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	Geocentric model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In astronomy, the geocentric model of the universe is the theory that the Earth is at the center of the universe and the Sun and other objects go around it.
		The geocentric model was usually combined with a spherical Earth by ancient Greek and medieval philosophers.
		The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced by the heliocentric model of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geocentric_model (2222 words)

	Geocentric universe - retrograde motion - epicycles
		Three views are displayed; an overall view of this Earth-centred model of the universe, and a pair of views from Earth towards a celestial body of your choice; one tracing the object's apparent motion, the other a close-up showing the Sun's shadow and changes in visual size.
		Geocentric theory (elaborated by Claudius Ptolemy ~ 90-170 AD) explains this strange motion with the idea that each planet, in addition to circling the Earth (on a "deferent" circle) also moves around a smaller "epicycle".
		Overcomplexity wasn't Ptolemy's geocentric theory's only problem - it seriously misrepresented the motions of certain planets - as Galileo observed with a telescope in the early 1600s.
	www.materialworlds.com /sims/SolarSystem/Geocentric/notes.html (442 words)

	Galileo: Astronomy
		All of this was over the dispute of too theories of our universe, one being the "geocentric" theory, the earth as the center of the universe, and the "heliocentric" theory the the sun is the center of the universe.
		The "geocentric" universe was a theory by Claudius Ptolemy(100-170AD).
		The "heliocentric universe was devised by Nicholas Copernicus, who didn't reveal his ideas until he was on his death bed, in fear of the consequences of saying the church was wrong.
	www.angelfire.com /mn/Renaissance/Astronomy.html (733 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Geocentric model
		The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards, as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system, and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture.
		But not only religions are in favour of geocentrism: one of the greatest modern philosophers, Friedrich Nietzsche, also believed in geocentrism (see paragraph 12 of his book Beyond good and evil).
		The geocentric (Ptolemaic) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers, as, for technical reasons, a Ptolemaic-type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican-type motion.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Geocentric_model (2214 words)

	The Geocentric Hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Heraclides' model of the spinning Earth was one of the attempts made to overcome those difficulties within the context of the geocentric universe.
		Beginning around 200 B.C., the combined political and religious power structures of the Western world undertook a systematic oppression not only of the kind of knowledge which did not suit their purpose, such as the heliocentric theory, but also of the very source of knowledge itself, the conceptuality-centered consciousness and its reasoning faculty.
		The heliocentric universe did not fit into their scheme of establishing a hierarchical social structure wherein the neocheaters were to stand at the center of the universe.
	www.neo-tech.com /zero/part3.html (932 words)

	EARTH SCIENCE - Chapter One
		A universe in which a stationary Earth sits at the center and everything else revolves around it is called a geocentric (-geo "Earth"; -centric "centered") universe.
		He was unable to convince people that his heliocentric hypothesis might be correct, and so the concept of a geocentric universe continued to be widely accepted until the middle of the sixteenth century, more than fifteen hundred years after the death of Aristotle.
		In fact, belief in a geocentric universe came to be accepted in most Christian and Catholic religions as a divine fact.
	www.angelfire.com /trek/no0b/esch1.html (1290 words)

	Explore the Stars
		The geocentric view of the universe was seen by Europeans as supporting a world view that held Man as the supreme living being with the god-given right to dominate and control all aspect of the physical world.
		At the time, it was widely accepted that all that took place in the universe occurred around the advent of Man on Earth.
		Daring thinkers imagined that the geocentric view might not be accurate ………… and eventually world thought, and religion, began to change as a result of scientific discoveries about the planets and stars around us.
	www.campinternet.net /astronomy/solar_system.html (286 words)

	Plato and his followers
		This model of the universe first conceived by Plato with the Earth located in the centre is known as the geocentric model.
		Aristotle’s geocentric model was based on Eudoxus and Callipus’s model with some modifications to the number of spheres.
		An epicycle is the orbit of a planet along the circumference of a larger circle known as a deferent (Epicycle, 2003).
	www.astro.utoronto.ca /~bclarke/AST199M/Plato_and_followers (1331 words)

	Geocentric Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The idea that the earth is at the center of the universe and all things for fall around her is the simplest and longest lasting universal view that we have had
		The concept of the geocentric universe or birds centered universe was first formalized by the ancient Greeks they conceived that all heavenly bodies the son mood and planets were fixed on great crystal spheres.
		While the concept of the geocentric universe went to a number of revisions over the centuries the basic idea that the earth was in the center and all things from vault around it was the prevailing western viewpoint for centuries even to the Renaissance.
	www.sky-explorer.com /perception/geocentric_universe.html (369 words)

	programs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The History of Astronomy Series: From the geocentric universe of Ptolemy to the heretical ideas of Copernicus and Galileo, to the jump to the modern framework of astronomy set forth by Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein.
		I: The Universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy - A history of the science and philosophy of ancient Greece and the geocentric universe of Aristotle and the changes proposed by Copernicus.
		Galaxies and Cosmology: In 1929 Edwin Hubble came to the startling conclusion that the Universe is expanding.
	www.d.umn.edu /~planet/summaries.htm (1452 words)

	“If believing in a geocentric universe is wrong,
		He also described the universe as a celestial sphere in which the stars rested and through which the planets were carried while traveling in “a motion of their own” around the earth’s sphere which was fixed at the center.
		In his study of the universe, Plato devised a geometrical system of hemispheres fitting one into another along whose rims or “whorls” traveled the stars, planets, sun and moon with the stationary earth at center.
		Western history shows this drive throughout, as Greek astronomy not only shaped the way man saw his place in the universe for eighteen centuries but also convinced him that there was no other way to see it, that the earth was the center and that was all.
	www.wesleyan.edu /col/comps/helio1.htm (1737 words)

	Universe Summary
		The case of a flat universe is special, because unless the universe is very close to being flat, its lifetime is calculated to be much shorter than the observed age of the universe.
		Because cosmic inflation removes vast parts of the total universe from our observable horizon, most cosmologists accept that it is impossible to observe the whole continuum and may use the expression our universe, referring only to that knowable by human beings in particular.
		In cosmological terms, the universe is thought to be a finite or infinite space-time continuum in which all matter and energy exist.
	www.bookrags.com /Universe (2604 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		Galaxy clusters are the largest objects in the universe that have a gravitational pull strong enough to overcome the Hubble Expansion, and thus galaxies in a cluster to not expand away from each other.
		According to steady state theory, the universe just is. It cannot be expanding because steady state theorists think this is the way the universe has always looked.
		The universe was opaque and glowed due to photons that were being continuously scattered by electrons.
	cmb.physics.wisc.edu /tutorial/glossary.html (779 words)

	HELIOCENTRISM AND CREATIONISM
		geocentrism, I meant it to express belief in the ancient model of the cosmos with the earth at the center of the universe, neither in orbit not rotating; a model that
		In its purest form, geocentrism is associated with the belief that the universe was centered on the earth and that the planets moved along crystalline (i.e., clear, invisible) spheres.
		In examining Faulkner’s case against geocentricity we found that his insistence that the Scriptures do not present a geocentric universe is not founded on any reason other than his opinion.
	www.geocentricity.com /ba1/fresp/index.html (7191 words)

	Modern geocentrism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modern geocentrism is a belief currently held by certain groups that the Earth is the center of the universe and does not move.
		The prime motivating factor for the modern belief, as opposed to the geocentrism of Ptolemy, is explicitly religious.
		Whereas General Relativity views every point in the universe as if it is at the center of the universe, which is equivalent to saying there is no center to the universe, geocentrists believe that the universe is itself embedded in a larger space that the Bible calls the third heaven.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modern_geocentrism (4205 words)

	MIRA :: Field Trips to the Stars ::
		Aristotle's idea of the geocentric universe dominated human thought for the next 1,500 years, though it had some minor refinements.
		The Aristotelian geocentric universe, while intellectually pleasing, was not particularly good at predicting positions of planets in the sky.
		Ptolemy's model is known as the Geocentric model of the solar system, with Earth in the middle surrounded by the heavens, the planets moving in perfect circles and at uniform speeds.
	www.mira.org /fts0/intro/history/text/txt001x.htm (1342 words)

	The Church and Copernicus
		Geocentric means Earth -centered; the Earth is the center of everything, and especially the center of the solar system.
		The heliocentric model was able to easily explain things that the geocentric system had a hard time doing, most notably the seemingly retrograde motion of the planets.
		The geocentric model attempted to solve this by adding extra orbits upon orbits that the planets would follow.
	home.case.edu /~sjr16/pre20th_europe_church.html (564 words)

	ptole
		Basing much of his theory on the work of his predecessor, Hipparchus, Ptolemy designed a geocentric, or Earth-centered, model that held sway for 1400 years.
		That Ptolemy could place Earth at the center of the universe and still predict the planets’ positions adequately was a testament to his ability as a mathematician.
		That he could do so while maintaining the Greek belief that the heavens were perfect—and thus that each planet moved along a circular orbit at a constant speed—is nothing short of remarkable.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/hawking/universes/html/univ_ptole.html (302 words)

	The Harmony of the Spheres
		Philosophers such as Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes produced a few related theories generally describing a geocentric universe, with a flat disc Earth floating on an infinite cosmic ocean, capped by air, and surrounded by the circling Sun, Moon, and planets, all within a celestial sphere of stars.
		In it the geocentric system was completely rebuilt using eccentric rather than homocentric orbits, further complicated by the use of "epicycles" -- small circular orbits centered upon the primary orbital sphere (the "deferent"), in effect creating a spiral motion.
		The once immobile Earth at the center of the universe was replaced by an immobile Sun, which in turn was orbited by the planets, and all of which was surrounded by the same crystalline Starry Vault in the Ptolemaic model.
	people.timezone.com /msandler/Articles/CarlosHarmony2/Harmony2.html (2195 words)

	Origin of the Universe
		Second, the theory predicts that 25 percent of the total mass of the universe should be the helium that formed during the first few minutes, an amount that agrees with observations.
		The geometry of the no-boundary universe would be similar to the geometry of the surface of a sphere, except it would have four dimensions instead of two.
		In a closed universe, in which the expansion eventually stops and a contraction follows, the end is far from cold and dark–as the Big Crunch approaches, the universe grows hotter and brighter until it implodes into a singularity and gets crushed out of existence.
	home.houston.rr.com /apologia/sec8p2.htm (3586 words)

	Catholic Community Forum Discussion Groups - General Discussion on geocentrism
		Think of the geocentric system as a coordinate transformation to a fixed earth, except in this case we are transforming to a true center.
		You stated that the theory holds that the universe rotates about the earth, but that the earth's gravity does not account for such a rotation.
		Logic would dictate that if a force is causing the rest of the universe to expand, then that same force must also be acting on the earth and causing the earth to move with the rest of the universe.
	www.catholic-forum.com /forums/showthread.php?p=23512 (1396 words)

	The Geocentric or Ptolemaic Notion of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Geocentric or Ptolemaic Notion of the Universe
		It purported to demonstrate that the structure of the observable universe conformed to the hierarchical system which elite medieval thinkers imposed on the natural and social world on earth, and so to reinforce authoritarianism.
		This diagram imagines the universe split in half like an onion, revealing the "spheres" with the Earth at the center, the most important, but at the same time the most imperfect, of God's creations.
	www.chss.montclair.edu /english/furr/mel/ptolemaic.html (452 words)

	Cycles of the Sky
		This geocentric model survived for a long time by reasoning that no observable parallax exists when one looks at the planets against the background of distant stars.
		It states that force of gravitation on one body due to the presence of another body is directly proportional to the product of the two masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two.
		Newton was able to explain the motion of all objects in the heaven and the earth by his universal law of gravitation.
	www2.potsdam.edu /islamma/Phys335Ch04ModernAstro.htm (1644 words)

	Catholic Truths: Geocentrism 101, Part II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It means that the interactions of all the gravitational attractions and other forces in the universe will balance in such a way that the center we picked will physically act as the center.
		Well the rest of the universe (cosmic mass) is rotating around this coordinate system (and thus around the earth and moon).
		Somehow this rotating universe is creating forces which [from our coordinate system's perspective] keep the earth from falling to the moon.
	veritas-catholic.blogspot.com /2005/08/geocentrism-101-part-ii.html (3060 words)

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