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Topic: Geologic modeling

	Geologic modelling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geologic modelling (or modeling) is the applied science of creating computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust, especially oil and gas fields and groundwater aquifers.
		In the oil and gas industry, realistic geologic models are required as input to reservoir simulator programs, which predict the behavior of the rocks under various hydrocarbon recovery scenarios.
		Geologic modelling is a relatively recent subdiscipline of geology which integrates structural geology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, paleoclimatology, and diagenesis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geologic_modeling (473 words)

	[No title]
		MODEL DISCUSSION The HFM-19 is a 3-D static and geometric representation of the location and distribution of hydrogeologic units in the SZ of the Yucca Mountain area, developed for use in site-scale SZ flow and transport models.
		Where no geologic interpretations were available to augment the data, the problems were handled in two ways: (1) a clipping distance (Table 6-4) was instituted that allowed the grid values to be null where the unit was thought not to exist, and (2) gaps that were filled between data extrapolations were kept.
		The HFM-27 is used for alternate conceptual models in the SZ flow and transport models, and thus enables an evaluation of the impact of new data and the represented hydrogeology.
	www.ocrwm.doe.gov /documents/amr/41795/41795.txt (18089 words)

	The Timing and Duration of Hydrothermal Events
		At the same time, computer modeling techniques (with their own set of internal annoyances) have developed to the point where we can now realistically incorporate into models precise radiometric ages and the complicated patterns of intrusion and faulting provided by geological mapping.
		Since in this model all parameters were chosen at the end of the geologically plausible range that maximizes hydrothermal duration, the authors consider one million years a reasonable estimate for the longest period of time that a hydrothermal system could be sustained by a single intrusion.
		In the intrusive, diagenetic, and metamorphic setting, the total duration of the geologic events associated with mineralization is tens of millions of years, but in all three settings there is ample evidence that episodic fluid venting and ore formation are short-lived, on the scale of tens to hundreds of thousands of years or less.
	segweb.org /EG/papers/DurationPreface.htm (2407 words)

	Main Document
		The model area was reduced to constrain it to the area of highest borehole density, thus improving the accuracy of the model.
		In geologic modeling, a reference horizon is an elevation grid that establishes the strike and dip of the rock layers and the vertical displacement of rock layers along faults.
		Model unit RHHtop was incorrectly constructed locally at the Prow (Figure 1-3) in the far northwestern corner of the modeled area.
	www.ocrwm.doe.gov /documents/m2hk_a/main.htm (17857 words)

	Three-Dimensional Geologic Framework Modeling for a Karst Region in the Buffalo National River, Arkansas
		Approximately 427 square kilometers or 46 percent of the model area are within the Buffalo River watershed. The Buffalo River originates high in the Boston Mountains, and flows into the model area near the southwestern corner, and flows eastward across the model area (fig.1).
		Geologic map data were digitized and attributed in GIS format for ninety-three percent of the model area (fig.
		The geologic framework model includes two formations that were not recognized during geologic mapping in the Jasper quadrangle. These formations, the Atoka Formation (youngest Pennsylvanian unit) and the Cotter Formation (oldest Ordovician unit), were identified during mapping of the Ponca quadrangle by Hudson and Murray (2002), and added to the geologic framework model.
	water.usgs.gov /ogw/karst/kig2002/kem_framework.html (3342 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Geologic
		geologic timescale GEOLOGIC TIMESCALE [geologic timescale] a chronological scale of earth's history used to measure the relative or absolute age of any part of geologic time.
		Of the numerous timescales, the most common is based on geologic time units, which divide time into eras, periods, and epochs.
		Epoch is also used to describe a short length of geologic time during a special occurrence, such as the glacial epoch.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Geologic (561 words)

	Industrial Associates, RCRL Goals for 2001
		The principal goal of geologic modeling research in the RCRL is to develop improved methods for distributing rock-fabric facies and petrophysical properties in reservoir models.
		The RCRL maintains that the adequacy of these methods to produce geologically realistic reservoir models depends on the degree to which the sequence stratigraphic framework and rock-fabric facies distribution have been conditioned by appropriate geological models, outcrop analogs, 3-D seismic data, and petrophysical data.
		Given the ground truth provided by the initial synthetic geological model, subsequent models built from derivative data could be quantitatively compared with the ground-truth to provide accurate metrics of model accuracy as a function of data type and distribution and modeling methods.
	www.beg.utexas.edu /indassoc/rcrl/basics/goals.htm (2578 words)

	Geotimes - July 2002 - Highlights - Mapping
		As a consequence, and because much of the nation's nonacademic public-sector geologic mapping is centered in the USGS and state geological surveys, GIS and IT are now firmly established in the geologic mapping agencies of the United States.
		Both state and federal geologic mapping agencies face a customer base that expects to instantly receive a geologic map tailored to a specific need -- that is, a unique geologic map generated for a single client on demand.
		Geologic map generation is in a period of renewal, with many innovative data capture and analysis methods coming into common use.
	www.geotimes.org /july02/high_mapping.html (1146 words)

	ESABS05-014 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Geologic and geophysical data including surface topography DEM data, stratigraphic tops of the Precambrian, Paleozoic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Mississippi River alluvial sections, faults, and earthquake foci have been integrated into a Landmark three dimensional software model centered on the New Madrid seismic zone of the northern Mississippi Embayment.
		Geologic interpretation within a 3-D environment promotes better interpretations of the relationships among mapped faults, earthquake foci, Reelfoot rift structures, and the tectonic/stratigraphic evolution of the northern Mississippi embayment.
		As additional data are put into the model we anticipate an ability to track seismogenic faults from the basement into the Holocene alluvium of the Mississippi River valley and provide a geometrically accurate geologic framework for geophysical and fault kinematic analyses.
	www.ceri.memphis.edu /ESSSA/abstracts/ESABS05-014.html (209 words)

	NMBGMR Staff - Sean Connell - Geologic mapping of three-dimensional geologic modeling of aquifer systems in the Rio ...
		We use detailed geologic mapping, high-resolution airborne geophysical surveys, lithologic and geophysical logging of wells, surface-based electrical and magnetic surveys, enhanced satellite imagery, as well as hydrologic and hydrogeochemical data to refine understanding of aquifers.
		The geologic map data provide the essential framework for interpreting borehole lithologic/geophysical data, for correlating subsurface hydrostratigraphic units, for interpreting airborne geophysical data over areas of surficial cover or urban development, and for estimating hydrologic conditions in areas less explored by drilling.
		Both geologic and hydrologic models are critical for planning and permitting by water management agencies, and they provide quantitative estimates of hydrogeologic conditions that stimulate further exploration and model refinement.
	geoinfo.nmt.edu /staff/connell/pubs/abstracts/cssgchmprd99.html (508 words)

	Presentation_Dec_1999
		While reservoir modeling is widely accepted, and is considered to be a standard procedure, geologic modeling is neither.
		Modeling has two basic underlying assumptions: subsurface mapping uncertainties, and an understanding of present day conditions requires an understanding of geologic evolution.
		Models of this type are some of the oldest of numerical geologic models.
	geoweb.tamu.edu /gmsh/presentations/Present_Dec1999.htm (678 words)

	Lab 12: Modeling Geologic Processes
		Maturity indicates a decrease in grain size and an increase in rounding of the grains due to abrasion incurred during transport.
		For some of these processes, however, modeling can be done in which a miniature (or scaled down) version of the system is made and the process is sped up under controlled conditions.
		This stream is a model, so changes you are seeing might take years or decades to happen in nature.
	www.geo.utexas.edu /courses/302e/Labs/2006/Lab12/lab12.html (480 words)

	UTSA HydroGIS - Dr. Kyle Murray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Geologic map of the Hasty quadrangle, Boone and Newton Counties, Arkansas SIM-2847
		Geologic map of the Ponca quadrangle, Newton, Boone, and Carroll Counties, Arkansas MF-2412
		Geologic map of the Jasper quadrangle, Newton and Boone Counties, Arkansas MF-2356
	www.utsa.edu /hydroGIS/Kyle_Murray.htm (356 words)

	SwRI: Physical Analog Modeling, a laboratory technique for reproducing the developmental sequence and overall geometry ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Physical analog modeling is a well-established laboratory technique for reproducing the developmental sequence and overall geometry of geologic structures.
		To simulate development of the geologic structures, the analog layers are deformed consistent with the observable geology.
		The modeling apparatus is periodically updated and modified to increase the range of simulated geologic environments and also maintain SwRI capabilities as an innovator in the field.
	www.swri.edu /4org/d20/gg/analog/default.htm (739 words)

	F-E modeling of tectonics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Thin-shell modeling of neotectonics in the Azores-Gibraltar region, Geophys.
		Bird, P. Hydration-phase diagrams and friction of montmorillonite under laboratory and geologic conditions, with implications for shale compaction, slope stability, and strength of fault gouge, Tectonophysics, 107, 235-260.
		Bird, P. (1978b) Finite-element modeling of lithosphere deformation: The Zagros collision orogeny, Tectonophysics, 50, 307-336.
	element.ess.ucla.edu (1582 words)

	Geology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In China, the polymath Shen Kua (1031 - 1095) formulated a hypothesis for the process of land formation: based on his observation of fossil shells in a geological stratum in a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean, he inferred that the land was formed by erosion of the mountains and by deposition of silt.
		William Smith (1769-1839) drew some of the first geological maps and began the process of ordering rock strata (layers) by examining the fossils contained in them.
		This theory states that slow geological processes have occurred throughout the Earth's history and are still occurring today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geologic (1648 words)

	SwRI: Structural Geology for Geoscience Services for the Oil and Gas Industry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Digital elevation model of the top surface of an analog clay model constructed from dynamic structured light data.
		Sequence of restored geologic cross sections shows the evolution of the fold-thrust structures that are the structural framework for the petroleum system.
		Analog sandbox model simulating deformation in an extensional tectonic setting leads to increased understanding of roles of major and minor faulting in reservoirs.
	www.swri.org /4org/d20/geosci/structur.htm (334 words)

	Geologic Modeling United with the Geophysical Seismic Response for
		The result is a geologic cross-section model based on the integrated data and the users interpretation.
		This model can be then be printed as a presentation plot with all the well information and lithologic patterns.
		After the model has been created, the user can generate the vertical seismic section corresponding to the depth/velocity model created and a wavelet specified by the user.
	www.seismicmicro.com /Product/Product-ModPAK-Features.htm (224 words)

	Geologic Modeling United with the Geophysical Seismic Response - ModPAK
		is a geologic modeling tool used to forward model vertical-incident seismic data.
		Models can be data referenced using well control or theoretical using user defined, constant parameters.
		For simpler models, intervals bounded by formations can be assigned a velocity and density.
	www.seismicmicro.com /Product/Product-ModPAK.htm (203 words)

	DGI: Industry Articles - 3-D modeling of geologic maps from surface data
		The method is innovative in that it only uses surface information based on the combination of a standard geologic map, a satellite image, and a digital elevation model.
		It is based on a modeling algorithm that only uses surfaces calculated from scattered data points and that intersects them following a series of geologically sound rules.
		To illustrate how a 3-D geologic map can be computed, we explain the steps taken to build a dummy model with simple faulting and depositional sequencing.
	www.dgi.com /earthvision/art_beirut-aapg-pascal.shtml (289 words)

	USC Sequence Stratigraphy - References on Sequence stratigraphy
		Section one includes the recommendations that the authors are making for building a computer model or refining an existing model.
		Section two is devoted to the state of the art of stratigraphic modeling.
		We have included segments on 20 modelers that we think are or have been the most important for stratigraphic simulation of both carbonates and siliciclastics.
	strata.geol.sc.edu /modeling-ref.html (362 words)

	52956-REACTIVE TRANSPORT MODELING OF GEOLOGIC CO2 SEQUESTRATION: IDENTIFICATION OF OPTIMAL TARGET FORMATIONS BASED ON ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Hence, our initial efforts involve simulation of CO2 injection at the unique Sleipner facility (North Sea), where properties of the target aquifer and its bounding cap rock are well constrained, and location of the migrating CO2 plume after three years of injection has been established.
		Preliminary modeling results suggest that local permeability structure of the target formation controls the path of CO2 movement by all migration processes (immiscible displacement, gravity segregation, and viscous fingering) as well as the potential effectiveness of all sequestration processes (structural, solubility, and mineral trapping).
		For typical sandstone-aquifer compositions, at least 90% of the injected CO2 migrates as an immiscible plume; hence, potential structural trapping represents the dominant sequestration mechanism.
	rock.geosociety.org /absindex/annual/2000/52956.htm (420 words)

	Solutions From the Field - Managing California's Oil Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Jeffrey Schwalm and John Penny of Dynamic Graphics, Inc. discussed some of the latest techniques for 3-D geologic modeling using software called "Earth Vision." The methodology uses a natural order of modeling to yield a plausible 3-D geological model that honors geologic and geophysical interpretations.
		The 3-D geologic model can then be used as a common earth model from which numeric and visual outputs can be generated.
		Using input from geology, geophysics, petrophysics, maps, cross sections, etc., the workflow is accomplished in five steps: (1) determining data range and projection of the model area, (2) modeling faults in 2-D or 3-D grids, (3) modeling horizons as a stratigraphic sequence, (4) modeling rock properties, and (5) generating output.
	www.pttc.org /solutions/419.htm (1095 words)

	Three-Dimensional Geologic Modeling and Horizontal Drilling Bring More Oil out of the Wilmington Oil Field of Southern ...
		Three-Dimensional Geologic Modeling and Horizontal Drilling Bring More Oil out of the Wilmington Oil Field of Southern California, by Donald D. Clarke and Christopher C. Phillips, #20019 (2004).
		Case history 2 focuses on 3-D reservoir property and geologic modeling to define and exploit bypassed oil.
		This paper describes three drilling projects that used computerized mapping, modeling, and simulation programs in conjunction with detailed reservoir characterization and advanced geosteering technology to successfully help tap bypassed, heavy oil in California’s mature supergiant, the Wilmington oil field.
	www.searchanddiscovery.com /documents/2004/clarke/index.htm (496 words)

	Matt Pranter - Reservoir Characterization & Reservoir Modeling
		My students and I analyze various types of data (e.g., outcrop, subsurface) to describe, characterize, and model the stratigraphic architecture, facies, and heterogeneity of carbonate and clastic systems and reservoirs in order to assess the stratigraphic and sedimentologic controls on reservoir quality and distribution.
		Petroleum Reservoir Characterization and Modeling (GEOL 4550 / 5550) emphasizes concepts and methods of petroleum reservoir data analysis, integration, and modeling using subsurface information and outcrop analogs.
		Pranter, M. Budd, and Z. Reza, 2005, Reservoir-scale characterization and modeling of lateral petrophysical and geochemical variability within dolomite facies of the Madison Formation, Sheep Canyon and Lysite Mountain, Wyoming: in Peter Lufholm and Denise Cox (eds.), Unconventional Reservoirs Technology and Strategies, Alternative Perspectives for the Permian Basin, WTGS Publication #05-115, p.
	spot.colorado.edu /~pranter (1739 words)

	Features of EVS for ArcView / About EVS for ArcView (Environmental Visualization System)
		EVS for ArcView is an easy-to-use true 3D analysis and visualization system designed to seamlessly integrate with ArcView GIS or to operate in a stand-alone mode.
		Geologic modeling, geostatistics, volumetrics, and mass calculations all in one package...EVS for ArcView.
		Finite difference and finite element modeling grid generation; 3D fence diagrams; multiple analyte data analysis; and arbitrary slicing and cutting.
	www.bossintl.com /html/evs_arcview_features.html (451 words)

	First National Conference on Carbon Sequestration
		Preliminary Geologic Modeling and Flow Simulation Study of CO Sequestration in a Depleted Oil Reservoir
		Reactive Transport Modeling of Geologic CO Sequestration in Saline Aquifers; The Influence of Intra-Aquifer Shales and the Relative Effectiveness of Structural, Solubility, and Mineral Trapping During Prograde and Retrograde Sequestration
		Geologic and Geochemical Evaluation of the Potential for CO Disposal in Deep Saline Aquifers Beneath Ohio
	carbonsequestration.us /Websites/htm/NETL-conf-carbon_seq01.html (1914 words)

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