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Topic: Genital tubercle

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Sexual differentiation

Antimullerian hormone

Wolffian ducts

Penis

Glans penis

Fetus

Fallopian tube

Vagina

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	XI. Splanchnology. 3. The Urogenital Apparatus. Gray, Henry. 1918. Anatomy of the Human Body.
		The portions which lie in the genital core fuse to form the uterus and vagina; the parts in front of this cord remain separate, and each forms the corresponding uterine tube—the abdominal ostium of which is developed from the anterior extremity of the original tubular invagination from the celom (Fig.
		Beard, 176 on the other hand, maintains that in the skate they are not derived from this epithelium, but are probably formed during the later stages of cell cleavage, before there is any trace of an embryo; and a similar view was advanced by Nussbaum as to their origin in amphibia.
		The genital swellings extend around between the pelvic portion and the anus, and form a scrotal area; during the changes associated with the descent of the testes this area is drawn out to form the scrotal sacs.
	www.bartleby.com /107/252.html (3757 words)

	Endotext.com - Pediatric Endocrinology, Sexual Differentiation
		The Müllerian tubercle demarcates the cranial vesicourethral canal from the caudal urogenital sinus.
		The urethral plate, an extension of the urogenital sinus which is present within the genital tubercle from the earliest stages of development (172), lies in the roof of the primary urethral groove and extends to the tip of the phallus.
		The insensitivity of the male genital tubercle to high levels of androgens during the second trimester is not due to a low expression of the androgen receptor or of 5 α-reductase type 2 in the corpora cavernosa (176).
	www.endotext.org /pediatrics/pediatrics7/pediatrics7_2.htm (5050 words)

	Genital tubercle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A genital tubercle is a body of tissue which forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus.
		In the human fetus the genital tubercle develops around week 4 of gestation, and by week 9 becomes recognizably either a clitoris or penis.
		The genital tubercle is sensitive to dihydrotestosterone and rich in 5-alpha-reductase, so that the amount of fetal testosterone present after the second month is a major determinant of phallus size at birth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genital_tubercle (167 words)

	Environmental Health \| Full text \| Embryonic exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin causes virilization of females and ...
		Fetal genital tubercle morphology was assessed and tissue harvested on GD 19 (when urethral closure at the tip of genital tubercle normally has occurred) [16].
		Of the male genital tubercles examined macroscopically, we identified 8 of 59 (13.6%) as having hypospadias.
		We speculate that the virilization that occurred in the female genital tubercle may have been the result of indirect estrogen antagonism; vinclozolin does not appear to be an estrogen receptor agonist or antagonist [20].
	www.ehjournal.net /content/5/1/4 (3303 words)

	HERMAPHRDOITES, PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES AND ANOMALOUS SEXUAL MORPHOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Genital tubercle becomes clitoris; genital folds the labia minora; and genital swellings the labia majora.
		Genital tubercle is a clitoris; genital folds the labia minora; and genital swellings the labia majora.
		Genital tubercle is penile glans; genital folds form penile shaft; and genital swellings form scrotum.
	www.sinc.sunysb.edu /Class/bio300/HERMAPHRODITES.htm (3318 words)

	[No title]
		According to Spaulding M.H., (1921) a shallow depression extends the length of the tubercle, known as the urethral groove and the cloacal membrane sits at the base of this groove.
		The genital tubercle has formed a ‘compressed,conical protuberance’ and the future glans and shaft regions of the phallus may be determined.
		By this stage the genital tubercle has elongated and according to Spaulding M.H., (1921), is now termed a ‘phallus’ because labioscrotal swellings have appeared lateral to the genital tubercle in some embryos of this stage.
	www.ana.ed.ac.uk /anatomy/database/humat/notes/embryo/urogenital/genital.htm (912 words)

	eMedicine - Genital Anomalies : Article by Luigi Avolio, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In the male fetus, the genital tubercle enlarges to form the penis; the genital folds become the shaft of the penis; and the labioscrotal folds fuse to form the scrotum.
		Abnormal positioning of the genital tubercle in relation to the scrotal swellings during the critical fourth to fifth week of gestation may affect the inferomedial migration and fusion of the scrotal swellings.
		If the phallic tubercle also is intrinsically abnormal, development of the corporal bodies and the urethral groove and folds may be affected; this explains the frequent occurrence of the other genital abnormalities.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2798.htm (5687 words)

	Endotext.com - Pediatric Endocrinology, Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias
		Factors to be considered when deciding on an optimal gender for a newborn with ambiguous genitalia include the degree of genital ambiguity at birth, the ability to produce and respond to androgens, surgical options for constructing male or female genitalia and later potential for fertility.
		DHT is required for fusion of the urethral and labioscrotal folds, lengthening of the genital tubercle, and regression of the urogenital sinus (15).
		Specifically, the labioscrotal and urethral folds form the labia majora and minora respectively, the genital tubercle develops into a clitoris, and the urogenital sinus becomes the anterior portion of the vagina.
	www.endotext.org /Pediatrics/pediatrics10/pediatrics10.htm (4316 words)

	bc_martini_eap_3\|The Reproductive System\|Embryology Atlas
		A genital tubercle develops that will form the glans of the penis in males and the clitoris in females.
		In the male embryo at 10 weeks, the genital tubercle has enlarged, the tips of the urethral folds have moved together to form the penile urethra, and paired scrotal swellings have developed from the genital swellings.
		The genital tubercle develops into the clitoris, immediately posterior to which the urethra opens to the exterior.
	wps.aw.com /bc_martini_eap_3/0,7016,454771-,00.html (601 words)

	Case Based Pediatrics Chapter
		The external genitalia in both sexes are represented by the genital tubercle, the urethral folds, and the labioscrotal swellings that surround the cloacal membrane (1).
		A unicornuate or bicornuate uterus is usually present, and the differentiation of the genital ducts is determined by the ipsilateral gonad, with the ovary usually located on the left side (5).
		Genital reconstruction is necessary in the majority of patients with ambiguous genitalia and intersex disorders once the multidisciplinary team, in conjunction with the family, have decided on the appropriate gender assignment.
	www.hawaii.edu /medicine/pediatrics/pedtext/s13c11.html (3853 words)

	Anuario 2004
		The genital tubercle is the embryonic structure that differentiates into the penis in males and into the clitoris in females.
		The genital tubercle changes in relative location from its initial position between the rear limbs to the proximity of the umbilical cord in the male and remains near the tail in the female.
		Prior to day 53, the genital tubercle cannot be identified primarily due to the small size of the fetus.
	www.poloargentino.com /anuarios_ingles/nota_18_7.html (2235 words)

	Human sexual differentiation
		Sexual differentiation is conformed in the human during four successive steps: the constitution of the genetic sex, the differentiation of the gonads, the differentiation of the internal and the external genital tractus and the differentiation of the brain and the hypothalamus.
		Wolffian ducts are present in the embryo at a crown-rump length of 4-5 mm, and serve as the excreting duct to the mesonephros.
		The müllerian tubercle protrudes from the posterior wall of the urogenital sinus, between the two orifices of the wolffian ducts (Fig.
	www.gfmer.ch /Books/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html (3765 words)

	Administration of 5{alpha}-Androstane-3{alpha},17{beta}-Diol to Female Tammar Wallaby Pouch Young Causes Development of ...
		The genital tubercle is of similar dimensions to that of the female, but the phallus is much longer.
		C, In the A56 female the phallus protrudes from the genital tubercle.
		The genital tubercle is present in all sections, suggesting that the phallus was fixed while partially retracted.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/7/2643 (4519 words)

	Intrauterine Sonographic Visualization of Embryonic Genital Tubercle
		The percentage of embryonic genital tubercle (or phallus) visualized at each gestational age using intrauterine and transvaginal sonography is presented.
		The genital tubercle was visualized in 30% of embryos at 8 weeks' gestation, and in 100% of embryos at 9 and 10 weeks.
		The genital tubercle was situated somewhat cranially to the sacral prominence at this gestational age.
	content.karger.com /ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=10161 (271 words)

	BIO 150 - Hermaphrodites et al.
		Genital tubercle forms clitoris; genital folds form labia minora; and genital swellings form labia majora.
		genital tubercle is penile glans; genital folds form penile shaft; and genital swellings form scrotum.
		genital swellings may form an incomplete scrotum that is split (bifid) with a vaginal entry between the two halves of the split scrotum.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /bio150/hermaphrodite.html (2433 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Differential gene-expression patterns in genital fibroblasts of normal males and 46,XY ...
		One possible interpretation of these data is that the distinct patterns of expression could have been due to differences in the origin or the developmental milieu of foreskin fibroblasts, derived from the genital tubercle, as opposed to the labial fibroblasts, derived from the genital swellings [10].
		Mutations in TBX3 cause the ulnar-mammary syndrome characterized by limb, apocrine, and genital developmental abnormalities [23].
		Primary cultures of genital fibroblasts were established from genital skin biopsies (labia majora) or gonadal biopsies in female AIS patients and from the foreskin of normal males undergoing circumcision.
	genomebiology.com /2003/4/6/R37 (5155 words)

	Ruth Herschberger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Whereas in the male the genital tubercle progresses rapidly toward the mature penis form, the genital tubercle in the female embryo slowly regresses until it forms the clitoris, or vestigial penis, a minute glans hidden in an upper depression of the vulva.
		This interesting development of the clitoris is accompanied in the female by an extensive development of the genital fold, which becomes the pubis and outer lips of the vulva.
		Whereas in the female the genital tubercle becomes the complex and highly differentiated organ, the clitoris, in the male the infantile genital projection remains, merely thickening and growing larger.
	infohost.nmt.edu /~mgriffin/hersch.htm (4220 words)

	4304sect6
		When the fetus' genotype is XY (male), then the genital tubercle will migrate from beneath the tail to the inguinal (abdominal) area and becomes the penis.
		The place in which the genital tubercle is visualized indicates what the gender of the calf will be at birth.
		After d 50 of gestation, male and female fetuses can be differentiated by relative location of the genital tubercle (presumptive penis or clitoris) and development of genital swellings into a scrotum in male fetuses (Jost, 1971).
	www.dasc.vt.edu /courses/dasc4304/4304sect6.htm (4073 words)

	TheFetus.net - Hypospadias -Dominique Thomas, MD, Muriel Brat, MD, Ernesto Comacho, MD
		Inadequate virilization of genital tubercles and labioscrotal elements.
		In the 16 mm embryo, the genital primordia show three protuberances: the genital tubercle and the two genital swellings.
		The urethral groove appears on the ventral side of the genital tubercle, bounded by the urethral folds.
	www.thefetus.net /page.php?id=570 (1321 words)

	Male Circumcision
		The prepuce, or foreskin, is an extension of tissue that begins at the sulcus, proceeds forward to the level of the tip of the glans or beyond, then folds back on itself and becomes contiguous with the true skin of the penile shaft.
		Genital mutilation is recognized as a human rights violation under the provisions of treaties and conventions to which Canada is a State party.
		Moreover, the female genital mutilation practised by some groups as a tradition or cultural value must have equal status to the mutilation involved in male circumcision.
	www.cirp.org /library/legal/Canada/court1 (8255 words)

	AAP: MGM vs FGM
		When parents request a ritual genital procedure for their daughter, they believe that it will promote their daughter's integration into their culture, protect her virginity, and thereby guarantee her desirability as a marriage partner.
		Genital ulcers related to STD may increase susceptibility to HIV in both circumcised and uncircumcised men, but uncircumcised status is independently associated with the risk for HIV infection in several studies.
		There does appear to be a plausible biologic explanation for this association in that the mucous surface of the uncircumcised penis allows for viral attachment to lymphoid cells at or near the surface of the mucous membrane, as well as an increased likelihood of minor abrasions resulting in increased HIV access to target tissues.
	www.circumstitions.com /AAP.html (8887 words)

	Abnormal Sex Differentiaton - Specific Syndromes of Sex Differentiation
		This is because the genital tubercle, genital swellings, and genital folds can not masculinize in these patients despite the presence of functional testes located in the abdomen.
		The genital tubercle is larger than a clitoris but smaller than a penis, a partially fused labia/scrotum may be present, the testes may be undescended, and perineal hypospadius is often present.
		Androgens are necessary at two different points in fetal development for a normal penis to form: (1) early in fetal life to masculinize the genital tubercle, genital swellings, and genital folds into a penis and scrotum, and (2) later in fetal life to enlarge the penis.
	www.hopkinschildrens.org /specialties/categorypages/intersex/sd4.html (1483 words)

	women's sexual anatomy
		The external genitalia consist of a structure called a genital tubercle with a urogenital sinus or cavity and two lateral labioscrotal swellings.
		The genital tubercle forms the penis, the labioscrotal folds will eventually fuse in the midline to produce a scrotum, and the urogenital sinus will eventually become the penile urethra.
		The genital tubercle turns into the clitoris, the female equivalent of the penis, and the urogenital sinus develops into a portion of the vagina and the urethra.
	www.seekwellness.com /womensexuality/anatomy.htm (1637 words)

	Handbook of Andrology
		The scrotum is formed as coelomic epithelium penetrates the abdominal wall and protrudes into the genital swelling as the processus vaginalis.
		Although the function of PSA is not known, an elevated level of this protein in the blood is often diagnostic of abnormal prostatic growth such as occurs with cancer of the prostate.
		Under the influence of androgens produced by the fetal testis, the cells of the genital tubercle proliferate causing elongation of the tubercle into the primitive phallus.
	www.andrologysociety.com /resources/handbook/ch.1.asp (1727 words)

	Tubercle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A tubercle is a round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on bones, the lip of certain orchids, cacti, or as the small rounded nodule forming the characteristic lesion of tuberculosis.
		The humerus of the upper arm has two: the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle.
		These are situated at the proximal end of the bone, that is the end that connects with the scapula.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tubercle (155 words)

	ultrasound.html (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The genital tubercle differentiates into the penis in the male and the clitoris in the female.
		Ultrasonically, the genital tubercle is an echogenic bilobed structure which is oval or tear drop shaped.
		If the genital tubercle cannot be located behind the umbilicus, it is searched for under the tail.
	web.utk.edu /~fschrick/ultrasound.html (1265 words)

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