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Topic: Geodetic system

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World Geodetic System

Geodesy

Map projection

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	Geodetic Datum Overview
		Geodetic datums define the size and shape of the earth and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the earth.
		Plane and geodetic surveying uses the idea of a plane perpendicular to the gravity surface of the earth, the direction perpendicular to a plumb bob pointing toward the center of mass of the earth.
		The geodetic longitude of a point is the angle between a reference plane and a plane passing through the point, both planes being perpendicular to the equatorial plane.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/gcraft/notes/datum/datum.html (1532 words)

	Ordnance Survey Ireland :: Geodetic services :: Overview :: Irish Grid Reference System
		Map positions expressed in this system are based on a co-ordinate reference frame observed by two primary triangulations during the 1950's and 60's, and combined in one adjustment in 1975 to produce geographic positions (latitude and longitude) for the primary stations in the reference frame.
		The Geodetic Datum is known as the 1965 Datum, and is defined by the positions of the ten Northern Ireland primaries (as defined by the 1952 adjustment) and the positions of two primary stations in the Republic (as defined by the 1965 adjustment).
		The Geodetic Datum of the Irish Grid is a derived one based on the positions of ten OSNI primary triangulation stations (1952 adjustment values), and the positions of three OSI primary triangulation stations fixed to their 1965 adjustment values.
	www.osi.ie /gps/overview/irishgrid.asp (574 words)

	Geodetic system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geodetic systems or geodetic data are used in geodesy, navigation, surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems to translate positions indicated on their products to their real position on earth.
		The systems are needed because the earth is not a perfect sphere.
		Vertical data are either tidal, based on sea levels, gravimetric, based on a geoid, or geodetic, based on the same ellipsoid models of the earth used for computing horizontal datums.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geodetic_system (737 words)

	An Introduction to the Geodetic System, Ian Pegler, Second draft 23.09.04 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Briefly the Geodetic System is a series of naturally occurring patterns and "lines of influence" in the landscape which may be discovered by dowsing especially at (but not limited to) ancient tracks and holy sites.
		The Geodetic System should be considered as a sincere attempt by an intelligent, level-headed individual to understand the nature of the "pull" of the divining rod, and to relate the force-of-nature which is its cause to the behaviour of plants, animals and humans.
		The geodetic rod was one of Underwood's inventions and the one that he favoured for doing his work on the Geodetic System.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /ianto/Geodetic.htm (2727 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Sea level
		In aviation mean sea level is increasingly being defined according to the reference ellipsoid defined by the World Geodetic System.
		Compared to a geoid, an ellipsoid is simpler to model mathematically and therefore lends itself to use with the Global Positioning System.
		Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the science of planets, or planetary systems, and the solar system.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Sea-level (1788 words)

	Geodetics & Mundane Astrology
		This article deals with research and evidence based on the Geodetic system, first inspired and triggered by a lecture on Geodetics by Joyce Wehrman at a Spring 1983 NCGR conference in Oakland, California, and by subsequent studies of Local Ascendants and Meridians as presented by Ruth Brummund.
		The Geodetic system is based upon the premise that the MC at Greenwich = 0° Aries.
		With the Sepharial system of Geodetics, the correlations between the longitudinal meridians and 0° Cardinal Midheavens is exact.
	finblake.home.mindspring.com /bfgeopolhist.htm (2144 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To determine their gravimetric orientation parameters, the Air Force used the mean of the differences between the gravimetric and astro-geodetic deflections and geoid heights (undulations) at specifically selected stations in the areas of the major datums.
		In January 1966, a World Geodetic System Committee composed of representatives from the United States Army, Navy and Air Force, was charged with the responsibility of developing an improved WGS needed to satisfy mapping, charting and geodetic requirements.
		Current geodetic realizations of the geocentric reference system family ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) maintained by the IERS are geocentric, and internally consistent, at the few-cm level, while still being metre-level consistent with WGS 84.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=World_Geodetic_System (2071 words)

	Geodetic Coordinate System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		geodetic altitude - the distance from the selected point to the reference geoid, measured along the geodetic local vertical, and is positive for points outside the geoid.
		geodetic latitude - measured in the plane of the local meridian from the Earth's true Equator to the geodetic local vertical, measured positive north from the Equator.
		In the accompanying figure the selected point is the orbiter, and the geodetic local vertical is the line which is perpendicular to the geoid and passing through the orbiter center of gravity.
	www-lite.larc.nasa.gov /level1doc/geodetic_coords.html (232 words)

	[No title]
		A geodetic datum is as defined above, together with the coordinate system and the set of all points and lines whose coordinates, lengths, and directions have been determined by measurement and calculation.
		Before the advent of manmade satellites, geodetic positions in surveying were determined separately, either horizontally in two-dimensions as latitudes and longitudes or vertically in the third dimension as heights or depths.
		Geodetic Reference Systems and Reference Frames Using the satellites orbiting around the Earth, the determination of geodetic positions became three-dimensional, either as rectangular (X, Y, Z) coordinates or converted to geodetic (latitude, longitude, ellipsoidal height) coordinates using an Earth-centered ellipsoid.
	chartmaker.ncd.noaa.gov /bathytopo/DennisWeb/tutor.doc (3508 words)

	THE TARGET LOCATION - USAF INTELLIGENCE TARGETING GUIDE
		Geodetic coordinates (geodetic latitude, geodetic longitude, and geodetic height) define the position of a point on the surface of the Earth with respect to the reference spheroid.
		The World Geodetic System (WGS) provides the basic reference frame and geometric figure for the earth, models the earth gravimetrically, and provides the means for relating positions on vari-ous local geodetic systems to an earth- centered, earth- fixed (ECEF) coordinate system.
		Due to the development of systems with greater precision, it is critical that the accuracy of the target coordinate be commensurate with the strike system CEP.
	www.fas.org /irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part13.htm (1841 words)

	Introduction of the Natural Area Coding System
		The Natural Area Coding System is a new geodetic system with its origin at the earth gravity center and axis extending to the infinitely distant universe.
		The system divides the whole range of longitude (0 - 360 degrees), latitude (0 - 180 degrees) and altitude (from the earth center to the infinite outer space) into 30 discrete divisions respectively, each of which is named by one character from the character set according to the order of the characters.
		The number of characters to be used in a character string of a NAC representing the geodetic point is determined by the required resolution or the resolution of the original coordinates of the longitude, latitude and altitude.
	www.nacgeo.com /intro.html (3467 words)

	GEODETIC REFERENCE SYSTEM 1980
		The equipotential ellipsoid furnishes a simple, consistent and uniform reference system for all purposes of geodesy: the ellipsoid as a reference surface for geometric use, and a normal gravity field at the earth's surface and in space, defined in terms of closed formulas, as a reference for gravimetry and satellite geodesy.
		IUGG Resolution n° 7, quoted at the begining of this paper, specifies that the Geodetic Reference System 1980 be geocentric, that is, that its origin be the center of mass of the earth.
		To this definition there corresponds a rectangular coordinate system XYZ whose origin is the geocenter, whose Z-axis is the rotation axis of the reference ellipsoid, defined by the direction of CIO, and whose X-axis passes through the zero meridian according to the BIH.
	www.gfy.ku.dk /~iag/HB2000/part4/grs80_corr.htm (1671 words)

	Welcome to GPS Network
		We'll discuss GPS coordinate systems in terms of the coordinate system concepts summarised in table 1.
		The primary means of navigating in the WGS84 coordinate system is via the WGS84 positions of the 24 GPS satellites, which are continuously broadcast by the satellites themselves.
		Geodetic datums are like this - in theory the datum is exactly specified by the adopted conventions (listed in section 4.1) but, in practice each TRF intended to realise that specification actually implements a slightly different datum.
	www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk /gps/information/coordinatesystemsinfo/guidecontents/guide4.html (2518 words)

	Mapping with GPS Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		National geodetic systems such as the North American Datum (NAD), the European Datum (ED) and the Tokyo Datum (TD) are intended to describe the shape of the earth over limited areas and are inadequate describing the shape of the earth over intercontinental distances.
		The purpose for state plane systems is to give surveyors a method for creating maps with minimal scale distortion that would be tied to a single national coordinate system.
		The National Geodetic Survey maintains an FTP site from which their PC software and documentation may be downloaded.
	ares.redsword.com /gps/old/sum_map.htm (1731 words)

	GPS Waypoints World Geodetic System 1984 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The co-ordinate reference system, used in South Africa as the foundation for all surveying, engineering and geo-referenced projects and programmes, is the Cape Datum.
		In addition to these flaws and distortions, most national geodetic networks do not have the centre of their reference ellipsoids co-incident with the centre of the Earth thus making them useful only to their area of application.
		January 1999, the official co-ordinate system for South Africa will be based on the World Geodetic System 1984 ellipsoid, commonly known as WGS84, with the ITRF91 (epoch 1994.0) co-ordinates of the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Telescope used as the origin of the system.
	www.gpswaypoints.co.za /FAQ_world_geodetic_system_1984.htm (1511 words)

	A Simple Local Projection System for Survey Applications and the Pro's and Con's of using such systems
		The system is not a projection, but merely a system which allows the user to relate a orthogonal local coordinate system to the PLSS true bearing system.
		This system is adequate for the conversion between grid and true bearings which is the dominant factor between any plane system and a geodetic system.
		In the TandT system the north coordinate of a point is defined by the distance between the points latitude and the latitude of the base point.
	www.cadastral.com /cad-local.htm (3201 words)

	Unit 013 - Coordinate Systems Overview
		Plane and geodetic surveying uses the idea of a plane perpendicular to the gravity surface of the earth which is the direction perpendicular to a plumb bob pointing toward the center of mass of the earth.
		The geodetic latitude of a point is the angle between the equatorial plane and a line normal to the reference ellipsoid.
		The true origin of the system is at 49° north latitude and 2 degrees west longitude.
	www.ncgia.ucsb.edu /education/curricula/giscc/units/u013/u013.html (3483 words)

	Geoscience Australia: Geodesy - World Geodetic System [WGS]
		The reference system adopted in 1980, known as the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80) was used by the United States Defense Mapping Agency as the basis for the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84), which is currently used for the GPS satellite navigation system.
		The World Geodetic System 1972 (WGS72) was the third earth-centred reference frame developed by the United States Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) to support its activities (previous versions were WGS60 and WGS66).
		It has since been superseded by WGS84, but until 27 January 1987, WGS72 was used with the GPS system and prior to 27 January 1989 it was used for the Transit Doppler navigation system broadcast ephemeris.
	www.ga.gov.au /geodesy/datums/wgs.jsp (381 words)

	World Geodetic System 1984
		Prior to 1st January 1999, the co-ordinate reference system used in South Africa as the foundation for most surveying, engineering and geo-referenced projects and programmes, was the Cape Datum.
		The Cape Datum was based on the work of HM Astronomers: Sir Thomas Maclear, (1833 - 1870), and Sir David Gill, (1879 - 1907), whose initial geodetic objectives were to verify the size and shape of the Earth in the Southern Hemisphere and later to provide geodetic control for topographic maps and navigation charts.
		Since the 1st January 1999, the official co-ordinate system for South Africa is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 ellipsoid, commonly known as WGS84, with the ITRF91 (epoch 1994.0) co-ordinates of the Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Telescope used as the origin of this system.
	w3sli.wcape.gov.za /Surveys/Mapping/wgs84.htm (2072 words)

	POIX: Point Of Interest eXchange Language
		For geodetic and angle units, international standardization is under way; once they are decided and come into widespread use, multiple location notations defined in the operational specification will be standardized, so that POIX will assume a single location notation.
		The geodetic datum, coordinate system, target type (whether it is mobile or not), information creator, and information creation date/time that are used in the POIX described are indicated as format information.
		In the future, it is likely to be merged into the ITRF that is currently implemented as global standards; however, the coordinate system used at a country of interest should be added in combination, in consideration of the current situation at each country.
	www.oasis-open.org /cover/NOTE-poix-19990624.html (3435 words)

	Basics of Photogrammetry
		Typical accuracies are 25 to 50 microns (0.001" to 0.002") on a 3-meter (ten foot) object for the INCA2 and 50 to 100 microns (0.002" to 0.004") on a 3-meter (ten foot) object for the E3 system.
		Often, the user coordinate system is defined by a subset of the measured points that have coordinates in the user's desired coordinate system.
		Coordinate systems are also called axis systems since the coordinate system is often defined by aligning certain points to the coordinate axes.
	www.geodetic.com /Whatis.htm (10038 words)

	The Geodetic monitoring system of the 17th century ship Vasa
		After discussing various solutions, we decided to use a geodetic system, which would be designed by the Department of Geodesy at the Royal Technical College in Stockholm for the Vasa.
		On the other hand, the system would be expensive and we would need to rely on outside experts for design and maintenance, even if we planned to operate the system ourselves.
		Then we will have a set of measurements and a geodetic system that will ensure that the existing hull form can be kept for the future.
	www.battleshipnc.com /6mhc/lmalmberg.htm (1631 words)

	342 Geospatial Reference Data [OCLC - 3xx Introduction] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Include the name of the grid system, the names of the parameters and values used for the data set, and the citation of the specification for the algorithms that describe the mathematical relationship between the Earth and the coordinates of the grid system.
		Description of a local planar system (any right-handed planar coordinate system of which the z-axis coincides with a plumb line through the origin that is aligned locally with the surface of the Earth).
		Description of a local system (any coordinate system that is not aligned with the surface of the Earth and its orientation to the surface of the Earth).
	www.oclc.org /bibformats/es/3xx/342.shtm (1381 words)

	Geographic Coordinate System Transformations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		However it is common practice in coordinate system transformations to apply the shift as an addition, with the sign of the shift parameter value having been suitably reversed to compensate for the practice.
		Polynomial transformations between two coordinate systems are typically applied in cases where one or both of the coordinate systems exhibits lack of homogeneity in orientation and scale.
		Transformations between two coordinate systems where in either system either the scale along axes differ or the axes are not orthogonal should be defined as a general affine transformation in either the parametric or geometric form.
	www.posc.org /Epicentre.2_2/DataModel/ExamplesofUsage/eu_cs35.html (5780 words)

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