gene-sexuality.html (1998 words)

	Molecular Genetic Study of Sexual Orientation
		When studying a trait, such as sexual orientation, with genetic techniques it is much more efficient to focus on the less common variant; hence, we are studying families with gay brothers to learn more about the development of male sexual orientation.
		Through genetic linkage analysis of 40 pairs of gay brothers, that study also showed that a particular genetic region on the X chromosome (Xq28) was shared between homosexual brothers at a significantly higher rate than between homosexual men and their heterosexual brothers.
		Because sexuality is an essential part of human life – for individuals and society – they believe it is important to devote some time and resources to human sexual development, homosexuality and sexual orientation in general being part of that field.
	www.gaybros.com /faq.html (7381 words)

	MCAD - Model Sexual Harassment Policy
		Sexual harassment of employees occurring in the workplace or in other settings in which employees may find themselves in connection with their employment is unlawful and will not be tolerated by this organization.
		Because [name of employer] takes allegations of sexual harassment seriously, we will respond promptly to complaints of sexual harassment and where it is determined that such inappropriate conduct has occurred, we will act promptly to eliminate the conduct and impose such corrective action as is necessary, including disciplinary action where appropriate.
		The legal definition of sexual harassment is broad and in addition to the above examples, other sexually oriented conduct, whether it is intended or not, that is unwelcome and has the effect of creating a work place environment that is hostile, offensive, intimidating, or humiliating to male or female workers may also constitute sexual harassment.
	www.mass.gov /mcad/harassment.html (1227 words)

	Is There a Biological Basis for Sexual Orientation?
		Sexual interaction-oriented theories: sex segregation/heterosexual frustration theory (deals with fears of heterosexual activities and their bearing on sexual orientation); imprinting theory (suggests that an early sexual bonding with either parent will determine one's sexual orientation); sexual reinforcement theory (maintains there are reinforcing aspects of same-sex encounters that precede opposite-sex encounters).
		Genetic studies: family, twin, and adoption studies (deal with possible patterns of inheritance); search for specific chromosomes and their genes which possibly might be linked to sexual orientation.
		Sexual orientation and attraction in women apparently vary more, and relatively more women than men are bisexual--men just seem more hardwired in their sexual orientation than women.[53] Moreover, detecting and measuring sexual orientation can be tricky.
	www.geocities.com /ninure/bio_link.html (7959 words)

	The Never-ending Story: Sexual Orientation and Genetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The extent of this sequence's influence on sexual preference was not and is not known.
		It seems that the most common method for obtaining a sample population for relevant studies is to advertise in gay-identified magazines and newspapers, seeking volunteers to self-identify their sexual orientation, and if necessary, that of their siblings, etc.; information verification, if it is possible, is not always attempted (3).
		Wanting to simplify the fluid relationship between genetics and environment is tempting; wanting to reduce homosexuality and bisexuality to static states of being puts this particular debate in the spotlight at the present.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro02/web2/aoconnor.html (935 words)

	Council for Responsible Genetics
		Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation andits correlates in an Australian twin sample.
		Sexual orientation and height, weight, and age of puberty: new tests from a british national probability sample.
		Halley, J. Sexual orientation and the politics of biology: a critique of the argument from immutability.
	www.gene-watch.org /programs/determinism/SObibliography.html (4474 words)

	J. Michael Bailey, Professor
		Sexual orientation is a scientifically important and fundamental human difference.Why some people are attracted to men, others to women, and others to both men and women is a fascinating and as yet unanswered question.
		The idea that people's sexual orientations can sometimes be accurately judged by listening to them say a few (nonsexual) words is fascinating and potentially important in illuminating the origins of sexual orientation and sex differences in articulation patterns.
		There has long been the suspicion that women's sexual arousal is less predictable by their sexual orientation, and we have recently demonstrated that this is true.
	www.psych.northwestern.edu /psych/people/faculty/bailey/research.html (1143 words)

	LiveScience.com - Mom's Genetics Could Produce Gay Sons
		The arrangement of a mother's genes could affect the sexual orientation of her son, according to a new study.
		That study also found mothers to have an unusually large role in their son's sexual orientation: the region on chromosome 10 correlated with homosexuality only if it was inherited from the mother.
		Religious leaders who believe that sexual orientation is a choice argue that such research is an attempt to legitimize homosexuality; others worry that a detailed knowledge of the genetics underlying homosexuality will open the door to genetic engineering that prevents it.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/060224_gay_genes.html (902 words)

	Researchers Claim To Have Genome Scan Of 'Sexual Orientation' In Men
		The study, "A genomewide scan of male sexual orientation," is published in the journal Human Genetics.
		The researchers say that there is a statistically significant linkage to sexual orientation in a region on chromosome 7 called 7q36 and the second largest link was on chromosome 8 called 8p12.
		Good science begins with a strong hypothesis not with a "fishing expedition" which is interpreted as something other than for what it is. Complex behaviors such as those involved with sexual orientation are likely polygenic and multifactoral--at the very most predispositions whose emergence and maintenance is strongly influenced by cultural and environmental factors.
	www.narth.com /docs/genome.html (651 words)

	Sexual Orientation
		Sexual Orientation: A person's erotic and emotional orientation toward members of his or her own gender or members of the other gender (J. Shibley Hyde and J. DeLaMater).
		The researchers cautioned that they had not found a particular gene linked to sexual orientation, just a general location of where the gene may be found.
		In Freud's view, a gay male or lesbian sexual orientation results from failure to successfully resolve the Oedipus complex by identifying with the parent of the same gender.
	staff.um.edu.mt /mbor7/orientation.htm (2437 words)

	Biology and sexual orientation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The main biological determinants of sexual orientation are generally thought to be genetic and hormonal, with some writers suggesting either one or the other are the key factor, and many suggesting that both play a role.
		Many anti-adaptive genetic traits exist in the current human population in significant numbers, including a variety of genetic diseases (some fatal.) So settling the question of whether or not non-heterosexual orientations are adaptive, anti-adaptive, or neutral, does not necessarily settle the question of whether or not they have genetic determinants, and vice versa.
		At least one genetic study attempting to verify this theory claimed to find a correlation with a certain area of the X chromosome (of which all women carry two copies, and all men carry one), but these findings could not be replicated by other researchers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetics_and_sexual_orientation (6788 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: Born gay? How biology may drive orientation
		Roselli and his colleagues at OSU are using the gay rams to test what is called the neurohormonal theory of sexual development: that hormones from a developing fetus fix its sexual identity by orchestrating brain organization.
		Genetically influenced traits are more likely to be shared among the closest relatives, and that pattern holds for homosexuality.
		Just as sexual orientation spans a spectrum, scientists suspect there may be a range of mechanisms to explain it.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002340883_gayscience19m.html (2266 words)

	Genetics of Homosexuality
		Since this study did determine that the gene influencing homosexuality was carried by the mother, researchers participating in further studies knew that they could limit their search to the X chromosome, and that is exactly what they did (5).
		One of the most influential studies on the genetics of homosexuality was done by Dean Hamer and his co-workers at the National Cancer Institute in Washington DC (1993).
		Putting all of these results together, it seems like genetics are at least 50% accountable for determining a personÕs sexual orientation (8).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /biology/b103/f97/projects97/Newman.html (1456 words)

	Genetics and Male Sexual Orientation -- Hamer; et al. 285 (5429): 803 -- Science
		Sexual orientation is a complex trait that is probably shaped by many different factors, including multiple genes, biological,
		is the ratio for homosexual orientation in the brothers of
		The basis of sexual orientation remains uncertain, but the pathways involved can be expected to be complex.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/285/5429/803a (2556 words)

	PrideSource: Is it genetic?
		One "quandary" that Sanders and his team hope to find an eventual answer to is the fact that, despite the fact that homosexuality is heavily influenced by genetics, the number of gay men in the population has stayed stable even though gay men produce fewer biological offspring than their straight counterparts.
		In addition to genetics, which Sanders said provides about 40 percent of the contribution to human sexual orientation, another possible contributing factor is hormonal changes in the mother's womb.
		Another factor in the way of developing a test for a "gay gene" is the fact that sexual orientation isn't entirely determined by genetics.
	www.pridesource.com /article.shtml?article=18106 (741 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The same genes that are proposed to predispose to homosexuality may also boost reproduction in women, solving the apparent paradox of why these genes have not been removed by natural selection.
		This means that, if homosexuality is influenced by genetics or in the womb, the effect is only one of many social and environmental factors.
		The remaining 80% could perhaps be due to formative sexual and social experiences during early life or even childhood, he speculates.
	www.nature.com /news/2004/041011/pf/041011-5_pf.html (571 words)

	WHO \| Gender and Genetics
		Behavioural traits, such as aggression or sexuality, are extremely complex and cannot be explained by one gene or genetic component.
		Behavioural genetics research is still in its infancy, and its capacity to identify any genetic component of behaviours, such as sex -specific conduct, is limited.
		(60) The search for a genetic basis for sexual orientation is controversial for many reasons, one being that it is unclear whether a genetic basis will serve to enhance or diminish the stigmatization of homosexuality that occurs in some societies.
	www.who.int /genomics/gender/en/index2.html (678 words)

	Q & A Concerning the March 2005 Human Genetics study concerning sexual orientation in men.
		As we noted in our review, the co-lead author of the study, Dr. B Mustanski, indicated that he believes sexual orientation to be too complex for it to be linked to one gene.
		Third, we speculate that any regions discovered by linkage analysis to be related to sexual orientation will better fit an indirect influence model as opposed to a model that proposes genes directly wire the brain to response sexually to those of the same sex.
		Genomewide genetic linkage analysis confirms the presence of susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, on chromosomes 1q32.2, 5q33.2, and 8p21-22 and provides support for linkage to schizophrenia on chromosomes 11q23.3-24 and 20q12.1-11.23.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1354290/posts (2251 words)

	Moms' Genetics Might Help Produce Gay Sons - healthfinder®
		The link between genetics and sexual orientation has been a hot topic for more than a decade as a few scientists have tried to find genes that might make people gay or straight.
		In the new study, researchers looked at 97 mothers of gay sons and 103 mothers without gay sons to see if there was any difference in how they handled their X chromosomes.
		Ionel Sandovici, a genetics researcher at The Babraham Institute in Cambridge, England, pointed out that most of the mothers of multiple gay sons didn't share the unusual X-chromosome trait.
	www.healthfinder.gov /news/newsstory.asp?docID=531088 (775 words)

	Moms' Genetics Might Help Produce Gay Sons - Womens Health and Medical Information on MedicineNet.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Scientists found that almost one fourth of the mothers who had more than one gay son processed X chromosomes in their bodies in the same way.
		The research "confirms that there is a strong genetic basis for sexual orientation, and that for some gay men, genes on the X chromosome are involved," said study co-author Sven Bocklandt, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California at Los Angeles.
		Without sexual reproduction we would not exist, and sexual selection played an essential role in evolution," he said.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=59960 (774 words)

	BioEd Online: Mother's genetics could influence sexual orientation
		By quizzing around 200 men of different sexual orientations, researchers at the University of Padua have discovered that maternal relatives of homosexual men tend to produce more offspring than those of heterosexuals.
		Overall, about 14% of the variation between homosexual and heterosexual men is accounted for by increased maternal reproduction, and about 6% by the trend to have older brothers, Camperio-Ciani says.
		But this study shows that, although there may not be a 'gay gene', it is possible that genetic factors can influence sexuality.
	www.bioedonline.org /news/news-print.cfm?art=1295 (590 words)

	MCAD - Are You in Need of Our Services? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Mortgage lenders are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, religious creed, national origin, ancestry, sex, age, handicap (disability), sexual orientation, whether the individual has a child, and retaliation.
		In addition, banks and other creditors are prohibited from discriminating based on sex, age, sexual orientation, marital statutes, public assistance, and retaliation.
		Massachusetts landlords and realtors are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, religious creed, national origin, ancestry, sex, age, handicap (disability), sexual harassment, sexual orientation, marital status, children, retaliation, veteran status, or public assistance.
	www.mass.gov /mcad/services.html (509 words)

	UIC, Dept. of Psychiatry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		His first focuses on genetic and environmental influences on sexual health behaviors (e.g.
		His previous research was in the related area of the genetics of sexual orientation.
		His second interest is the use of the Internet to conduct sexual health research and prevention interventions.
	www.psych.uic.edu /faculty/mustanski.htm (612 words)

	The Gay Gene: Human Handedness & Human Sexual Orientation
		There is currently fierce debate over the existence of a correlation between left-handedness and certain pathologies, most notably schizophrenia.
		"Segregation" is a genetic term of art meaning the way the trait shows up in individuals down through generations.
		Indicates that genetics play a significantly greater role in sexual orientation than in handedness.
	members.aol.com /gaygene/pages/traittab.htm (463 words)

	HON - News : Moms' Genetics Might Help Produce Gay Sons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the new study, Bocklandt and colleagues examined a phenomenon called "X-chromosome inactivation."
		Ultimately, Sandovici added, the origins of sexual orientation remain "rather a complicated biological puzzle."
		The Health On the Net Foundation does not endorse opinions, products, or services that may appear in HealthDay articles.
	www.hon.ch /News/HSN/531088.html (907 words)

	HealthScout-Consumer Health News, Information and Resources Updated Daily-Women-Moms' Genetics Might Help Produce Gay ...
		Learn About Impotence, AIDS, penile implants, vasectomy, prostate cancer and other Sex-Related Health Issues from menssexhealth.com.
		Learn about hormones, birth control, pregnancy, menopause, breast exams and much more from womenshealthissues.net.
		Get the facts on sexually transmitted diseases, prostate issues, pregnancy, impotence, menopause, birth control and much more from sexualhealthissues.com.
	www.healthscout.com /news/1/531088/main.html (460 words)

	DrThrockmorton.com
		Q & A Concerning the March 2005 Human Genetics study concerning sexual orientation in men.
		- Mustanski, B.S., DuPree, M.G., Nievergelt, C.M., Bocklandt, S., Schork, N.J. & Hamer, D.H. A genomewide scan of male sexual orientation.
		When you refer to the “gay gene theory,” what do you mean?
	www.drthrockmorton.com /article.asp?id=129 (1470 words)

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