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Topic: Genocidal Massacre

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	Genocide Definitions
		Genocide in the generic sense is the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military action against the military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims.
		Genocide that is undertaken or even allowed in the course of or incidental to the purposes of achieving a goal of colonization or development of a territory belonging to an indigenous people, or any other consolidation of political or economic power through mass killing of those perceived to be standing in the way.
		Genocide that is undertaken or even allowed in the course of military actions by a known aggressive power, e.g., Germany and Japan in World War II, for the purpose of or incidental to a goal of aggressive war, such as massive destruction of civilian centers in order to vanquish an enemy in war.
	www.nd.edu /~ntiawpha/Genocide_Website/genocide_definitions.html (509 words)

	The Seven Stages of Genocide, by Gregory H. Stanton, 1996
		Genocidal intent is determined by the purpose of the act: Did the killer purposely kill the victim because the victim was part of an ethnic group the killer intends to destroy, at least in part?
		If a mass killing is part of a genocidal massacre, where victims are killed because of their ethnic identity, it is an act of genocide even if only a part of a group (the intellectuals, officers, leaders) is targeted.
		A pattern of acts of genocide is frequently called "genocide" and evidence of such a pattern of ethnic, racial, or religious massacres is strong evidence of genocidal intent.
	www.genocidewatch.org /7stages.htm (2820 words)

	Final Questions and Directions
		“Genocide in the generic sense is the mass killing of substantial numbers of human beings, when not in the course of military forces of an avowed enemy, under conditions of the essential defenselessness and helplessness of the victims.”
		The difference between genocides and politicides is in the characteristics by which members of the group are identified by the state.
		In genocides the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/HI0135/Syllabus/final.htm (814 words)

	Armenia & The Armenians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The growth of Armenian nationalism aroused the suspicion and wrath of Sultan Abdul Hamid the tyrant, the despotic ruler of Ottoman Turkey (1876-1909).
		In a frightful series of barbaric massacres beginning in 1894, nearly 200,000 Armenians were butchered withing 2 years.
		These wanton killings were both a cause and response to the series of sporadic acts of terrorism, visited upon oppressive and callous Turkish government officials by armed Armenian patriotic groups formed spontaneously, which were later merged with the well organized Armenian Revolutionaries' Federation in 1890 (later renamed Armenian Revolutionary Federation).
	www.mousaler.com /armenia/data/massacre.html (146 words)

	Genocide as a form of war
		He had stressed that genocide did not necessarily mean the immediate physical destruction of all members of a target group, but applied to a coordinated plan of different actions aiming at the destruction of the essential foundations of their life, with the aim of annihilating the groups themselves.
		Genocide is conflict between organized, armed forces, on the one hand, and civilian populations that are largely unarmed, on the other - although some among the latter may offer armed resistance and the group may be more or less linked to an armed force.
		Genocide is also prepared in complex ways within society, and the institutions and ideas that are mobilized by genocidists are also widely accepted in pre-genocidal periods - indeed they are very much the same institutions and ideas as those mobilized for war.
	www.martinshaw.org /warandgenocide/2.htm (6997 words)

	Blue Corn Comics -- Genocide by Any Other Name...
		The Genocide Convention was approved by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 9, 1948 and came into force on January 12, 1951; after a long delay, it was ratified by the United States in 1986.
		Since genocide is now a technical term in international criminal law, the definition established by the convention has assumed prima-facie authority, and it is with this definition that we should begin in assessing the applicability of the concept of genocide to the events we have been considering.
		By contrast, some of the massacres in California, where both the perpetrators and their supporters openly acknowledged a desire to destroy the Indians as an ethnic entity, might indeed be regarded under the terms of the convention as exhibiting genocidal intent.
	www.bluecorncomics.com /genocid8.htm (8835 words)

	Language Log: Legal regulation of language use: a radical proposal
		In Turkey, it is a criminal offense to assert that the Turks engaged in a genocidal massacre of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in the early years of the 20th century.
		criminal offense to assert that the Turks engaged in a genocidal massacre of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in the early years of the 20th century.
		criminal offense to deny that the Turks engaged in a genocidal massacre of hundreds of thousands of Armenians in the early years of the 20th century.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/003664.html (246 words)

	[No title]
		Averaging 54 massacre victims per month in Rabinal alone, there was a 64 percent increase in the number of massacre victims in Rabinal under Rios Montt. Between 1980 and 1983, 25 percent of massacres were committed by the army alone.
		Each massacre was representative of a wide-scale military strategy that did not distinguish between civilians and combatants; a strategy that first used terror and psychological cruelty to force communities to accede to army control.
		Massacres should not be seen as discrete and one-time-only incidents of state violence but rather as integral strategic operations which in their sum form the army's first genocide campaign.
	www.yale.edu /gsp/guatemala/Text_forDatabaseCharts.doc (1889 words)

	Bosnian Institute News: The International Court of Justice and the decriminalisation of genocide
		Genocide, as defined by the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, does not necessarily have to involve the intent to destroy an entire ethnic group, merely the intent to destroy a group ‘in whole or in part’.
		The Court appears to be arguing that although Serbia intentionally carried out massacres to destroy part of the Muslims as a group, this intention was merely instrumental to the primary intention, which was to render the Serb-held parts of Bosnia ‘ethnically homogenous’ – therefore the intention was not genocidal.
		If genocide ceases to be genocide provided the deliberate destruction of a group in whole or in part can be excused through reference to a ‘higher’ aim, such as ‘rendering an area ethnically homogenous’, then even large parts of the Nazi Holocaust cease to be genocide.
	www.bosnia.org.uk /news/news_body.cfm?newsid=2255 (1562 words)

	Origins of the Darfur Crisis of 2003-04
		In contrast to the rich conceptual history of ‘famine’, the term ‘genocide’ is a neologism barely sixty years old, whose coinage was coincident with its legal definition in the 1948 Genocide Convention.
		Because it is a crime, the diagnosis of ‘genocide’ hinges on the perpetrators’ intent.
		This (uncapitalized) ‘genocide’ is a legal term of art, and there is no a priori reason why it should straightforwardly correspond to lived experience or ethnographic complexity.
	acas.prairienet.org /bulletin/bull72-02-deWaal.html (2625 words)

	International Dimensions of Genocide, by Karen V. Lawrence (1996)
		Genocide is a distinct and particular form of mass violence and, as such, concerns not only the region where it might occur at a particular point in time, but the international community and all its constituent parts.
		Genocide presents individual outside agents as well as the institutions of the international system with a moral challenge: neglecting basic individual rights in favor of a consistent hands-off policy is not neutrality but a moral choice.
		In the case of genocide in civil war especially, outsiders have limited ability to foresee or to halt the escalation to genocide, while being confronted with a conflict between ‘peace’ and the prosecution of criminals after it.
	www.veritnet.com /karen/genocide.html (9515 words)

	Bindunuwewa - Tamil Detainess murdered in custody, yet again
		And she then sought to divert international attention by ordering the arrest of hundreds of villagers involved in the attack, whilst the evidence establishes her own culpability and the involvement of her own Defence Ministry.
		The harsh political reality is that it was no accident that the military was withdrawn, and that within hours the genocidal attack on the Tamil detainees was launched - genocidal, because these Tamil detainees were murdered for no reason other than that they were Tamils.
		The savage massacre of 53 Tamil political prisoners at the Welikade prison during July 1983 riots was an internationally known incident.
	www.tamilnation.org /indictment/genocide95/gen95159.htm (1343 words)

	FrontPage magazine.com :: Chomsky's Genocidal Denial by Marko Attila Hoare
		And she eschews the word 'massacre' in favour of 'execution' - as if it were a question of criminals on Death Row, not of innocent civilians.
		In his essay ‘The Politics of the Srebrenica Massacre’, Herman writes that ‘the evidence for a massacre, certainly of one in which 8,000 men and boys were executed, has always been problematic, to say the least’.
		Herman concludes: ‘The ‘Srebrenica massacre’ [note the quote marks] is the greatest triumph of propaganda to emerge from the Balkan wars...
	www.frontpagemag.com /Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=20297 (3137 words)

	Violence and Genocide in Guatemala
		CHART 7 (Command Responsibility by Percentage of Massacre Victims):Of all the Achi Maya who fell victim to army massacres between January of 1980 and December of 1982, fully 43 percent of massacre victims died during the first nine months of the Rios Montt regime.
		CHART 8 (Massacre Victims in Salama and Rabinal):If we combine the massacres in the municipality of Rabinal and the departmental capital of Salama, we find the ladino-dominated Salama suffered one percent of massacres while the predominantly Achi-Maya Rabinal suffered 99 percent of the massacres.
		CHART 10 (Percentage of Massacre Victims By Gender):Genocide is a gendered atrocity because its intention is to destroy the cultural group.
	www.yale.edu /gsp/guatemala/TextforDatabaseCharts.html (3278 words)

	Gendercide Watch: The Srebrenica Massacre
		One of the largest massacres of the early part of the war took place at a gymnasium in the village of Bratunac in April 1992, when an estimated 350 Bosnian Muslim men were tortured to death and massacred by Serb paramilitaries and special police.
		Many hundreds more were massacred at a football field near Nova Kasaba, the worst killing ground of the entire five-day slaughter.
		David Rohde notes that the massacre "accounts for an astonishing percentage of the number of missing" from the brutal Balkans conflict as a whole.
	www.gendercide.org /case_srebrenica.html (2089 words)

	International Crisis Group - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Comparable bouts of ethnic cleansing have disfigured Congo-Brazzaville, and the disease seems to be catching further afield, not least in Sudan, with the ugly attacks in Darfur, and in Cote d'Ivoire, where the situation has deteriorated alarmingly in the last month.
		And they remind us that the genocidal spirit is neither the prerogative of rural Hutus, who constitute 85 per cent of the populations of Rwanda and Burundi, nor are they a phenomenon isolated in time and place, unlikely to be reproduced in the neighbouring Congo or in other African countries.
		One of the reasons that the fear of mutual extermination has remained so strong in the region is the belief that not only will the international community not care enough to intervene to stop genocidal killing, but nor will it support effective remedial efforts after the event.
	www.crisisgroup.org /home/index.cfm?id=2623&l=5 (1385 words)

	A bitter shock - The Boston Globe
		Amir, who immigrated eight years ago, said his uncle was massacred in the war.
		Yesterday, stirring an espresso with a tiny spoon, which he rested next to his cellphone, he said he tries to greet Serbs he meets in the US openly.
		Serbian paramilitary forces are believed to have committed the massacre; Boskic told people in the club he was a Croat.
	www.boston.com /news/local/articles/2004/08/29/a_bitter_shock/?page=2 (943 words)

	Bosnia Genocide Resources - Prevent Genocide International
		Anzulovic, a native of Croatia, focuses on the role of ideology in guiding genocidal actions: "the primary force leading to genocide is not the pathology of the individual organizing and committing the genocide, but the pathology of the ideas guiding them." (p.
		Genocide is the focus of growing scholarly attention and controversy.
		It is the history of aggression, indiscriminate bombing, war crimes, and massacres since the 1970s, the story of Western complicity in genocide in the South and East, and worse, it is about genocide committed by democracies.
	preventgenocide.org /edu/pastgenocides/formeryugoslavia/resources (3746 words)

	Gendercide Watch: Bosnia-Herzegovina
		Indeed, the slaughter of Serbs, Jews, Muslims, Croats, and Roma (Gypsies) constituted one of the most genocidal theatres of that war; the Jewish population was nearly exterminated.
		In the light of long-established and heavily "gendered" strategies of intercommunal conflict in the Balkans, it was hardly surprising that the gender-selective massacre of non-combatant males would emerge as the dominant and most severe atrocity inflicted on the civilian population in the modern Balkans wars.
		But to this must be added the further slaughter during the "endgame" of the war in mid-1995, including the gendercidal massacre at Srebrenica and the Croat invasion of the Serb-held Krajina region later in the summer.
	www.gendercide.org /case_bosnia.html (2422 words)

	Genocide Remembrance Days - Prevent Genocide International
		In particular Akayesu was found guilty of inciting genocide by leading and addressing a public gathering in Taba on April 19, 1994.
		Raphael Lemkin coined the new word "genocide" in 1943 both as a continuation of his 1933 Madrid proposal and as part of his analysis of German occupation policies in Europe.
		On Dec. 9, 1948 the Genocide Convention was unanimously approved by the third UN General Assembly meeting in Paris.
	www.preventgenocide.org /action/after/remembrance/annual (3982 words)

	Holding The Wizard accountable...
		Genocide happens not only because of the action of evil people, but also because of the inaction of the good-hearted.
		massacre at Wounded Knee on December 29, 1890, and Whereas: General Nelson A. Miles, who was the commanding general at the time of Wounded Knee in 1890 described the event as "...the cruel and unjustifiable
		As residents of the state in which the massacre took place; as residents of a nation in which, according to Sen.
	www.dickshovel.com /roeschbaum.html (1049 words)

	Lake: Ab Studies - May 05
		The charge of ‘genocide’ tout court gives historians pause, for it is essential to prove intent and state sanction on the part of the perpetrators.
		Increasingly, the field of ‘genocide studies’ seeks to illuminate relationships between European and colonial histories, suggesting that race thinking in the European heartland was shaped by European experience in the colonies.
		Russell McGregor, in his chapter ‘Governance not Genocide’, takes issue with HREOC’s approach, insisting that the meaning of Aboriginal child removal depends on the policy framework in which it was administered, and that this changed from biological absorption between the wars to social assimilation after World War II.
	home.vicnet.net.au /~abr/May05/Lake.htm (1442 words)

	Nouvelles d’Armenie en ligne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		Israel Charny, director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, says that senior genocide researcher Leo Kuper coined a term that is supposed to prevent this comparison.
		He replied that if we judge the magnitude of genocide by the number of victims, the Holocaust could be dwarfed due to the fact that the Communist regime in the Soviet Union murdered 55 million Russians, nine times the number of Jews murdered in the Holocaust.
		The students were asked to assess their knowledge of the gypsy genocide, the murder of the gypsies by the Nazis during WWII.
	www.armenews.com - !http: //www.armenews.com/article.php3?id_article=23397 (1060 words)

	In These Times \| Ethiopian Genocide
		It is a small genocide compared to those of the Turks, Jews, Cambodians, Tutsis and Bosnian Muslims, but it has all the markings of a state-sponsored attempt to extinguish an entire race.
		Genocide is the organized killing of a people for the express purpose of putting an end to their collective existence.
		The Armenian Genocide was centrally planned and administered by the Turkish government against the entire Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire.
	inthesetimes.com /comments.php?id=560_0_2_0_C (6928 words)

	The "Russian" Prisoners of War in Nazi-Ruled Ukraine as Victims of Genocidal Massacre -- Berkhoff 15 (1): 1 -- ...
		The "Russian" Prisoners of War in Nazi-Ruled Ukraine as Victims of Genocidal Massacre -- Berkhoff 15 (1): 1 -- Holocaust and Genocide Studies
		The "Russian" Prisoners of War in Nazi-Ruled Ukraine as Victims of Genocidal Massacre
		or simply superfluous, resulted in a "genocidal massacre" that
	hgs.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/15/1/1 (200 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Mothers demand arrest of UN officials
		Survivors of the massacre in Srebrenica have called for the arrest of top United Nations officials, including current secretay-general Kofi Annan, and former chief, Boutros Boutros-Ghali.
		And they have accused the UN officials and subordinates of complicity in the genocidal massacre and called for their arrest for crimes against humanity.
		The massacre has been widely seen as the worst single atrocity in Europe since World War II.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/631129.stm (519 words)

	Degenerate - American Sodom: Chapter 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-15)
		The border area was the scene of El Corte, a genocidal massacre of fls by Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo in 1937 in which more than 15,000 Haitians and fl Dominicans were killed.
		These massacred souls have joined the ghosts of runaway slaves in the corps of the bien-bienes.
		Pierre and I picked up the trail of the Massacre River from Le Cap-Haitien, heading south as it winds back and forth across the frontier, from Haiti to the DR and back.
	www.diacritica.com /degenerate/7/sonthonax10.html (2126 words)

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