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	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Genoa
		Genoese and Pisans captured Almadia and Subeila in Africa.
		Genoese refused to do homage to Frederick II, and, in 1241, they lent their fleet to transport the northern prelates to the council convened by Gregory IX, but were pursued and defeated between the islands of Il Giglio and Monte Cristo by the Pisans, the allies of the emperor.
		Genoese, defeated at Anzio (1378), were victorious at Pola (1379) and blockaded Venice, but were obliged to surrender when the blockade was broken by Vettor Pisani.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06419a.htm (1924 words)

	Genoa and the Genoese, 958-1528, by Steven A. Epstein. Preface.
		Genoa and the Genoese, 958-1528, by Steven A. Epstein.
		Like the wind, the Genoese were an inconstant people, and for better or worse we can compare this trait to the myth of their perpetual rivals, the serene Venetians.[9] The diverse nature and structure of Genoa's exotic Mediterranean Empire reflect this inconstancy.
		Genoese women participated in everything in town, and as the city receives more attention, half of its population emerges from the obscurity to which generations of indifference have consigned them.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/epstein_genoa.html (2071 words)

	GENOA
		The Genoese, in alliance with Pisa, eventually drove the Saracens from settlements on the islands of Corsica and Sardinia, which thereafter became prizes in a long naval war between the two city-states.
		Genoese merchants, profiting from the newly awakened European demand for goods from the Middle East, were to be found in all the principal centers of trade.
		Genoese expansion, in fact, had been largely the work of citizens whose primary concern was the advancement of their private interests.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ge027400.a#FWNE.fw..ge027400.a (1029 words)

	GRIMALDI.ORG - THE HOUSE OF GRIMALDI - Official Site
		The earliest Genoese Annals — which are ancient manuscripts written in latin by Caffarus — mention that Grimaldo, as well as his father and brother, had been consul of Genoa.
		Despite their bloody infighting — not unlike the Capulet and Montague depicted by Shakespeare — the Genoese were of a single mind in the area of exploiting commerce and banking opportunities.
		Genoese merchants could be seen in Byzantium, in Syria and in Africa, in London, and across to China and the New World, always seeking a business opportunity.
	www.grimaldi.org (1938 words)

	Cyprus History: Lusignan Period - The Reign of Pierre II
		Queen Eleanor at first welcomed the invaders as a means of avenging the murder of her husband, but when she saw that the Genoese were bent on destroying her son's kingdom, she joined the other royalists and took refuge with Jacques, the constable of Cyprus, in the Kyrenia castle.
		A Genoese galley forced against the chain across the harbour entrance succeeded in breaking through, but it was driven back by missiles from the walls and the chain was replaced in position.
		Although the siege was the most determined in the history of the castle, Kyrenia remained impregnable, and continued to be the stronghold of the Lusignans during the Genoese occupation of the island.
	www.cypnet.co.uk /ncyprus/history/lusignan/4pierre2.htm (682 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Calvi was built by the Genoese on the northwestern coast of Corsica in 1268 and populated by Genoese families.
		Genoese was the commonly used language, as we can see in the fact that speeches at the senate of the republic were given and transcribed by the chancellors in Genoese.
		The child spoke Genoese; in the guild's primary schools Genoese was the language of instruction, while Latin was not only the language of scientific literature, but the language of public and private documents, notarized writings, and contracts as well.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/data/art/TAVIANI4.ART (15550 words)

	Outremer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Moreover, the Genoese had at one time hired Assassins to kill John of Arsuf over a dispute, so there was no chance of the Ibelins supporting that city.
		The Venetians overran the Genoese quarter and the presence of Genoa in Acre was ended.
		In January 1261 it was agreed that the Genoese would be established at Tyre, the Pisans and Venetians at Acre.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Outremer/50.shtml (797 words)

	Genoese language, alphabet and pronunciation
		Genoese is part of the Ligurian group of Romance dialects spoken by about 1,920,848 people in the northwest of Italy, particularly in Liguria.
		These dialects are also spoken in the Italian regions of Tuscany, Piedmont, Emilia-Romagna, in southern France, parts of Sardinia and Corsica, and in Monaco, where the language known as Monégasque or Munegascu.
		Genoese is spoken mainly in Genoa (Zena), and has some similarities with French, as well as some German influence.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/genoese.htm (205 words)

	Lorenzo de Ferrari: "A Design for a Ceiling Decoration in Honour of a Genoese Admiral" at Jean-Luc Baroni Ltd - Artwork ...
		Prominent in the centre of the composition is a portrait of a man in armour, presumably an admiral, surrounded by laurel wreaths and allegorical figures.
		This would suggest that this impressive decorative scheme may have been intended for the ceiling of one of the palaces of the Genoese nobility, and in particular that of a family with an ancestor famous for his naval exploits.
		The Genoese sculptor Santo Varni (1807-1885) formed a large collection of some 4,000 drawings, mostly by Genoese and Ligurian artists and including a considerable number of drawings from the Piola studio.
	www.artnet.com /Galleries/artwork_detail.asp?G=&gid=132035&which=&ViewArtistBy=&aid=697533&wid=424220060&source=artist&print=1&rta=http://www.artnet.com (713 words)

	Genoese - Fresh Gourmet Condiments
		Industrial customers currently use Genoese products to add value to their own products such as breads, cheeses, sauces and pastas.
		Just call us 0800 GENOESE (0800 436 637) and we can work with you to develop something unique for you using Genoese existing or new Genoese products.
		Genoese pesto will have a longer shelf life without deterioration in appearance if it is kept chilled and no bacteria is introduced to the pot from a dirty spoon or finger for example.
	www.genoese.co.nz /faqs.htm (703 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Exhibitions
		It features 25 paintings from Genoese collections and 15 canvases from the Hermitage alongside 29 drawings from the Hermitage and the Cabinet of Drawings and Engravings of Palazzo Rosso.
		Thereupon Genoese aristocracy began to erect splendid edifices decorated with marbles and frescoes along Strada Nuova.
		The Genoese school of art was founded in the second half of the 16th century by the outstanding painter and graphic artist Luca Cambiaso who taught such gifted artists as Lazzaro Tavarone and Bernardo Castello and exerted a creative influence on Giovanni Battista Paggi.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/04/b2003/hm4_1_41.html (634 words)

	Genoese - Fresh Gourmet Condiments Fresh Pesto and Tapenades
		Genoese - Fresh Gourmet Condiments Fresh Pesto and Tapenades
		Genoese has been a trusted brand within the food
		Click here to receive a $1 Off coupon to be used when purchasing a Genoese product
	www.genoese.co.nz (79 words)

	Genoese traditional creches
		In other cases, the creches is enriched with religious symbolisms and characters from all different human races, to show how Christ came for the entire mankind and also the profound revolution he brought.
		The traditional Genoese creche has two souls, one artistic and one popular.
		From 17th to 19th century, Genoa was, together with Naples, one of the most active center in the production of creche figures.
	www.macalu.it /presepi/presepi-eng.html (479 words)

	Phoenicia, Phoenicians Founded Genoa
		The kingdom or "giudicato" of Torres, too, was Genoese and came to an end in 1259, on the death of the "giudicessa" Adelasia.
		Among the families of the Genoese aristocracy belonging to the Guelph party, one of the most brilliant was the Grimaldi family ; its most anciently known ancestor was a certain Otto Canella, 'Doge' of Genoa in 1133, whose son was called Grimaldo.
		In this period has to be remembered the "Boccanegra" family, wealthy Genoese family that played an important role in two great "popular"(democratic) revolutions, one in 1257 and the other in 1339, and furnished several admirals to the Genoese republic and to Spain.
	phoenicia.org /genoa.html (5966 words)

	Black Sea travel - Sudak - the Genoese fortress
		The Genoese and Venetians had for some time been supplanting the Greeks in Theodosia (named Kaffa by the Genoese - now Feodosia) further down the coast, where their presence was at best tolerated and often resented by the Tatars to the point where the town was sacked several times.
		Sudak remained in Genoese hands for just over 100 years, but in 1475 their fortress was not strong enough to withstand the onslaught of the Ottoman Turkish invasion of Crimea.
		When the Genoese seized the town in 1365, it was under construction as a mosque, and the Genoese completed it, but turned it into a Catholic church.
	www.blacksea-crimea.com /Places/Sudak.html (643 words)

	Andy's Playing Cards - French and Belgian-Genoese Cards
		Turkey, in particular, is known to use the former design almost as a standard, keeping the French indices (V, D and R), despite the suits and the courts are locally referred to with Turkish names (see glossary at the end of the page).
		In fact, the Genoese courts are identical to those of the French 19th century version, i.e.
		Genoese decks, instead, show the brand's logo on the ace of Hearts, the card which also carried the tax stamp; the remaining aces do not have any further decoration.
	a_pollett.tripod.com /cards21.htm (1606 words)

	Iranica.com - GENOA
		Besides, when Abu@ Sa¿^d (q.v.), the last Il-khanid ruler, died in 1334, the Genoese lost their foothold in Persia and were forced to flee the xenophobic persecutions against Western merchants in the former Il-khanid dominions (1338).
		The first Genoese representative probably settled in Sivas as early as 1280, as it was an important junction on the routes to Persia and gave access to the Mediterranean and the Black Sea (Bautier, pp.
		Genoese merchant life in Tabr^z and Caffa was governed by the Ufficium Gazarie, an institution based in Tabr^z, which ruled the commercial activities in Crimea and Persia through a council of twenty-four merchants who held office for a period of six months.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v10f4/v10f452.html (3068 words)

	Fleet Operations in the First Genoese
		If the Genoese were to gain domi–nance in one of the major areas of Eastern commerce, only in the lands of the Crusader States did that dominance seem attainable.
		The Genoese, strategically on the offensive, often behaved as though they were uncertain about their larger naval aims and almost invariably adopted a defensive tactical posture in fleet actions.
		Borbonino decided, in the words of the Genoese chronicler, "stupidly and lost in cowardice, to change his plans and to adhere to worthless advisors." He adopted the classic defensive position of galley warfare, chaining his galleys together, sterns to shore, and prows outward.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/articles/dotson2.htm (6418 words)

	Genoa
		By the mid-eleventh century the Genoese were trading with the Muslims in Sicily, Spain, North Africa, and Egypt, so retaliatory piracy carried risks to Genoese merchants peacefully trading overseas.
		Elsewhere, commerce with Sicily involved the Genoese in disputes between the Norman kings and the German emperors.
		Public finance, needed for wars to defeat the Pisans and Venetians, increasingly consumed Genoese capital, but these investments were not as lucrative as oversaeas trade, by the 1290s nearly L3 million a year.
	www.pages.pomona.edu /~glg04747/genoa/genoa3.htm (1878 words)

	Osprey - Failure of an Elite - The Genoese at Crécy
		The 2,000 to 6,000 Genoese were, of course, greatly outnumbered by the opposing English longbowmen; perhaps even being outnumbered by the closest archers in the Prince of Wales' division alone.
		With a sound of trumpets and drums the Genoese crossbowmen and their accompanying spearmen moved forward in three stages, each pause being signalled by a shout which would have rippled along the Genoese front as the order was passed from unit to unit.
		In fact, the Genoese only seem to have shot their crossbows the third time they halted, when they were about 150 metres from the Prince of Wales' battle.
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content2.php/cid=199 (2592 words)

	Genoese expedition to Almeria
		It is plain to almost the whole world that for a long time past Christians have been captured, and others killed, in many regions far and wide by sea and by land by the Saracens of Almeria, and that many have been imprisoned and tormented with divers kinds of martyrdom and sufferings.
		When he learned that the Genoese fleet had arrived, he regretted that he had given his troops leave, and he said he would come, but then he delayed.
		In this way the Genoese from the galleys drawn up to the beach lost eight' of their men killed.
	www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/almeria.htm (1493 words)

	GRIMALDI.ORG - House of Grimaldi - Prince of Monaco - History and Genealogy
		Merchants and bankers, the Genoese were accurate people and their records allow a reliable dating of the erection of the fortress at 1191.
		Not only this kind of organization allowed the Genoese aristocracy to liberate the means to explore the trading opportunities the world had to offer, from London to Beijing, but those families came also to combine resources within powerful multi-family alliances.
		The Genoese concept of albergo thus stretched from the family to the clan.
	www.grimaldi.org /en/history/monaco.asp (1528 words)

	Galata
		In 1284 the Genoese defeated the Pisan fleet at the Meloria rocks near Leghorn and this led to the decline of Pisa.
		Because the Genoese central government was rather weak, Galata rulers often took sides in the continuous fights among Byzantines, Serbs, Ottomans, Bulgarians, which responded to their immediate advantage, rather than to the policies of their distant motherland.
		The Genoese influence in Galata gradually diminished, especially when in the XVIth century the Genoese fleet, led by the Admiral Andrea Doria, supported the Emperor Charles V in his fight against the Ottoman bases in northern Africa (capture of Tunis, 1535).
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Galata.html (1218 words)

	Cyprus History: Lusignan Period - The Reign of Janus
		His first object was to recover, if possible, Famagusta from the Genoese, whose power in Europe had begun to decline.
		To defend it the Genoese sent a small fleet under the admiral, Bucciardo.
		This drew upon Cyprus the vengeance of the Mamelukes, who were still seeking to retaliate for the sack of Alexandria by Pierre I. In the midst of war, Cyprus was for the third time attacked by plague, and the consequent weakness of the island gave the sultan the opportunity for which he had waited.
	www.cypnet.co.uk /ncyprus/history/lusignan/4janus.htm (442 words)

	Foreign_Borrowing_in XVI_Century
		The Genoese linked specie deliveries from Spain to the Low Countries to lending in order to cartel created a penalty to enforce their loans.
		The halted transfers of 1575-78, was indeed a penalty and not a result of the Genoese inability to clear letters of exchange.
		In response, the Genoese provided had to provide their members strong enough incentives that they would not break the cartel.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/Ec341_money/Papers/Ng_paper.htm (1903 words)

	The War of Chioggia
		For the fourth and last of the Genoese Wars with Venice, called the War of Chioggia, Genoa assembled a powerful host of allies.
		Suddenly and unexpectedly, the Genoese fleet appeared and established a blockade of the entrances to the Venetian lagoon.
		Attacking swiftly at the south end of the lagoon, Genoa brought her fleet into the channels of the lagoon and, with her allies, stormed and captured the major settlement at Chioggia.
	www.boglewood.com /timeline/chioggia.html (319 words)

	Pasquale Paoli Corsican Independence from Genoa
		The Corsicans themselves had a predilection for becoming involved in bloody inter-clan vendettas and the Genoese had often found it convenient, over the several centuries of their rule in Corsica, to exploit, and indeed foment, inter-clan conflicts to better allow their own position of sovereignty over Corsica to be maintained.
		The degree to which Genoese authority was rejected by many Corsicans was intensified into a more open rebellion after 1729 after the imposition of a burdensome hearth tax and by the execution, as a disciplinary measure, of a number of Corsicans who had been serving in the Genoese armies.
		For all her long and proud traditions as a seafaring city state the Republic of Genoa was unable to reverse the independence won for Capraja.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /historical/biography/paoli_corsica.html (2879 words)

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