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Topic: Geneva conventions

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	Geneva Conventions - MSN Encarta
		Geneva Conventions, series of international agreements that created and developed international humanitarian law to protect wounded combatants and those who assist them, prisoners of war, and civilians during times of war or other conflicts.
		The first Geneva Convention was adopted in 1864 and provided for the protection of sick and wounded soldiers on the field of battle.
		Whereas the Geneva Conventions primarily protect victims of war, the Hague Conventions and accompanying regulations primarily protect combatants and noncombatants by limiting the methods and means of combat.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_762529232/Geneva_Conventions.html (736 words)

	Geneva Conventions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The conventions were the results of efforts by Henri Dunant, who was motivated by the horrors of war he witnessed at the Battle of Solferino in 1859.
		All four conventions were last revised and ratified in 1949, based on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague Conventions; the whole set is referred to as the "Geneva Conventions of 1949" or simply the "Geneva Conventions".
		Clara Barton was instrumental in campaigning for the ratification of the First Geneva Convention by the United States; the U.S. signed in 1882.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geneva_Conventions (592 words)

	The Geneva Conventions: the core of international humanitarian law
		The Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocols are international treaties that contain the most important rules limiting the barbarity of war.
		The Conventions and their Protocols call for measures to be taken to prevent (or put an end to) what are known as "grave breaches"; those responsible for breaches must be punished.
		The first Geneva Convention of 1864 dealt exclusively with care for wounded soldiers; the law was later adapted to cover warfare at sea and prisoners of war.
	www.icrc.org /Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/genevaconventions (279 words)

	Fourth Geneva Convention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Fourth Geneva Convention (or GCIV) relates to the protection of civilians during times of war "in the hands" of an enemy and under any occupation by a foreign power.
		This should not be confused with the better known Third Geneva Convention, which deals with the treatment of prisoners of war.
		The convention was published on August 12, 1949, at the end of a conference held in Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention (934 words)

	Geneva conventions
		In 1949 during the international conference it was adopted Geneva convention "Civil persons' protection during the war-time" as well transcribed three previous adapted conventions and submitted their texts.
		The basic principles of Geneva conventions are reposing on the respect of the human being and are respecting its dignity.
		Even if the Geneva Conventions dated 1949 have not lost their importance and significance, they were incomplete in the terms of the necessity to protect the victims of modern military conflicts.
	www.redcross.lv /en/conventions.htm (1792 words)

	Geneva Conventions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 75 U.N.T.S. 31, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.
		Geneva Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea, 75 U.N.T.S. 85, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.
		Convention (III) Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (12 Aug 1949).
	www.ku.edu /carrie/docs/geneva.html (95 words)

	Geneva Conventions - Wex
		The Geneva Conventions are a series of treaties on the treatment of civilians, prisoners of war (POWs) and soldiers who are otherwise rendered hors de combat, or incapable of fighting.
		Convention III (http://www.icrc.org/IHL.nsf/1595a804df7efd6bc125641400640d89/6fef854a3517b75ac125641e004a9e68?OpenDocument): One of the treaties created during the 1949 Convention, this defined what a Prisoner of War was, and accorded them proper and humane treatment as specified by the first Convention.
		Convention IV (http://www.icrc.org/IHL.nsf/1595a804df7efd6bc125641400640d89/6756482d86146898c125641e004aa3c5?OpenDocument): Under this Convention, civilians are afforded the protections from inhumane treatment and attack afforded in the first Convention to sick and wounded soldiers.
	www.law.cornell.edu /wex/index.php/Geneva_Conventions (723 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, 75 U.N.T.S. entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.
		Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 18 Martens Nouveau Recueil (ser.
		Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects and Protocols, U.N. Doc.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/instree/auoy.htm (1560 words)

	The Avalon Project : Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War; August 12, 1949
		The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict.
		Subject to the provisions of the present Convention relative to penal and disciplinary sanctions, prisoners of war may not be held in close confinement except where necessary to safeguard their health and then only during the continuation of the circumstances which make such confinement necessary.
		The present Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open to signature until February 12, 1950, in the name of the Powers represented at the Conference which opened at Geneva on April 21, 1949; furthermore, by Powers not represented at that Conference, but which are parties to the Convention of July 27, 1929.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/lawofwar/geneva03.htm (17691 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Iraq
		Today's conventions, negotiated after the Second World War, and including some updated amendments from the late 1970s, are the result of a century of diplomatic wrangling and lobbying by humanitarian organizations.
		Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.
		The supplements to the Geneva conventions neogiated in 1977, Protocols I and II, widened the definition from declared war to "armed conflicts" and recognized both "international" and "non-international" (such as civil wars) conflicts.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/iraq/genevaconventions.html (1956 words)

	Society of Professional Journalists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Convention II For the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea.
		Protocol II Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Proection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts.
		Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects.
	www.globalissuesgroup.com /geneva/texts.html (453 words)

	GENEVA CONVENTION
		The Geneva Conventions are international treaties binding on all States which have accepted them.
		The Conventions are long and complicated, but they are essentially a series of 'do's' and 'don'ts' to apply during conflict to protect vulnerable and defenceless individuals.
		The distinctive emblems defined in the Geneva Conventions are the red cross or the red crescent on a white background.
	www.ppu.org.uk /learn/texts/doc_geneva_con.html (1132 words)

	NOW with David Brancaccio. Politics & Economy. The Geneva Conventions \| PBS
		The Second Geneva Convention, which extended the principals of the first to war at sea, was signed in 1906.
		Although the provisions of the 1929 conventions were in effect, and Germany was a signatory to that convention, the Red Cross and other agencies could not forestall the large-scale atrocities taking place on the battlefields, and in prisoner of war camps in Europe and the Far East.
		The result was the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which updated the earlier conventions and adds a fourth convention relative to the treatment of civilians in the time of war.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/geneva.html (980 words)

	UN Convention on the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces (I)
		Neutral Powers shall apply by analogy the provisions of the present Convention to the wounded and sick, and to members of the medical personnel and to chaplains of the armed forces of the Parties to the conflict, received or interned in their territory, as well as to dead persons found.
		The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of wounded and sick, medical personnel and chaplains, and for their relief.
		Hospital ships entitled to the protection of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea of 12 August 1949, shall not be attacked from the land.
	www.hrweb.org /legal/geneva1.html (7043 words)

	Background Paper on Geneva Conventions and Persons Held by U.S. Forces - Human Rights Watch Press Backgrounder, January ...
		The protection and treatment of captured combatants during an international armed conflict is detailed in the Third Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, which defines prisoners of war (POWs) and enumerates the protections of POW status.
		The Geneva Conventions do not require a formal state of war between two state parties to be applicable; rather, it is only necessary that there be "armed conflict," which does not require formal recognition of one state by another.
		The Geneva Conventions would have minimalno legal effect if states could simply escape their obligations by declaring that an adversary state was not the legitimate government of the country.
	hrw.org /backgrounder/usa/pow-bck.htm (3089 words)

	JURIST - Paust: The Common Plan to Violate the Geneva Conventions
		[with respect to] the Geneva Convention III on the Treatment of Prisoners of War (GPW)...that there are reasonable grounds for you to conclude that GPW does not apply with respect to the conflict with the Taliban.
		It was reported in early February 2002 that the White House changed its prior plan to not apply the Geneva Conventions to the war in Afghanistan that the US internationalized on October 7, 2001.
		Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions requires the United States “to respect and to ensure respect for the” Conventions “in all circumstances.” The Plan was to violate this duty.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /forum/paust2.php (1172 words)

	The Fourth Geneva Convention (Full Text)
		Persons protected by the Convention are those who, at a given moment and in any manner whatsoever, find themselves, in case of a conflict or occupation, in the hands of a Party to the conflict or Occupying Power of which they are not nationals.
		The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of civilian persons and for their relief.
		The text of the present Convention and the texts of special agreements concluded under the said Convention shall be posted inside the place of internment, in a language which the internees understand, or shall be in the possession of the Internee Committee.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Human_Rights/geneva1.html (13398 words)

	Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The provisions of the Conventions and of this Protocol relating to supervision of the use of the distinctive emblem and to the prevention and repression of any misuse thereof shall be applicable to distinctive signals.
		Notwithstanding any other provision of the Conventions or of this Protocol, any member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict who falls into the power of an adverse Party while engaging in espionage shall not have the right to the status of prisoner of war and may be treated as a spy.
		They shall be protected as such under the Conventions and this Protocol, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians, and without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status provided for in Article 4 A (4) of the Third Convention.
	www.unhchr.ch /html/menu3/b/93.htm (14617 words)

	Geneva Conventions - Council on Foreign Relations
		The Geneva Conventions do not require that the U.S. prevent abuses by its foe, but leaders in the human rights community are even now calling upon the Bush Administration to anticipate and prevent attacks by Saddam Hussein on dissident Kurds and Shiite Iraqis.
		The Geneva Conventions permit a degree of collateral damage when legitimate military targets are attacked, but the U.S. and international public opinion will judge the United States harshly if American bombs and missiles kill civilians in the vicinity of Saddam’s forces or weapons caches.
		During the war between Iran and Iraq, for example, the ICRC regularly exhorted all parties to the Geneva Conventions to use their influence to try to ensure that the belligerents, Iran and Iraq, adhere to the Conventions.
	www.cfr.org /publication.html?id=5313 (3523 words)

	t r u t h o u t - Marjorie Cohn \| The Quaint Mr. Gonzales
		The "quaint" Geneva Conventions are treaties ratified by the United States, and therefore part of the supreme law of the land under our Constitution.
		Even if a captive did not qualify for prisoner-of-war status under the Third Geneva Convention, he would be protected by the Fourth Geneva Convention on the treatment of civilians during wartime.
		In a significant defeat for the Bush administration, a federal district court judge in Washington D.C. ruled earlier this week that the military commissions violate the Geneva Conventions, and were unlawfully constituted because Congress had not authorized them.
	www.truthout.org /docs_04/111304A.shtml (1527 words)

	International humanitarian law (IHL)
		Geneva (ICRC) – Friday 8 June will be the 30th anniversary of Protocols I and II additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is highlighting the importance of these landmark treaties through a series of special events.
		Geneva (ICRC) – The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is holding an international meeting of experts on cluster munitions from 18 to 20 April in Montreux, Switzerland.
		Geneva / Addis Ababa (ICRC) – A study by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) identifying 161 rules of customary international humanitarian law was presented at a launch ceremony for the African continent held in Addis Ababa today under the auspices of the African Union.
	www.icrc.org /web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Humanitarian_law?OpenDocument (3439 words)

	Media Matters - Time falsely claimed that Geneva Conventions protect only POWs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Because the detainees allegedly targeted civilians and did not belong to a conventional army --or, in the case of the Taliban, did not serve under a legitimate government, in the U.S.'s view --Washington classifies them as unlawful or enemy combatants, a decision that numerous critics vehemently disagree with.
		While the Third Geneva Convention details the protections to which POWs are entitled, the Fourth Geneva Convention (GCIV) stipulates different protections for "civilian persons in a time of war," as Media Matters for America has repeatedly noted.
		The idea that the Geneva convention the first incarnation of which was in 1864 was created to 'protect humanity from Islamic' ANYTHING is ignorant beyond words.
	mediamatters.org /items/200506060005 (3534 words)

	Red Cross Red Crescent - Emblems
		Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the adoption of an additional distinctive emblem (Protocol III)
		Spanish version of the Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the adoption of an additional distinctive emblem (Protocol III)
		Chinese version of the Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the adoption of an additional distinctive emblem (Protocol III)
	www.ifrc.org /who/emblem.asp?navid=03_13 (430 words)

	FindLaw Legal News: Special Coverage: War In Iraq: Laws
		Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
		Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.
		Convention on the prohibition of military or any hostile use of environmental modification techniques, 10 December 1976.
	news.findlaw.com /legalnews/lit/iraq/laws.html (651 words)

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