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	Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Nothing in this Protocol shall be invoked for the purpose of affecting the sovereignty of a State or the responsibility of the government, by all legitimate means, to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the national unity and territorial integrity of the State.
		After its entry into force, this Protocol shall be transmitted by the depositary to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication, in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
		The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic shall be deposited with the depositary, which shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all the Parties to the Conventions.
	www.unhchr.ch /html/menu3/b/94.htm (2623 words)

	Message to the Senate of the United States
		Geneva Protocol III creates a new distinctive emblem, a Red Crystal, in addition to and for the same purposes as the Red Cross and the Red Crescent emblems.
		The amendment to Article 1 of the CCW, which was adopted at Geneva on December 21, 2001, eliminates the distinction between international and non-international armed conflict for the purposes of the rules governing the prohibitions and restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons.
		CCW Protocol V. CCW Protocol V, which was adopted at Geneva on November 28, 2003, addresses the post-conflict threat generated by conventional munitions such as mortar shells, grenades, artillery rounds, and bombs that do not explode as intended or that are abandoned.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2006/06/20060620-3.html (321 words)

	Avalon Project : Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Gas, etc.
		Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Gas, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare 8 February 1928
		The ratifications of the present Protocol shall be addressed to the Government of the French Republic, which will at once notify the deposit of such ratification to each of the signatory and acceding Powers.
		The present Protocol will come into force for each signatory Power as from the date of deposit of its ratification, and, from that moment, each Power will be bound as regards other Powers which have already deposited their ratifications.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva01.htm (387 words)

	The Geneva Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When they ratified or acceded to the protocol, some nations -- including the United Kingdom, France, and the USSR -- declared that it would cease to be binding on them if their enemies, or the allies of their enemies, failed to respect the prohibitions of the protocol.
		Opposing the resolution, the U.S. Representative reaffirmed the American interpretation of the protocol and took the position that it was inappropriate for the General Assembly to interpret treaties by means of a resolution.
		The present Protocol will come into force for each signatory Power as from the date of deposit of its ratification, and, from that moment, each Power will be bound as regards other powers wich have already deposited their ratifications.
	www.zarc.com /english/chemical/genevaprotocol.html (2386 words)

	International Humanitarian Law - Additional Protocol III 2005
		The conditions for use of and respect for the third Protocol emblem are identical to those for the distinctive emblems established by the Geneva Conventions and, where applicable, the 1977 Additional Protocols.
		This Protocol shall be open for signature by the Parties to the Geneva Conventions on the day of its adoption and will remain open for a period of twelve months.
		The original of this Protocol, of which the Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the depositary, which shall transmit certified true copies thereof to all the Parties to the Geneva Conventions.
	www.icrc.org /ihl.nsf/FULL/615 (1547 words)

	- Geneva Protocol reservations
		The Protocol shall cease to be binding on Fiji in regard to any enemy State whose armed forces or the armed forces of whose allies fail to respect the prohibitions which are the object of the Protocol.
		The said Protocol shall cease to be binding on the Government of the Republic of Korea in regard to any enemy State whose armed forces, or the armed forces of whose Allies, fail to respect the prohibitions laid down in the Protocol.
		The Protocol is only binding on Nigeria as regards States which are effectively bound by it and shall cease to be binding on Nigeria as regards States whose armed forces or whose allies' armed forces fail to respect the prohibitions which are the object of the Protocol.
	www.sipri.org /contents/cbwarfare/cbw_research_doc/cbw_historical/cbw-hist-geneva-res.html (2709 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - Geneva Protocol, 17 June 1925
		Once again at the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the U.S. government took an active stance in seeking to prohibit the export of gases for use in war.
		France suggested that a protocol be drawn up on non-use of poisonous gases; at Poland's suggestion the prohibition was extended to bacteriological weapons.
		The British reserved the right to waive the protocol if in time of war their enemies were to disregarded the terms of the agreement.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/genevaprotocol.htm (606 words)

	Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In cases not covered by this Protocol or by other international agreements, civilians and combatants remain under the protection and authority of the principles of international law derived from established custom, from the principles of humanity and from the dictates of public conscience.
		The depositary of this Protocol shall convene a meeting of the High Contracting Parties, at the request of one or more of the said Parties and upon the approval of the majority of the said Parties, to consider general problems concerning the application of the Conventions and of the Protocol.
		The provisions of the Conventions and of this Protocol relating to supervision of the use of the distinctive emblem and to the prevention and repression of any misuse thereof shall be applicable to distinctive signals.
	www.unhchr.ch /html/menu3/b/93.htm (14617 words)

	1925 Geneva Protocol, Genomics Gateway Website, Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford
		The 1925 Geneva Protocol was a response to the use of poisonous gases in the First World War, prohibiting further use of such weapons.
		The Protocol was created during the Conference for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition held by the League of Nations in Geneva in 1925.
		A conference was held in Paris in 1989 aiming to 'reaffirm the 1925 Geneva Protocol' and on its 75th Anniversary in June 2000, the Protocol was referred to by United States President Bill Clinton as, "A major step toward protecting the world from the dangers of weapons of mass destruction." (http://www.acronym.org.uk/47anniv.htm).
	www.brad.ac.uk /acad/sbtwc/gateway/ARMS/GENEVA.HTM (445 words)

	China
		The 1925 Geneva Protocol prohibits the use of chemical or bacteriological (biological) weapons.
		When they ratified or acceded to the protocol, some nations--including China, the United Kingdom, France, and the USSR--declared that it would cease to be binding on them if their enemies, or the allies of their enemies, failed to respect the prohibitions of the protocol.
		On 13 July 1952, China declared it would abide by the Geneva Protocol as long as the other signatories did the same--if any enemy, or ally of an enemy, failed to comply with the Protocol, China would cease to be bound by its provisions.
	www.nti.org /db/china/genorg.htm (418 words)

	Geneva Convention Protocol Flags
		The "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts" signed in December 1977, includes some interesting flag-related material not only on use of the Red Cross and related flags but also other use of flags in wartime.
		Examples of perfidy mentioned in the Protocol are the feigning of an intent to negotiate under a flag of truce or of a surrender and the feigning of protected status by the use of signs, emblems or uniforms of the United Nations or of neutral or other States not Parties to the conflict.
		An annex to the Protocol "recommends" that if the blue triangle is on a flag, the ground to the triangle be the orange flag, one of the angles of the triangle be pointed vertically upwards, and no angle of the triangle touch the edge of the orange ground.
	www.fotw.us /flags/ifrc-gen.html (626 words)

	Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of ...
		It is prohibited for the Parties to the conflict to extend their military operations to zones on which they have conferred by agreement the status of demilitarized zone, if such extension is contrary to the terms of this agreement.
		They shall be protected as such under the Conventions and this Protocol, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians, and without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status provided for in Article 4 A (4) of the Third Convention.
		This card, which shall be issued by the government of the State of which the journalist is a national or in whose territory he resides or in which the news medium employing him is located, shall attest to his status as a journalist.
	www.ohchr.org /english/law/protocol1_2.htm (9317 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic of Arms, the United States took the initiative of seeking to prohibit the use of poisonous gas and bacteriological weapons in war.
		This protocol was observed during the war, although Italy used poison gas in the Ethiopian war, as did the Japanese in China.
		When the protocol was originally submitted to the U.S. Senate in 1926, there was strong lobbying against it, and Senate action was not completed.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/GCP.html (298 words)

	Geneva Protocol
		Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare.
		Usually called the Geneva Protocol, this short arms control agreement was signed at Geneva on June 17, 1925 and was registered on September 7, 1929.
		It prohibits the use of chemical weapons and biological weapons, but has nothing to say about production, storage or transfer.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ge/Geneva_Protocol.html (86 words)

	The Armed Conflict in Chechnya before the Russian Constitutional Court
		The Court determined that at the international level the provisions of Protocol II were binding on both parties to the armed conflict and that the actions of the Russian armed forces in the conduct of the Chechen conflict violated Russia's international obligations under Additional Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva Conventions.
		It should be noted that states parties to Protocol II tend normally to do their utmost to avoid admitting the applicability of this Protocol to conflicts within their borders.
		I para 4 of Protocol I to the Geneva Convention might warrant the conclusion that the armed conflict in Chechnya amounted to a war of national liberation covered by that Protocol.
	www.ejil.org /journal/Vol7/No4/art7-02.html (1739 words)

	Harvard Sussex Program -- The Geneva Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Geneva Protocol prohibits "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous, or other gases and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices", and it also bans "bacteriological methods of warfare".
		The Geneva Protocol, which is the first important multilateral agreement regarding chemical and biological weapons, is considered as a part of customary international law and therefore binds even states that are not parties to it.
		However, the Geneva Protocol, implicitly, does not cover internal or civil conflicts and does not have provisions for a verification mechanism.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~hsp/geneva.html (215 words)

	Geneva Conventions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Protocol I (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.
		Protocol II (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.
		Protocol III (2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geneva_Conventions (595 words)

	Geneva Protocol
		Bulgaria withdrew the reservation it had made at the time of its ratification of the Protocol on March 7, 1934 (communication by Bulgarian Government dated October 2, 1991, notification of which was given by the French Government on October 15, 1991).
		The People’s Republic of China acceded to the Protocol by means of a declaration of succession on July 13, 1952.
		Slovakia indicated on September 22, 1993, that it considers itself bound by the Protocol and it confirmed this in a communication dated July 1, 1997 (notification by the French Government on July 2, 1997).
	www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/4784.htm (3072 words)

	Geneva Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol, is a treaty to ban the Use of chemical and biological weapons.
		It was signed at Geneva on June 17, 1925 and was entered into force on February 8, 1928.
		At the 1925 Geneva Conference for the Supervision of the International Traffic in Arms the French suggested a Protocol for non-use of poisonous gases.
	geneva-protocol.iqnaut.net (240 words)

	Geneva Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Geneva Protocol restated the prohibition on use of poisonous gases previously laid down by the Versailles and Washington treaties and added a ban on bacteriological warfare.
		The American position is that the protocol does not apply to the use in war of riot-control agents and herbicides.
		The Geneva Protocol was signed on June 17, 1925, and before World War II the protocol was ratified by many countries, including all the great powers except the United States and Japan.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/geneva/index.html (149 words)

	Project DIANA : Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of ...
		Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
		For the purposes of this Protocol: (1) "Wounded" and "sick" mean persons, whether military or civilian, who, because of trauma, disease or other physical or mental disorder or disability, are in need of medical assistance or care and who refrain from any act of hostility.
		They may not be diverted from their civil defence purpose so long as they are required for the performance of civil defence tasks, except in case of imperative military necessity, unless previous arrangements have been made for adequate provision for the needs of the civilian population.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/diana/undocs/war-01.htm (13848 words)

	Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Convention, 1977
		The provisions of this Protocol with respect to attacks apply to all attacks in whatever territory conducted, including the national territory belonging to a Party to the conflict but under the control of an adverse Party.
		In case of doubt whether a person is a civilian, that person shall be considered to be a civilian.
		those which employ a method or means of combat the effects of which cannot be limited as required by this Protocol; and consequently, in each such case, are of a nature to strike military objectives and civilians or civilian objects without distinction.
	deoxy.org /wc/wc-proto.htm (1893 words)

	- High Contracting Parties to the Geneva Protocol
		While a number of states believe themselves to be parties to the Geneva Protocol as they have made public statements to that effect they are not parties unless they have deposited a relevant instrument with the French Government.
		Most take the form of (1) limiting the remit of the protocol as only binding in relation to states that have become party to it and (2) reserving a right to use the methods of warfare prohibited by the protocol if the state is subject to an attack by such methods.
		The first of these may be interpreted as superfluous as the protocol itself stipulates that the contracting parties agree to be bound "as between themselves" or this may be interpreted as those states putting down such a reservation believe the protocol to prohibit all uses of the methods of warfare covered therein.
	www.sipri.org /contents/cbwarfare/cbw_research_doc/cbw_historical/cbw-hist-geneva-parties.html (3765 words)

	ANC signs the geneva protocol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On November 28th, 1980, the African National Congress, at a ceremony at the headquarters of the International Committee of the Red Cross, declared its adherence to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Protocol I of 1977 on the humanitarian conduct of war.
		They had helped to develop the law so as to extend the concept of an international armed conflict to cover wars of national liberation in which, to use the language of Protocol I, 'peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes in the exercise of their right of self-determination'.
		As we solemnly affirm our adherence to the Geneva Conventions and to the Protocol, we do so in the consciousness that we do not take our standards from those of the enemy, who have shown such shameless and ruthless disregard for all the norms of humanity.
	www.anc.org.za /ancdocs/history/mk/geneva.html (293 words)

	Geneva Protocol — Infoplease.com
		protocol - protocol, term referring to rules governing diplomatic conduct or to a variety of written...
		Being Geneva: those unfamiliar with the custom of having a human embodiment of the State present on ceremonial occasions are astonished......
		A stepping stone: the Kyoto Protocol may not hold all the answers to reducing global greenhouse gas emissions but many say it's a......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0913761.html (209 words)

	Disarmament Diplomacy: - Geneva Protocol Anniversary
		In the aftermath of the terrible casualties caused by poison gas in World War I, the Geneva Protocol banned the use in war of chemical and biological weapons.
		On this 75th anniversary of the Geneva Protocol, I call on the countries of the world who have not yet done so to join the Geneva Protocol, CWC and BWC.
		The statement also stresses that on May 22, 2000, a draft federal law was introduced at the State Duma that would cancel the reservations to the Geneva Protocol the USSR made in 1928.
	www.acronym.org.uk /dd/dd47/47anniv.htm (429 words)

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