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| | Luxembourg biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21) |
 | | Luxembourg's fortress was expanded by successive owners, among others the Bourbons, Habsburgs and Prussians, which made it one of the strongest fortresses on the European continent. |
 | | Luxembourg eventually became an independent and neutral nation in the 1839, but it was not until 1867 that the independence was formally ratified, after a period of unrest which even included a brief time of civil unrest against plans to annex Luxembourg to Belgium, Germany or France. |
 | | German troops invaded Luxembourg in 1914, but the government and the Grandduchess Marie-Adelaide were allowed to remain in office throughout the occupation, which brought it the accusation of collaboration by France. |
| luxembourg.biography.ms (1374 words) |
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