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Topic: Geological fault

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	Geologic fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A fault where the main sense of movement (or slip) on the fault plane is vertical is known as a dip-slip fault.
		Reverse faults are indicative of shortening of the crust.
		The fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geological_fault (761 words)

	Geologic fault
		Faults are discontinuities in the earth which are the result of differential motion within the crust.
		The two sides of a fault are defined the hangingwall and footwall, such that the fault always dips away from the hangingwall.
		Such faults are the source of many earthquakes that are caused by slippage vertically or laterally at the fault.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ge/Geological_fault.html (206 words)

	Alpine Fault - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Alpine Fault is clearly visible from space, running along the western edge of the Southern Alps from the southwestern coast towards the northeastern corner of the South Island.
		The Alpine Fault is a geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island.
		Earthquakes along the fault, and the associated earth movements, have formed the Southern Alps.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alpine_Fault (386 words)

	ScienceDaily: Rewritten Geological History Alters View Of California Earthquakes
		Alpine Fault -- The Alpine Fault is a geological fault, known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault, that runs almost the entire length of New Zealand's South Island.
		Geologic fault -- Geologic faults or simply faults are planar rock fractures which show evidence of relative movement.
		Geologically speaking, 1906 was a violent year: powerful, destructive earthquakes shook the ground from Taiwan to South America, while in Italy, Mount Vesuvius erupted.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/1999/12/991217083752.htm (2143 words)

	Geological Studies of Active Faulting in the Bay Region
		Prior to development, the fault was strongly expressed by fault scarps and stream offsets at UC Berkeley.
		The modern stream course is offset 335+/-30 m (1100 ft) in a right-lateral sense, and prominent beheaded channels of Strawberry Creek are offset 580 m (1900 ft) and 730 m (2400 ft).
		The rate is approximately 10 percent higher than previous geological determinations of slip rate, indicating an accordant increase in probabilistic earthquake hazard estimates for the northern Hayward fault.
	seismo.berkeley.edu /annual_report/ar97_98/node34.html (752 words)

	Wasatch Fault Earthquake Preparedness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Wasatch Fault is one of the longest and most active faults of its type in the world, and contributes to the Wasatch Front’s designation as having the greatest earthquake risk in the interior of the western United States.
		A fault is defined as a geological break in the materials of the earth’s crust along which one side of the break has been displaced relative to the other side.
		According to the Utah Geological Association, “A major earthquake striking the Wasatch Front is not a question of if, but when.” As the Salt Lake area continues to grow into a major metropolitan center, the potential for property damage and deaths increases from a destructive earthquake that is predicted to occur sometime in the future.
	www.ci.slc.ut.us /Utilities/NewsEvents/news1999/news5251999.htm (1718 words)

	The Hayward Fault: Will it trigger the next quake:
		Geological fault studies search for ancient evidence of slip rate, the size of past offsets, and the times of past ruptures.
		Studies of the Hayward Fault have provided the following clues: its average slip rate is about 9 mm/yr (0.35 in/yr); the latest rupture of its southern segment (Fremont to San Leandro) occurred in 1868; and rupture of the northern section (San Leandro to Pinole) probably occurred in 1936.
		By preparing for future Bay Area earthquakes, we acknowledge the potency of the active faults of this region, we contribute to our own peace of mind, and we set the stage for a more rapid post-earthquake recovery of LBL and the community.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/hayward-fault.html (816 words)

	JPL News -- Mars Rovers Head for Exciting Landings in January
		This U.S. Geological Survey National Seismic Hazard Map depicts earthquake hazard by showing, by contour values, the earthquake ground motions (as a percent of the force of gravity) that have a common given probability of being exceeded in 50 years.
		The bottom of the fault is under the central San Fernando Valley, in Reseda, and is at a depth of about 19.3 kilometers (12 miles).
		This means that an earthquake on one section of fault may either advance or retard the occurrence of earthquakes on other nearby fault sections.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/2003/esu-2.cfm (2203 words)

	[No title]
		() dip_angle double Estimated angle for the dip of the fault*.
		Media: 41" x 39" paper map Title: Geologic Map of Harford County Author/Agency: State of Maryland, Maryland Geological Survey, Geology of the crystalline rocks by D. Southwick, Geology of the coastal plain by J. Owens Date: 1968 Scale: 1:62,500 Projection: Unknown.
		Georeferencing was further improved by identifying common landmarks in regional/tiger_county, regional/dlg100_hydro, and boundaries/dpw_bounds and transforming the geological data.
	web.ead.anl.gov /jfield/gis/mge_dict/getec.cfm (594 words)

	Large Earthquakes on the Wasatch Fault - Utah Geological Survey
		Based on geologic studies and assuming earthquakes are random, the probability of a large earthquake
		on the central segments of the Wasatch fault alone is 13 percent in 50 years and 25 percent in 100 years.
		on the Weber, Provo, or Nephi segment of the Wasatch fault is only 1-7 percent in 100 years, because of the short times since the last earthquakes on these segments.
	geology.utah.gov /utahgeo/hazards/eqfault/eqfact.htm (284 words)

	CSUSB Department of Geological Sciences
		Spotila, James A., Sieh, Kerry, Architecture of transpressional thrust faulting in the San Bernardino Mountains, Southern California, from deformation of a deeply weathered surface, Tectonics, 19 (4), p.
		Schulz, Steven E., Evans, James P., Mesoscopic structure of the Punchbowl Fault, Southern California, and the geologic and geophysical structure of active strike-slip faults, Journal of Structural Geology, 22 (7), p.
		Ross, Timothy M., Geologic and paleomagnetic constraints on the timing of initiation and amount of slip on the Rodman and Pisgah faults, central Mojave Desert, CaliforniaRichard, Stephen M. (editor), Deformation associated with the Neogene, eastern California shear zone, southeastern California and southwestern Arizona; proceedings, San Bernardino County Museum Association Special Publication, 92-1, p.
	geology.csusb.edu /DEPT/GEOLOCAL.HTM (2924 words)

	The San Andreas Fault System, California - Supplement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Geological Society of America, 1987, Gravity anomaly map of North America: Boulder, Colo., scale 1:5,000,000, 4 sheets.
		This is the principal map representation of faults in California on a single map sheet.
		A guidebook containing 29 papers and a useful preliminary fault and geologic map of southern California at a scale of 1:750,000.
	education.usgs.gov /california/pp1515/supplement.html (2635 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Sedgwick Geological Trail
		glossary of terms, a fault is 'a fracture along which blocks of crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture'.
		At the Sedgwick Geological Trail, small areas of these blocks of crust have been exposed by the river, and the strata here is clearly visible.
		This trail is located on the Dent Fault where it crosses a river in Yorkshire and is named after a 19th Century geologist, Adam Sedgwick.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A593606 (544 words)

	Ahlgren, S
		Antonellini, M. and Aydin, A. Effect of faulting on fluid flow in porous sandstones: geometry and spatial distribution.
		Deformation near a fault termination, part I: a fault in a clay experiment.
		Faulting, Fault Sealing and Fluid Flow in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs (edited by Jones, G., Fisher, Q. and Knipe, R. McKenzie, D. The relation between fault plane solutions for earthquakes and the directions of the principal stresses.
	www.scs.unr.edu /~clarab/DBSZRefs.htm (2339 words)

	Hydrogeology
		Data developed through this program supports interdisciplinary studies in fault hydrology, geothermal systems, and the distribution of microbial life in the deep, hot biosphere.
		By studying the springs near Borax Lake, researchers have determined that the Borax Lake fault is a barrier to groundwater flow across the fault, but allows fluids to flow parallel to the fault plane.
		Because most geothermal areas are associated with active faulting, these studies allow us to investigate the linkages between geologic structure and the surface expression of geothermal activity.
	www.uidaho.edu /biogeochemistry/Hydrogeology.html (1022 words)

	Geology
		The San Andreas fault, with a length of more than 800 miles (1,200 kilometers), is the longest fault in California, and one of the longest in North America.
		There has been extensive geologic research conducted in the Carrizo Plain over the last 100 years, and during the last 20 years the pace of research has increased.
		The first geologic investigations conducted by A. Lawson nearly 100 years ago were driven to provide understanding of the San Andreas fault which had caused the devastating 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.
	www.blm.gov /ca/bakersfield/geology.html (631 words)

	Tunnelling Through Geological Fault Zones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term "fault zone" denotes a tunnel section of limited length, requiring special measures and involving considerable delays and high costs.
		Geological fault zones represent a major challenge for the design and construction of deep long tunnels.
		After a short overview of the problems encountered when tunnelling in fault zones, two extreme cases of behaviour of water-bearing ground and the associated construction concepts are discussed in detail.
	www.igt.ethz.ch /dynDBpages/PublicationDisplay906.htm (224 words)

	New Geological Fault Discovered in Nepal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hanover, N.H. -- New England scientists have discovered an active thrust fault at the base of the Himalayas in central Nepal that might help solve a geological puzzle.
		The researchers have quantified a link between erosion rates and tectonic forces, which might lead to a new understanding of how the growth of the Himalaya Mountains plays a role in global climate change.
		The new fault was found about 60 miles from Katmandu, in an area where there is a dramatic change in the structure of the landscape and where rainfall and erosion rates are among the highest in the world.
	tech.monstersandcritics.com /news/printer_6368.php (164 words)

	Geological Formation of the Bay
		The geological formation and evolution of Fundy is but the first chapter of a long and extraordinary tale.
		The genesis of this geological and ecological phenomenon occurred an estimated 350 million years ago (Burzynski and Marceau, 1984).
		And as the eons ticked by', further geological gestation evolved when the earth's crust around the basin heaved in a series of folds and faults.
	www.bayoffundy.com /geologicalformation.aspx (839 words)

	Selected Geologic References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Lienkaemper, J.J. and T.A. Sturm, Reconstruction of a channel offset in 1857(?) by the San Andreas Fault near Cholame, California, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 79, 901-909, 1989.
		Sieh, K., 1981, Geological studies of the Holocene behavior of the San Andreas fault, California: in Proc.
		Wallace, R.E., 1968, Notes on stream channels offset by the San Andreas fault, in W.R. Dickinson and A. Grantz, eds., Proceedings of conference on geologic problems of the San Andreas fault: Stanford University Publications in the Geological Sciences, 11.
	www.blm.gov /ca/bakersfield/carrizoplain/carrizoreferences.htm (4304 words)

	Cronin's Abstracts
		Cronin, V.S., 1989d, A kinematic model for the evolution of a transtensional basin from a transform fault whose initial displacement is purely strike-slip [abs.]: Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v.
		Cronin, V.S., 1987b, Kinematics of transform plate-boundary faults re-evaluated [abs.], in Hilde, T.W.C., and Carlson, R.L., [editors], Proceedings of the 1987 Geodynamics Symposium: Geodynamics Research Institute, Texas A&M University, p.
		Cronin, V.S., 1987e, Cycloid tectonics: Are transform plate-boundary faults "lines of pure slip" along which "crust is conserved"?: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v.
	www3.baylor.edu /~Vince_Cronin/Abstracts.html (1203 words)

	ABAG On Shaky Ground - 1995 References
		Fault Special Studies Zones Maps for selected 7.5' quadrangles in the San Francisco Bay Area: California Division of Mines and Geology.
		Geologic Map of the Flatlands Deposits of the San Francisco Bay Region: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 944, 88 pp.
		Preliminary Geologic Map of the Franciscan Rocks in the Central Part of the Diablo Range, Santa Clara and Alameda Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey Misc.
	www.abag.ca.gov /bayarea/eqmaps/doc/referenc.html (1315 words)

	Downtown LA Fault Line Worries Geologists (Puente Hills fault) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Puente Hills fault "is clearly a source of major earthquakes and likely could produce much damage to the Los Angeles area", John Shaw, the Harvard University geophysicist whose research on the fracture is published in the latest issue of the journal Science, told the Los Angeles Times.
		The new fault is thought to have caused a 5.9 magnitude quake in Whittier Narrows, in the Los Angeles area, in 1987 which killed eight people and injured 200.
		The Puente Hills fault is similar in structure to the fault that caused the serious Northridge quake in 1994, which measured 6.7, killed 57 people and left 20,000 people homeless.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/884540/posts (1655 words)

	bibliography
		R -----, 1961, Geologic structure of the San Emigdio Mountains, Kern County, California; in Geology and paleontology of the southern border of the San Joaquin valley, Kern County, California: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, 1961 Spring Field Trip Guidebook, Whittier, California, p.
		M -----, 1962, Geologic map of the Temblor Range, Caliente Range and vicinity, California; in Hackel, O., chairman, Geology of Carrizo Plains and San Andreas fault: San Joaquin Geological Society and Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section,1962 Guidebook, map scale 1:125,000.
		A -----, 1971, Geologic environment and tectonic development of the San Bernardino Mountains, California: presented at Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section meeting, February, 1971 [also distributed to audience as an expanded abstract with illustrations].
	www.sbnature.org /dibblee/DIBBLEE_BIBLIOGRAPHY_2000_3.htm (10335 words)

	Geology and plate tectonic development: References
		Burford, R.O., and Sharp, R.v., 1982, Slip on the Hayward and Calaveras faults determined from offset powerlines, in Hart, E.W., Hirschfeld, S.E., and Schulz, 5.5., eds., Conference on Earthquake Hazards in the Eastern San Francisco Bay Area, Hayward, Calif., 1982, Proceedings: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Publication 62, p.
		Nason, R.D., 1973, Fault creep and earthquakes on the San Andreasfault, in Kovach, R.L., and Nur, Amos, Proceedings of the conference on tectonic problems of the San Andreas fault system: Stanford, Calif., Stanford University Publications in the Geological Sciences, v.
		Nason, R.D., and Tocher, Don, 1970, Measurement of movement on the San Andreas fault, in Mansinha, Lalu, Smylie, D.E., and Beck, A.E., eds., Earthquake displacement fields and the rotation of the earth: Dordrecht, Netherlands, Reidel, p.
	www.johnmartin.com /earthquakes/eqsafs/safs_399.htm (2260 words)

	USM Snapshots
		The USM professors, accompanied by a team of students participating in the Research Experience for Undergraduates program, spend most of the month paddling Maine’s Muscongus Bay region.
		Using sea kayaks and space-age infrared and GPS technologies, the team has been mapping the complex geologic history of the Maine coastline.
		Last summer, the group hit pay dirt, discovering new evidence of the collision between North America and Africa that happened 500 million years ago.
	www.usm.maine.edu /snapshots/faultT.html (114 words)

	San Andreas fault reading list (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Paleogeographic evolution of the San Andreas fault in southern California: A reconstruction based on a new cross-fault correlation, in Powell, R.E., Weldon, R.J.,II, and Matti, J.C., eds., The San Andreas fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, Chapter 2, p.
		Extension and contraction within an evolving divergent strike-slip fault complex: The San Andreas and San Jacinto fault zones at their convergence in southern California, in Powell, R.E., Weldon, R.J.,II, and Matti, J.C., eds., The San Andreas fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, Chapter 5, p.
		Chronology of displacement on the San Andreas fault in central California: Evidence from reversed positions of exotic rock bodies near Parkfield, California, in Powell, R.E., Weldon, R.J.,II, and Matti, J.C., eds., The San Andreas fault system: Displacement, palinspastic reconstruction, and geologic evolution: Geological Society of America, Memoir 178, Chapter 6, p.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /grannell/SanAndreasRead.html (820 words)

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