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Topic: Geology of the Himalaya

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	Geology Summary
		Field methods in geology may be broken down into four main groups: (1) obtaining and marking samples and describing and measuring where they came from in an outcrop; (2) measuring and recording orientation (i.e., altitude) of strata or other planar features; (3) measuring dimensions (height and width); and (4) constructing geologic and topographic maps.
		Geology is a general term for the group of sciences that study the solid Earth, its materials, and processes.
		Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, "the earth") and λογος (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the solid matter of a celestial body, its composition, structure, physical properties, history and the processes that shape it.
	www.bookrags.com /Geology (7809 words)

	Geology - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Geology (from Greek γη- (ge-, "the earth") and λογος (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it.
		The word "geology" was first used by Jean-André Deluc in the year 1778 and introduced as a fixed term by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure in the year 1779.
		In geology, when an igneous intrusion cuts across a formation of sedimentary rock, it can be determined that the igneous intrusion is younger than the sedimentary rock.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /geology.htm (1238 words)

	Facts about topic: (Geology of the Himalaya) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic (additional info and facts about plate tectonic) forces.
		The Lesser Himalaya, LH is mainly formed by Upper Proterozoic (From 2,500 to 544 million years ago; bacteria and fungi; primitive multicellular organisms) to Lower Cenozoic (Approximately the last 63 million years) detrital sediments from the passive Indian margin intercalated with some granites and acid volcanics (1840± 70 Ma, Frank et al., 1977).
		The transition between the generally low-grade sediments of the Tethys Himalaya and the underlying low- to high-grade rocks of the High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence is usually progressive.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/geology_of_the_himalaya.htm (1645 words)

	Encyclopedia: Geology of the Himalaya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Geology of the Himalaya is a record of the most dramatic and visible creations of modern plate tectonic forces.
		The lofty Himalaya, which stretch over 2900 km along the border between India and Tibet, are the result of an ongoing orogeny, the result of a collision between two continental tectonic plates.
		The Lesser Himalaya, LH is mainly formed by Upper Proterozoic to Lower Cenozoic detrital sediments from the passive Indian margin intercalated with some granites and acid volcanics (1840ÃÂ± 70 Ma, Frank et al., 1977).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Geology-of-the-Himalaya (1330 words)

	Himalayas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Himalaya is a mountain range in Asia, separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
		The higher regions of the Himalaya are snowbound throughout the year in spite of their proximity to the tropics, and they form the sources for several large perennial rivers, most of which combine into two large river systems:
		The sharp divide between the climates of the Indian subcontinent and the Tibetan Plateau is clearly visible.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Himalaya (2436 words)

	Articles - Geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The most significant advance in 20th century geology has been the development of the theory of plate tectonics in the 1960s.
		A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th century Scottish physician and geologist James Hutton, is that "The Present is the Key to the Past." In Hutton's words: "the past history of our globe must be explained by what can be seen to be happening now."
		The principle becomes quite complex, however, given the uncertainties of fossilisation, the localisation of fossil types due to lateral changes in habitat (facies change in sedimentary strata), and that not all fossils may be found globally at the same time.
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/Geology (1458 words)

	Geological Problems of Nepal, Himalaya and its solution
		In the Kumaun sector the zonation of lesser Himalaya in to an outer and inner sedimentary belt and intervening crystalline zone is particularly clear.
		The lesser Himalaya of far western Nepal, between MBT and MCT, is characterized by the presence of nappies and para-atochthonous zone, allochthnous zone, crystalline napes and autochthon zone.
		The term Higher Himalaya is used in Himalayan geological literature as a broad stratigraphic division for the various types of rocks that occupy the spatial position between M.C.T. 9Main Central Thrust) which separate it from lesser Himalaya in the south and Tsangpo ophiliotic zone in the north.
	www.gisdevelopment.net /aars/acrs/1989/i/geo006pf.htm (3547 words)

	Bibliography on the Geology of Nepal Himalaya
		Lyon-Caen, H. and Molnar, P. (1983) Constraints on the structure of the Himalaya from the analysis of gravity anomalies and a flexural model of the lithosphere.
		Pêcher, A. (1989) The metamorphism in the central Himalaya.
		Tectonothermal evolution of the Lesser Himalaya Nepal: Constraints from 40Ar/39Ar ages from the Kathmandu Nappe.
	www.geocities.com /geologyofnepal/bibliography.html (2637 words)

	Chapter Two
		Geology and petrographic study of the areas from Chiraundi Khola to Thulo Khola, Dhading/Nuwakot district, central Nepal.
		The Lesser Himalaya, also called the Lower Himalaya, or the Midlands, is a thick (about 7 km) section of para-autochtonous crystalline rocks comprising of low- to medium grade rocks.
		The Lesser Himalaya thrust over the Siwaliks along the mbt to the south, and is overlained by the allochtonous thrust sheets of Kathmandu and HHC along the MCT.
	www.geocities.com /himalayangeology/thesis/Chap_02.html (1734 words)

	Geology - WebArticles.com
		Geology (from Greek Î³Î·- (ge-, "the earth") and Î»Î¿Î³Î¿Ï (logos, "word", "reason")) is the science and study of the Earth, its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that shape it.
		Geologists have helped establish the age of the Earth at about 4.5 billion (4.5x109) years, and have determined that the Earth's lithosphere, which includes the crust, is fragmented into tectonic plates that move over a rheic upper mantle (asthenosphere) via processes that are collectively referred to as plate tectonics.
		Many of these involve the ability to provide the relative ages of strata or the manner in which they were formed.
	www.webarticles.com /print.php?id=407 (1459 words)

	Influenmce of Delhi-Hardwar-Harsil Ridge (DHHR) on Basin Configuration in Himalayan Foothills Belt during tertiary ...
		Though the Vaishnodevi Limestone belt is in juxtaposition with the calcareous sequences of the Himalaya, the former cannot be in strike continuity of Himalayan sequence.
		A model of basin development for the Sub Himalaya based on physical discontinuity across the DHHR and geological setting of various successions to the east and west of this ridge (segments I and 2) is given in Figure 5.
		Discovery of Cambro-Ordovician conodonts from the Mussoorie Tal Phosphorite : its significance in correlation of Lesser Himalaya.
	www.earthwaves.org /palpaper2.htm (4521 words)

	Nepal - Nature - Hotel Near (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Himalaya are the result of the Indian subcontinental plate ramming northwards with particular force into the Asian plate - something like a car smashing into the side of a truck.
		Unique among the world's major mountain ranges, the Himalaya don't form a watershed: rivers like the Kali Gandaki, Bhote Koshi (there are several by that name) and Arun cut right through the Himalaya because their courses were established by this earlier Tibetan Marginal Range.
		Erosion is a particular problem in the Himalaya, where the mountains are continually sloughing off their skins, and landslides occur regularly during the monsoon.
	www.hotelnear.com /807/2435g/Nepal-Nature.html (3150 words)

	Rock Glaciers in the Northwestern Indian Himalaya (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		In the northwest Indian Himalaya they are widely distributed north of latitude 32°, where the influence of the southwest summer monsoon becomes attenuated leading to a high desert environment with an annual precipitation of c.
		The Himalaya form the largest and highest mountains on Earth, yet little is known of their overall geomorphology and there have few studies of rock glaciers (cf.
		Himalaya to the Sea: Geomorphology and the Quaternary of Pakistan in the regional context.
	boris.qub.ac.uk /ggg/papers/full/2001/rp022001/rp02.html (7951 words)

	PUBLICATIONS LIST
		Searle, M.P., Cooper, D.J.W. and Rex, A.J. Collision tectonics of the Ladakh - Zanskar Himalaya.
		Volatile-assited intrusion and autometasomatism of leucogranites in the Khumbu Himalaya, Nepal.
		Himalaya – Karakoram – Tibet Workshop held at the Center of Excellence in Geology, Peshawar University, Pakistan, 20-22 April 1998.
	www.earth.ox.ac.uk /~mikes/publications.html (2694 words)

	References for AGU 97 abstract, Edwards et al, Nanga Parbat
		Geology of the northern part of the Nanga Parbat massif, northern Pakistan, and its implications for Himalayan tectonics.
		A., Chamberlain, C. and Zeitler, P. 1992, Documentation of Neogene regional metamorphism in the Himalayas of Pakistan using U-Pb in monazite.
		Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalayas, on the Indus gorge transect: the importance of early events.
	www.albany.edu /geosciences/nangap/refern97.html (496 words)

	Newswise
		The world's highest and most spectacular mountains, the Himalaya of Nepal, India and Bhutan, are built on the foundations of a much older mountain system, University of Arizona geologists have discovered.
		"We conclude that the modern Himalaya Mountains are built on the foundations of an ancient mountain range that may have been of similar dimensions," said UA geosciences Professor George Gehrels, who used state-of-the-art radioisotope techniques to date rock formations in the Himalayan thrust belt.
		Subsequently, the ancestral Himalaya Mountains disappeared and the region eventually subsided below sea level as the landmass was rifted away from India's northern margin, Gehrels said.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view/501033 (974 words)

	about.html
		Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region Conference, held in the Royal Society of Edinburgh, March 1988, was organised by Alastair Robertson, myself, John Smewing and Alison Ries.
		The Geology and Tectonics of the Karakoram Mountains.
		The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region.
	www.earth.ox.ac.uk /~mikes/about.html (507 words)

	Read about Geology at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Geology and learn about Geology here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology reiterated Hutton's uniformitarianism, which influenced the thought of
		The most significant advance in 20th century geology has been the development of the theory of
		A fundamental principle of geology advanced by the 18th century Scottish physician and geologist
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Geology (1216 words)

	Roof of the Earth
		The Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding mountainsthe Himalaya on the south, the Kun Lun on the north, and the Pamir and Karakoram on the westcomprise the largest, loftiest, and youngest highland on the Earth (Figure 1).
		The South Tibetan Detachment, as mapped in several areas of the Himalaya, essentially separates the Paleozoic sedimentary formations of the Tibetan Himalaya to the north from the high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Greater Himalaya to the south.
		Forty-nine percent of the presentations were on the western Himalaya, indicative of the scarcity of recent research done on the eastern parts of the Himalaya and on the Karakoram-Pamir-Hindu Kush mountains.
	www.agu.org /sci_soc/EOSsokhabi.html (1520 words)

	Bibilography: Water Related Hazards in the Himalaya
		Bartarya, S.K. and K.S. Valdiya (1989) Landslides and erosion in the catchment of the Gaula River, Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, India.
		Davies, W.M. (1907)) Glacial erosion in the Himalaya.
		Starkel, L. (1972) The role of catastrophic rainfall in the shaping of relief of the lower Himalaya (Darjeeling Hills).
	nsidc.org /pubs/gd/29/1.6.html (1371 words)

	Karakorum Himalaya: A Bibliography (Part 2)
		"Quaternary Glacial Chronology and Neotectonics in the Himalaya of Northern Pakistan." In Tectonics and Geophysics of the Western Himalaya, edited by L.L. Malinconico, Jr.
		Tahirkheli, Rashid A. Geology of the Himalaya, Karakorum and Hindukush in Pakistan.
		"Geology of Kohistan, Karakorum Himalayas, Northern Pakistan." Geological Bulletin of the University of Peshawar, Pakistan 11:187.
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/allan97a2.htm (4909 words)

	ScienceDaily: Scientists Find Half-Billion-Year-Old Ancestral Mountains In The Himalaya
		"We conclude that the modern Himalaya Mountains are built on the foundations of an ancient mountain range that may have been of similar dimensions," said UA geosciences Professor George Gehrels, who used state-of-the-art radioisotope techniques to date rock formations in the Himalayan thrust belt.
		Subsequently, the ancestral Himalaya Mountains disappeared and the region eventually subsided below sea level as the landmass was rifted away from India's northern margin, Gehrels said.
		"Maybe the Himalayas have played such an important role in shaping modern climate and seawater chemistry because rocks exposed in the mountain belt were buried, metamorphosed, and uplifted during an earlier phase of mountain building," Gehrels said.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/10/031006071157.htm (1299 words)

	Nanga Parbat Publications
		Himalaya to the sea: Geomorphology and Quaternary of Pakistan
		Quaternary glacial chronology and neotectonics in the Himalaya of northern Pakistan, in Malinconico, L.L. and Lillie, R.J., Eds., Tectonics of the Western Himalayas, Geological Society of America Special Paper 232, p.
		from schists in the Nanga Parbat Syntaxis, Himalayas, northwestern Pakistan.
	www.lehigh.edu /pkz0/public/www-data/nanga_files/Npubs.html (761 words)

	From intra-oceanic convergence to post-collisional evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		CHAMBERLAIN C.P. and ZEITLER P.K., 1996, Assembly of the crystalline terranes of the northwestern Himalaya and Karakorum, northern Pakistan.
		SEARLE M.P., 1991, Geology and Tectonics of the Karakorum Mountains.
		TAHIRKELI R.A.K., 1982, Geology of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush in Pakistan.
	www.virtualexplorer.com.au /2002/8/rolland/paper4.html (5057 words)

	Karakorum Himalaya: A Bibliography
		For example, the Karakorum Himalaya is almost the last place on earth where the Neolithic goat cult, which was once common from the Alps to the Himalaya, still plays a role in the management of livestock.
		The Greater Himalaya mountains were known for their role in acting as conduits for the trade between South, and Central and Inner Asia.
		Baume, Louis C. Sivalaya: the 8,000 Metre Peaks of the Himalaya: A Chronicle and Bibliography of Exploration.
	lda.ucdavis.edu /people/websites/allan/book/allanbook.html (13895 words)

	Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London
		Erosion and exhumation in the Himalaya from cosmogenic isotope inventories of river sediments.
		The Tertiary collision-related thermal history and tectonic evolution of the NW Himalaya, Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 20, 827-843.
		Isotopic constraints on the evolution of metamorphic conditions in the Jijal-Patan complex and the Kamila belt, Pakistan Himalaya.
	www.gl.rhbnc.ac.uk /staff/dv_pub.html (499 words)

	Bibilography: Glacier Studies in the Himalaya
		Higuchi, K. (1981) Characteristics of the glaciers in the Nepal Himalayas.
		Jangpangi, B.S. and Vohra, C.P. (1962) Retreat of the Sunkalpa (Ralam) Glacier in Central Himalaya, Pithoragarh District, Uttar Pradesh, India.
		Mayashi, M. (1975) Geomorphology of the Himalayan foot-hills and glacial landforms of the Lesser Himalayas in the Punjab Himalayas.
	nsidc.org /pubs/gd/29/1.4.html (6478 words)

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