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Topic: Gens de couleur

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	Gens de couleur - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gens de couleur ("people of colour") was another term applied to free people of color, but specifically to people of mixed French and African descent, as opposed to free fls.
		Most gens de couleur were Catholic, and many denounced the Vodoun religion originating in Africa.
		Nevertheless most gens de couleur were pro-slavery, at least up to the time of the French Revolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gens_de_couleur (529 words)

	Slave Revolt in St. Dopmingue (Haiti)
		Opposing recognition of equality of the gens de couleur were the lower class whites (the petits blancs) lower at any rate than the highly born more wealthy whites (the grands blancs).
		A leader of the gens de couleur, Vincent Ogé, brought back from Paris the message that all taxpayers were to be allowed to vote in elections for colonial legislatures.
		The gens de couleur were henceforth not recognized: all were to be known as noirs (fls).
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h34-np2.html (1335 words)

	Free people of color - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were especially wealthy and powerful in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which became independent as Haiti in 1804.
		In Saint-Domingue, Martinique, Guadeloupe, and other French Caribbean colonies before slavery was abolished, they were known as gens de couleur, and affranchis.
		Gens de Couleur Libres (New Orleans Public Library)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Free_people_of_color (849 words)

	NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography
		The Spanish explored the territory of Louisiana as early as 1519 during De Pineda’s expedition confirming the discovery of the Mississippi and from 1539–1542 during De Soto’s overland expedition (Louisiana State Museum 2004).
		Gens de color, or people of color, were known to dance in the town square called Place des Negros or in Congo Square.
		Not all gens de couleur were free and not all free Africans were gens de couleur libre.
	www.cr.nps.gov /ethnography/aah/aaheritage/FrenchAmA.htm (5352 words)

	Tamara McNeill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The colored Creoles, or gens de couleur libre, were a separate group of Creoles who occupied a particular racial position in New Orleans Creole society and are a perfect example of a marginalized group that faced strict external definitions from Anglo Americans after the Civil War.
		Although the gens de couleur libre did not desire to be white, they participated in the gradual lightening of their skin.
		This examination of the gens de couleur libre focused on colored Creole identity as it was manifested by race relations and the politics of difference.
	www-mcnair.berkeley.edu /94BerkeleyMcNairJournal/02_McNeill.html (3115 words)

	History of Haiti - Haitian Slave Rebellion of 1791
		Although challenged and vexed by the maroons' actions, colonial authorities effectively repelled the attacks, especially with help from the gens de couleur, who were probably forced into cooperating.
		The arrangement that enabled the whites and the landed gens de couleur to preserve the stability of the slaveholding system was unstable.
		Commissioners from the French Republic, dispatched in 1792 to Saint-Domingue, pledged their limited support to the gens de couleur in the midst of an increasingly anarchic situation.
	www.travelinghaiti.com /history_of_haiti/slave_rebellion.asp (928 words)

	World History Connected \| Vol. 1 No. 2\| Book Review
		There were 30,000 whites, 40,000 mulattoes and free fls (gens de couleur), and approximately 450,000 fl slaves.
		It is always interesting to students that groups of whites fought each other as well as the gens de couleur, and that whites and gens de couleur used slaves to fight each other.
		Also discuss the point that gens de couleur leaders Oge and Vincent went to the United States to collect arms and support before returning to Haiti and a brutal end in 1791.
	worldhistoryconnected.press.uiuc.edu /1.2/br_wood.html (1650 words)

	IMDb user comments for Feast of All Saints (2001) (TV) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A class formed around these offspring - the gens de couleur libre or free people of colour - and that class was able, to a certain extent, to own property, raise themselves from downtrodden to educated, and to attain a comparative dignity.
		The gens de couleur libre could not marry the whites, the slaves could not help themselves, and the whites, even the sympathetic ones, couldn't bear to face the economic reality of doing right by the people they depended on.
		He married outside of and against his culture and was cut off from all of his family except for one sister who took pity on her brothers plight; raising 8 children during the great depression of 1929; providing the family with food whenever she could.
	www.imdb.com /title/tt0255730/usercomments (1761 words)

	Final Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The whites were divided between the gran blancs and the petit blancs; the free fls were usually referred to as the gens de couleur; and the slaves were called affranchis.
		With the death of Boukman, the whites and the gens de couleur (under the command of Colonel Louis Touzard) began attack on the fl rebels on September 20, 1791.
		The whites were disarmed and at the mercy of the gens de couleur.
	www.trincoll.edu /~jferguso/final.htm (2462 words)

	The Camargo Foundation : Fellow Project Details
		The audience primarily consisted of white citizens; and a small section of the balcony, called Paradis pour les gens de couleur, was reserved for a «select portion» of free gens de couleur (skilled tradesmen and their families who seemed to have immersed themselves in French culture).
		Several divertissements featured slaves performing galant dances of the French court and a variety of «proper» songs (French airs and ariettes)—all of which glorified the power of the monarchy through their texts, movements and gestures.
		Several gens de couleur had significant roles as musicians in the orchestra and as vocalists, with a few singers assuming leading roles in some of the most successful operas and eclipsing the most talented French artists.
	www.camargofoundation.org /fellowdetails_new05.asp?recno=466 (360 words)

	Jeremie Papers - UF Special and Area Studies Collections
		These gens de couleur libres, as they were known, were varied in economic standing, and many owned their own plantations.
		For much of Saint-Domingue, the French Revolution shook the racial hierarchy, as the gens de couleur began to demand civil rights to match their economic power and contributions to the defense of the colony.
		These records are presumably copies of those sent to Versailles and now housed in le Centre des Archives d'Outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence, with the exception of those dealing with the 1790s.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /spec/manuscript/guides/jeremie.htm (1432 words)

	PCM Online > Fall 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The families Lemelle has studied were part of a group called gens de couleur libre—free people of color, some of whom amassed considerable wealth.
		In the late 1850s, Lemelle’s draft says, “vigilante groups began a campaign of terror in the Attakapas and Opelousas areas of Louisiana,”; intending to rid the areas of their populations of free fls and gens de couleur libre.
		Also, gens de couleur libre sometimes took the same name as a white parent, while at other times they modified the spelling of the surname or took the first name.
	www.pomona.edu /magazine/PCMFL02/NKhistory.shtml (1336 words)

	All About Romance Novels - The Free Black Men and Women of New Orleans and the Placage System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		They were known on legal documents as gens de couleur and femmes de couleur.
		Some of the gens de couleur could not take this treatment and left for France, where they formed a colony of expatriates.
		And the femmes de couleur had almost a complete monopoly on the boarding house business.
	www.likesbooks.com /neworleans.html (1001 words)

	St. Augustine History
		Augustine Church, will forever define the roots of the Cane River gens de couleur libre (free people of color) and will mark the area where their European ancestors settled in the French colony of Louisiana over 250 years go.
		In 1913, under Bishop Van de Ven, the order of the Holy Ghost Fathers took charge of the parish and remained until 1990.
		The dedication of the existing church structure by Bishop Van de Ven was at a solemn high mass on Feb. 15, 1917 with Fr.
	www.diocesealex.org /Default.aspx?tabid=581 (669 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		It was during this time that many of the gens de couleur libres (free people of color) came to the Opelousas district from the New Orleans area.
		Three of the families to arrive during this time were the Lemelles and the Donatos, who were gens de couleur libres, and the Simiens, who were free Negroes.
		The exodus grew from a trickle to a stream as white efforts to remove the gens de couleur libres from the prairies intensified.
	www.carencrohighschool.org /la_studies/ParishSeries/StLandryParish/BlacksCameToParish.htm (1964 words)

	[No title]
		Coffee plantations divisions among whites and rise of gens de couleur 10.
		Future leaders of gens de couleur fight in special regiment in US revolution b.
		1790, gens de couleur rebel, defeated and 20 leaders executed c.
	www.humanities.mcmaster.ca /~cruiksha/History1B03presentations/frenchhaiti.txt (708 words)

	Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		There were other routes into the Gens de Couleur Libres, but this was the most frequent occurrence.
		Over time, the Gens de Couleur Libres developed into an easily recognizable group and a powerful economic force.
		The prairie region of Louisiana of what is present-day St. Landry and Avoyelles Parishes are primary areas where the Gens de Couleur Libres flourished for several generations.
	www.planeland.com (753 words)

	Covey--Revolutionary Movements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		White settlers oversaw plantations that were run by slave labor, while gens de couleur tended to farm small plots of land.
		The American and French revolutions had an impact on Saint-Domingue (500 gens de couleur were sent to fight on the American side in the Revolutionary War).
		Boukman was killed early in the fighting, but the slaves were led against the settlers, the gens de couleur, and the European armies by François-Dominique Toussaint (1744-1803), who called himself Louverture.
	faculty.smu.edu /rkemper/cf_3333/cf_3333_fall_2005_covey_revolutionary_movements.htm (2208 words)

	Gens de Couleur Libres
		This caste seems to have existed from the first introduction of slaves, and the gens de couleur were a par t of the population from the beginning of Louisiana history: they are specifically named in the Black Code issued by Bienville in 1724.
		The best-known organizations were La Societe Catholique pour l'Instruction des Orphelins dans l'Indigence, the Colored Female Benevolent Society of Louisiana, the Union Bank Society, and the Benevolent Association of the Veterans of 1815.
		The portrait of les gens de couleur libres painted by these four writers is one of a group of people at once separate from the ruling white population but also almost fully participating in the economic and social life of the Crescent City.
	nutrias.org /~nopl/exhibits/fmc/fmc.htm (1415 words)

	Haiti Colonial Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Most commentators have classified the population of the time into three groups: white colonists, or blancs; free fls (usually mulattoes, or gens de couleur--people of color), or affranchis; and the slaves.
		Statutes forbade gens de couleur from taking up certain professions, marrying whites, wearing European clothing, carrying swords or firearms in public, or attending social functions where whites were present.
		Others accumulated wealth through another activity permitted to affranchis by the grands blancs--in the words of historian C.L.R. James, "The privilege of lending money to white men." The mounting debt of the white planters to the gens de couleur provided further motivation for racial discrimination.
	www.country-studies.com /haiti/colonial-society.html (405 words)

	Welcome to the Best of New Orleans! Hot Pick 11 06 01
		Eagerly awaited, the two-part, four-hour Showtime miniseries attempts to shed light on the mysterious past of the gens de couleur libres -- the free people of color.
		Blacks were slaves, whites were masters, and gens de couleur libres struggled to find their way.
		This is the environment in which the novel's main character, an adolescent Marcel, searches for his sense of self.
	www.bestofneworleans.com /dispatch/2001-11-06/h7-hotpik.html (348 words)

	Francophone Slavery \|
		Mémoire en faveur des gens de couleur ou sang-mêlés de St.-Domingue, and des autres Iles françaises de l'Amérique, addressé à l'Assemblée Nationale (French)
		Lettre aux citoyens de couleur et nègres libres de Saint-Domingue, et autres isles française de l'Amérique
		Excerpts from: De la noblesse de la peau, ou du Préjugé des blancs contre la couleur des Africains et celle de leurs descendants, noirs et sang-mêlés (1826)
	www.uga.edu /slavery/texts/other_works.htm (662 words)

	Creoles of Color in 19th Century New Orleans and their Culture and history
		They can be of help while researching The Gens de Couleur Libres.
		The Louisiana Native Guard-African American and Creole soldiers during the Civil War.
		African Americans in New Orleans: Les Gens de Couleur Libres
	www.creolehistory.com /historylinks.html (274 words)

	October13
		ub 1790 - population of Saint-Domingue: 40,000 white French settlers; 30,000 gens de couleur [free people of color, including mulattoes and freed slaves]; and about 500,000 fl slaves, most of whom were born in Africa.
		Boukman died while fighting; but the slave forces eventually overcame white settlers, gens de couleur, and foreign armies
		Brazil gained independence at same time - when Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1807 - the royal court fled, estab a court in exile in Rio de Janeiro - returned to Portugal in 1821 - but left a regent - in 1822 - creoles demanded independence and the regent agreed.
	www.h-net.org /~fisher/hst150/readings/October13.html (1221 words)

	Creoles of Color in 19th Century New Orleans and their Culture and history
		History of Les Gens De Couleur Libres...The Free People of Color in New Orleans....
		They were the "Gens de Couleur Libres", the Free People of Color.
		Today, commonly known as "Creoles" or "Creoles of Color", their descendants live in all parts of the country.
	www.creolehistory.com (330 words)

	THE ROMANCE READER reviews: Shadows on the Bayou by Patricia Vaughn
		They were the gens de couleur libre, the free people of color — people of African descent who had varying degrees of Caucasian blood.
		During the 1800s in Louisiana, thousands of gens de couleur libre straddled the invisible color line that separated Blacks from whites.
		Neither Black nor white, their racial classification created a separate caste.
	www.theromancereader.com /vaughn-bayou.html (691 words)

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