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Topic: Genital cutting

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	Ancient Egyptian Female Genital Cutting \| FGC Egypt Genital Mutilation Circumcision Virginity Marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Practices involving the cutting of female genitals have been found throughout history in many cultures, but there is no definitive evidence documenting when or why this ritual began.
		Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve the partial or total cutting away of the female clitoris.
		Historically, it has been also called "female genital mutilation" or "female circumcision." After the clitoris is excised and all external genitalia are carved away, the bleeding raw edges of the large lips are held together by thorns or other fastening devices - until a scar forms to close the entrance to the vagina.
	www.egyptianculture.net /FGC.aspx (443 words)

	Genital Cutting in Africa: Slow to Challenge an Ancient Ritual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The tradition of female genital cutting is woven into the everyday life of the Yacouba people here, just as it is for hundreds of ethnic groups in a wide band of 28 countries across Africa.
		While she cuts a group of 10 to 15 girls on the ground of the forest, other women shake the noisemakers, covering the cries of pain.
		The nature of the cutting, the reasons for it and the age at which it is done vary greatly by region and ethnic group.
	idcs0100.lib.iup.edu /~tconelly/Africa/Reading/SlowChallengeRitual.htm (2587 words)

	What is Genital Integrity
		In nearly every case of forced genital cutting- male, female, and intersex- a child or adolescent is forced by an adult to endure an alteration of their body.
		Forced genital cutting marks children, and the adults they become, with shame and indignity because they are made to feel bad about their natural body.
		Forced genital cutting disenfranchises an individuals right to choose what is best for their body, and does so on the very private parts we hold dear.
	studentsforgenitalintegrity.org /whatisgi.html (496 words)

	Genital Cutting May Alter, Rather Than Eliminate, Women's Sexual Sensations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cut women, however, were more likely than uncut women to consider their breasts, rather than their clitoris, the most sensitive part of their body.
		Compared with women who had not experienced genital cutting, women who had were significantly more likely to consider their breasts the most sensitive part of their body (1.9), and they were significantly less likely to cite their clitoris (0.4).
		In fact, this study found that women who had undergone genital cutting were just as likely as those who had not to report having had recent sexual intercourse and were more likely to report at least sometimes initiating sexual intercourse with their partner.
	www.guttmacher.org /pubs/journals/2905103.html (1003 words)

	cbs5.com - WHO: Genital Cutting Is Torture, Must Be Stopped
		The "medicalization" of ritual genital cutting fails to prevent girls from being permanently scarred, threatening their lives when they give birth later and endangering their babies, WHO said in a report.
		Genital cutting "is the worst thing that a medical doctor could possibly do," said Joy Phumaphi, WHO assistant director-general and a former health minister from Botswana.
		Depending on the severity of the genital cutting, neonatal death rates range from 15 percent to 55 percent higher than babies born to women with intact genitals.
	cbs5.com /homepage/topstories_story_153110202.html (601 words)

	Female genital cutting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Female genital cutting (FGC) refers to amputation of any part of the female genitalia for cultural rather than medical reasons, not including genital modification of intersexuals or gender reassignment surgery.
		The term female circumcision is also in common usage, though advocates of male circumcision argue that this results in unwanted associations between the two practices, while genital integrity advocates might refer to all child genital cutting as mutilation.
		Female genital cutting is primarily a social practice, not a religious one.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Female_circumcision (5918 words)

	The New York Times > International > Africa > Genital Cutting Shows Signs of Losing Favor in Africa
		Cutting it, they argued in their long session outside her home, is a sin.
		In Tanzania, where cutting is also illegal, three young sisters sought refuge in a church after their father said they would have to undergo it.
		In some countries the cutting is limited to the tip of the clitoris, an effort to reduce sexual pleasure for women and reduce the likelihood that they will stray from their husbands.
	www.nytimes.com /2004/06/08/international/africa/08cutt.html?ei=5007&en=fbe3b906545643a1&ex=1402027200&partner=USERLAND&pagewanted=all (1242 words)

	Genital Cutting and Western Discourses on Sexuality
		Although many of these genital surgeries are less common than the removal of the foreskin, they begin to approach the tenor of female operations such as infibulation in both their degree of physical invasiveness and their potentially damaging health outcomes.
		Although female genital cutting entered the consciousness of colonial administrations in Africa in the 1930s, the practices did not come to larger attention in the West until the 1970s—in large part due to the work of activists such as Fran Hosken and feminists such as Gloria Steinem, Robin Morgan, and Mary Daly.
		As I have shown, in the context of genital cutting, assumptions are regularly invoked that are readily challenged elsewhere.
	www.cirp.org /library/anthropology/bell1 (9735 words)

	UNFPA: POPULATION ISSUES: Promoting Gender Equality
		Cutting of the scar tissue is sometimes necessary to facilitate sexual intercourse and/or childbirth.
		Only gradually was the subject of the female genital mutilation/cutting introduced and community involvement solicited in an analysis of both its harmful effects and the positive values it was meant to promote.
		In 2002, out of 12,000 potential candidates, just over 5 per cent were subjected to cutting in a district that had, at one time, a by-law making genital cutting compulsory for all women.
	www.unfpa.org /gender/practices1.htm (1091 words)

	Female Genital Cutting -- NotJustSkin.org
		The U.S. Federal Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act of 1995 illegalizes any surgical procedure on the sexual organs of a girl before age 18, regardless of cultural or religious beliefs, unless the procedure is deemed "medically necessary" and performed by a licensed physician.
		Genital alteration surgeries also continue to be performed on children with intersex conditions.
		In addition, when performed as a medical procedure, genital cutting typically violates the right to informed consent because the sexual effects of the surgery are usually ignored, the potential complications minimized, and dubious benefits emphasized.
	www.notjustskin.org /en/fgc.html (2045 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation - A Human Rights Information Pack
		Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the term used to refer to the removal of part, or all, of the female genitalia.
		The procedure consists of clitoridectomy (where all, or part of, the clitoris is removed), excision (removal of all, or part of, the labia minora), and cutting of the labia majora to create raw surfaces, which are then stitched or held together in order to form a cover over the vagina when they heal.
		The type of mutilation practised, the age at which it is carried out, and the way in which it is done varies according to a variety of factors, including the woman or girl's ethnic group, what country they are living in, whether in a rural or urban area and their socio-economic provenance.
	www.amnesty.org /ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm (3243 words)

	Interpreting female genital cutting: Moving beyond the impasse Annual Review of Sex Research - Find Articles
		I indicate that the study of genital cutting practices is at an impasse-with absolutists arguing that intervention to stop the procedure is required and relativists asserting that outsiders have either no right or no ability to impose such change upon others.
		Data from fieldwork conducted among the Sara, an ethnic group from the south of Chad, highlight the diversity in genital cutting ceremonies that is not currently represented in the literature or acknowledged in popular discourse.
		Strategies for approaching the study of female genital cutting are presented as ways to bring fresh perspectives to the literature and to move discussion of female genital cutting beyond the current impasse.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3778/is_200001/ai_n8892607 (296 words)

	FGC Education and Networking Project
		An infibulated woman must be cut open to allow intercourse on the wedding night and is closed again afterwards to secure fidelity to the husband.
		Long-term complications include sexual frigidity, genital malformation, delayed menarche, chronic pelvic complications, recurrent urinary retention and infection, and an entire range of obstetric complications whereas the fetus is exposed to a range of infectious diseases as well as facing the risk of having his or her head crushed in the damaged birth canal.
		Female Genital Cutting can only be abolished by a grassroots approach which would take into consideration all aspects of a particular culture and try to work within that system of beliefs to eradicate this practice.
	www.fgmnetwork.org /intro/fgmintro.html (2178 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Africa / Doctor joins genital mutilation debate
		Several types of female genital cutting, sometimes called female circumcision, are common in Somalia, Sierra Leone, Eritrea, and Sudan.
		Several European countries, including Britain, Norway, and Sweden, have criminalized female genital cutting, and a similar bill is being considered in Italy's Parliament.
		Abdulcadir, who began working with women who had suffered genital mutilation more than 30 years ago while a medical student in Florence, said that genital cutting is so deeply embedded in the fabric of society that it is extremely difficult to curb.
	www.boston.com /news/world/africa/articles/2004/02/12/doctor_joins_genital_mutilation_debate (755 words)

	Intersex Surgery, Female Genital Cutting, and the Selective Condemnation of "Cultural Practices"
		Moreover, in emphasizing the "cultural," socially contingent nature of female genital cutting, the mainstream critique conveys the message that societies where FGC is practiced are homogeneous and monolithic.
		The reductionist use of female genital cutting as shorthand for "African" "culture" is just as open to a number of challenges as the association of intersex surgery with "objective" science.
		An acceptable policy proposal regarding genital cutting issues should: (1) preserve individuals' autonomy by eliminating the procedures (at least when performed on children); (2) acknowledge the similarity between intersex and FGC issues; and (3) avoid demonizing practitioners of either surgery and discussing the harms those surgeries produce in voyeuristic or orientalizing ways.
	www.law.harvard.edu /students/orgs/crcl/vol40_1/ehrenreich.php (15964 words)

	James, Robertson: Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood
		The somewhat ponderously titled "Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood: Disputing U.S. Polemics," edited by Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson, is no exception.
		Then again, one of the big problems with "Genital Cutting" is its failure to acknowledge its predecessors and contextualize its perspectives with those contained in these earlier efforts.
		Activists for genital integrity may find themselves irritated when in their introduction, on page 7, the editors trot out the old throwaway statement about male circumcision being "much more minor" than female genital cuttings.
	www.arclaw.org /Review/James-Robertson.htm (1038 words)

	Tostan News - Female Genital Cutting - The Beginning Of The End (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		An imported female who is genitally cut is likely accompanied by discourse about the fidelity-promoting purposes of the treatment which inspires technological imitation in the importing seraglio.
		To be the one family that does not cut in a village of a hundred families means that marriage for the daughter is unlikely, but to be among the hundred families that do not cut in a city of a ten thousand families means that suitable marriage for the daughter is more likely.
		Hernlund (this volume) reports for the Gambia that it is becoming increasingly common for girls to be cut with less ritual and at younger ages and argues that this is part of a general trend.
	www.tostan.com /news-fgc.htm (12847 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Issues: Health: Female Genital Mutilation: News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Female Genital Cutting Education and Networking Project - Attempts to present the practice from a variety of perspectives and serve as a networking resource for organizations doing work related to FGC.
		Genital Mutilation and The United Nations: Male And Female Circumcision, Human Rights, and The Restoration Of Spiritual Integrity and Freedom - Presentation given by Anastasios Zavales about educating the world community about the practice of genital mutilation.
		NPR : Asylum and Genital Mutilation - About a Nigerian woman fighting deportation from the US, saying she needs to stay because her 10-year-old daughter, who is an American citizen, would be subject to genital mutilation if sent to Nigeria.
	dmoz.org /Society/Issues/Health/Female_Genital_Mutilation/News (1036 words)

	UNICEF - Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse - Female genital mutalitation
		Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), or female genital cutting, refers to a number of practices which involve cutting away part or all of a girl’s external genitalia.
		Given current birth rates this means that some 2 million girls are at risk of some form of female genital mutilation every year.
		Female genital mutilation (or female genital cutting) comprises all surgical procedures involving partial or total removal of the external genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for cultural or non-therapeutic reasons.
	www.unicef.org /protection/index_genitalmutilation.html (438 words)

	Neowin.net > Genital cutting is ‘torture,’ WHO says
		Male genital mutilation is no big deal to most people, yet threatening a man's genitals is considered a pretty goddamned big deal ("I'll cut your dick off," "I'll cut your balls off," "I'll kick you in the nuts").
		Cutting off any part of the body, except when that part of the body is dead or threatens the life of any of the rest of the body, is WRONG and to think that it's done regularly to the penis--of all parts--is an affront to our sense of civilization.
		Not only that, but the pain can be on the level of having your genitals cut without anesthetic and could last for years.
	www.neowin.net /forum/lofiversion/index.php/t466609.html (6417 words)

	USAID Health: Family Planning, Success Stories, Mali: Advocacy to End Female Genital Cutting
		Although eliminating female genital cutting may be seen as a clear-cut issue of human rights and gender violence, efforts to eradicate the practice must take into account the complex social, cultural and even economic issues that surround it.
		And while political will against female genital cutting is strong in Mali, public campaigns that emphasize the health risks have contributed to increased medicalization of the practice by health professionals.
		While counseling on female genital cutting was virtually nonexistent at baseline, an end-of-project review of health center registers showed that 414 female clients received private counseling about the practice.
	www.usaid.gov /our_work/global_health/pop/news/fgcmali.html (848 words)

	U.S. Doc's Specialty Is Women with Cut Genitals
		In her village in Somalia, women underwent the most radical form of genital cutting, leaving no trace of the clitoris and little remnants of the labia.
		She remembers genital mutilation as "something that happened to the girls I knew in Khartoum." Starting in elementary school, her friends would casually report: "Oh, I got circumcised.
		But genital cutting was so common for girls that Nour recalls her 8-year-old sister asking their father, "When is my circumcision?" When he told her she would not have one, her sister cried, Nour said.
	www.womensenews.org /article.cfm/dyn/aid/1862 (1096 words)

	African Women Gather to Denounce Genital Cutting
		Some of the activists who gathered here in the Ethiopian capital today to combat the traditional practice of genital cutting had had the procedure performed on them when they were girls.
		Recently, some young girls in Kenya, where the practice is officially banned, resorted to lawsuits to prevent their parents from compelling them to undergo the cuts, which are seen as a way of ensuring chastity by reducing the sex drive of girls.
		In Ghana, the parents of a young girl who was forcibly cut sought to prosecute the woman who cut her as well as the ones who held her down and danced around her to usher her into womanhood.
	www.worldrevolution.org /article/452 (937 words)

	Female Genital Cutting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve the partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genitals, whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons.
		FGC is usually carried out by traditional practitioners or lay persons who use a variety of instruments, which range from a scalpel to a piece of glass, to conduct the procedure.
		Female genital cutting is done for many complex, poorly understood reasons.
	www.4woman.gov /faq/fgc.htm (2087 words)

	UNICEF - Press centre - Three million girls undergo female genital cutting every year
		Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a traditional practice believed to enhance a girl’s beauty, honour, marriageability, social status and chastity.
		Parents encourage cutting so that the family honour and the girl’s best interest are protected.
		From country to country, the percentages of the female population that is cut, the types of cutting carried out and the age at which it begins varies widely.
	www.unicef.org /media/media_30047.html (655 words)

	Sexuality 3: Female Genital Cutting (FGC) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Female genital cutting (also referred to as female circumcision, female genital mutilation, or FGM) is the removal of genital organs (e.g., clitoris) or the partial or total removal of the external genitalia (e.g., labia majora, labia minora).
		Therefore, the emotional effects of those who undergo FGC—as well as the effects on those who do not undergo FGC where cultural and social expectations for the practice exist—cannot be predicted.
		FGC removes the woman’s sexual organs (such as the clitoris), and infibulation may leave the woman with little sexually sensitive genital tissue.
	www.engenderhealth.org /res/onc/sexuality/anatomy/miw/pg5.html (295 words)

	Pregnancy & Childbirth \| Women Who Undergo Extreme Forms of Female Genital Cutting More Likely To Be Infertile Than ...
		Lars Almroth, a pediatrician and researcher at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden, and colleagues studied 99 infertile women and 180 pregnant women, all of whom were seen at one of two outpatient clinics in Khartoum, Sudan, in 2003 and 2004 (Reaney,
		The researchers conclude that it is possible that female genital cutting can lead to primary infertility, which they say is "highly relevant" for advocacy groups that work to end the practice (Almroth et al.,
		Female genital cutting is practiced in more than 30 countries, and Amnesty International estimates that about 135 million girls and women worldwide have undergone some form of the procedure (
	www.kaisernetwork.org /daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=31736 (238 words)

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