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	Archaeo-Physics, LLC \| shallow subsurface geophysical survey
		The geophysical investigation consisted of electrical resistance and magnetic gradiometer surveys of portions of the cemetery.
		Geophysical survey was performed under the direction of Geoffrey Jones of Archaeo-Physics LLC, Minneapolis, Minnesota with the participation of Archaeo-Physics and Berger Personnel.
		While these survey blocks did not completely define the perimeter of the cemetery, terrain, vegetation, and other surface indications provide probable limits to the extent of the cemetery in areas not covered by geophysical survey.
	www.archaeophysics.com /pubs/wy-cem.html (4624 words)

	Geophysical survey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geophysical survey most often refers to subsurface imaging techniques used in archaeology.
		Survey results can be used to guide excavation [3] and to give archaeologists insight into the patterning of non-excavated parts of the site.
		Geophysical methods used in archaeology are largely adapted from those used in mineral exploration, engineering, and geology.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geophysical_survey (1587 words)

	Archaeological field survey - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Surveys can be a practical way to decide whether or not to carry out an excavation (as a way of recording the basic details of a possible site) and may also be ends in themselves, as they produce important information about past human activities in a regional context.
		Extensive survey, on the other hand, is characterised by a low-resolution approach in which (e.g.) only samples of a larger study area (often in excess of several sq km) are visited.
		Extensive surveys are quite often designed to target the identification of archaeological sites across a large area, whereas intensive surveys are designed to provide a more comprehensive picture of the location of sites and the nature of off-site data (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Archaeological_field_survey (1906 words)

	Geophysical survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Geophysical survey is a form of archaeological survey.
		Campanaio, Sicily: A Geophysical Survey 1995 A geophysical evaluation in southern Sicily by Bournemouth University to identify industrial activity in the Roman rural settlement.
		Geophysical Survey of Philippi University of Nottingham survey used to identify buildings and roads in the southern half of the ancient Macedonian city of Philippi.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Geophysical_survey.html (324 words)

	Antiquity, Project Gallery: Křivánek
		Survey and rescue excavations were conducted here in 1949-1951 (Figure 2) and 1980 (Drda 1987; Drda and Rybová 1997); the earliest settlement identified dates to the late Bronze Age.
		The results of the geophysical methods, originally associated with the natural sciences but now interdisciplinary, will be applicable to the resolution of partial (individual oppida) and general archaeological expert issues, the recording and protection of significant archaeological monuments and with respect to the methodological presentation of new and unusual applications of geophysics to archaeology.
		The major geophysical method applicable on such a large scale is wide-area magnetometric survey, the magnetometry being the most suitable geophysical method for the detection of diverse sunken or burned archaeological features surviving beneath the surface.
	antiquity.ac.uk /ProjGall/krivanek (3021 words)

	List of hypertext geophysical survey reports
		The aim of this survey was to aid the interpretation of the remains of the substantial Augustinian Priory at West Acre, Norfolk to assist with the ongoing management of the monument.
		The specific aim of the survey was to provide a broader context for the limited geophysical survey and excavation results obtained from the W of the monument prior to the construction of the Engelly to Sevenstonemile section of the Cornwall Spine Water Main.
		A magnetometer survey was conducted at Stencoose Farm, Cornwall, in response to a request from the Cornwall Archaeological Unit to investigate archaeological activity in the vicinity of a recently excavated Iron Age or Romano-British structure.
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /reports (7955 words)

	The Hopeton Earthworks and Hopewell Culture
		The 2001 geophysical survey at Hopeton Earthworks was conducted on the south side of the east-west farm road that passes through the square.
		One notable accomplishment of the geophysical survey was the discovery that the western and southern walls of the square are very distinctly visible in the magnetic survey data.
		During the course of the magnetic survey of the wall, data were also collected from areas immediately inside and outside of the square wall.
	www.cr.nps.gov /mwac/hopeton/geo_surv.htm (575 words)

	Federal Highways Administration- Geophysical Imaging Resource Site
		A geophysical survey method that provides useful, objective information about the relative condition of the various areas on a deck structure and samples the entire deck in a rapid and economic fashion is generally most valuable when it is used prior to making other important decisions.
		The half-cell corrosion potential method is a geophysical method incorporating a semi-destructive (for the most part, nondestructive) electrical technique for assessing probability of corrosion in existing deck structures based on measuring voltage (electrical potential) between the anode (top mat reinforcing bars) and a reference electrode that is electrically coupled to the bridge deck surface.
		Imaging using infrared thermography is a nondestructive geophysical approach used with some degree of accuracy when evaluating the condition of existing bridge decks, specifically for detection of shallow delaminations in bare concrete decks or identification of de-bonded zones at an overlay/deck interface.
	www.cflhd.gov /agm/engApplications/BridgeSystemSuperStructure/331BaselineConditionAssessUsingGeophyMethods.htm (2912 words)

	Consulting Potential Field Geophysics, Airborne Magnetic and Gravity Surveys
		Because aeromagnetic surveys are probably the most common type of airborne geophysical surveys, we will use this survey type as the vehicle for a discussion of field practice and many other elements of airborne geophysical surveying.
		In aeromagnetic surveys we are usually interested in the spatial variations of the intensity of magnetization and, thus, the temporal variations must be identified and removed during data compilation.
		For multi-method surveys, the survey parameters should be chosen to fit the needs of the method most sensitive to them, or in cases of conflict, of the method expected to yield the most useful data.
	www.geoexplo.com /airborne_survey_workshop.html (4043 words)

	Geophysics Survey 2004-2006
		All geophysical surveys are to some extent affected by noise, a seemingly random component in the data attributable to the instrument itself, the operator’s field technique, or variability in the site’s soil, rocks, etc. Clutter refers to non-archaeological, non-random, discrete phenomena that complicate feature detection.
		Obvious examples are the datum markers that are manifested in the magnetic survey data shown in Figure 7 by anomalies that appear to have diameters of several meters.
		A magnetic survey was conducted in 2005 in the same area (shown in Figure 19 and Figure 31).
	www.anthro.uiuc.edu /faculty/cfennell/NP/Geophys/geophysics.html (7024 words)

	Garden Coulee Site
		The survey grid had been staked at 40m intervals by MWAC personnel prior to geophysical survey, and tapes were used to place the intermediate stakes forming the 20-x-20m survey grids.
		The results of the geophysical surveys and ground truthing should be used in conjunction with other available sources of information such as surface artifact distribution and historic documents to understand the site patterning, to locate features for excavation, and to develop a fundamental grasp of the overall Garden Coulee site context.
		In general, confidence in the results of the geophysical survey results is fairly high, although interpretations offered are to be considered preliminary, and subject to verification and refinement.
	www.cr.nps.gov /mwac/garden_coulee/geophysics.htm (885 words)

	Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.: Geophysical Survey: The Place of Geophysical Survey in Contemporary Fieldwork
		Near-surface geophysical survey techniques are being increasingly used in archaeology for a variety of reasons and there is every indication that the trend will continue as they gain greater acceptance from fieldworkers and the preservation world.
		If this is difficult in a given survey for whatever reason (high grass, fallen timber, trees, etc., anything which hinders walking), then a high density of readings may introduce considerable "noise" produced by the act of measurement as the sensor moves up and down despite the best intentions of the operator.
		The purpose of this survey was straightforward, to locate the foundations of the vanished barn prior to its reconstruction.
	www.crai-ky.com /services/geophysical/wheredow.html (2297 words)

	Department of Archaeology - University of Nottingham
		At the invitation of Professor G. Gounaris (University of Thessaloniki), a geophysical survey was carried out to assess the potential of the method for exploring the interior of the ancient city (12th - 17th July 1995).
		In each case, survey squares were 20 x 20 m in size and readings were taken at one metre intervals, a procedure which proved a reasonable compromise between the need to make rapid progress and the need to provide an adequate resolution for buried features.
		The survey area was originally 100 x 20 m, but it proved just possible to extend the area to the east by one extra square to explore a linear anomaly located in the initial survey.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /archaeology/research/balkans/greece/gcity.html (1884 words)

	Mcphar Geosurveys Ltd
		Fixed-wing and helicopter-borne geophysical systems are designed for use in different terrains, although helicopter-borne systems are undertaking high-resolution surveys in areas traditionally the domain of fixed-wing systems.
		Airborne geophysical surveys, whether installed on helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft, are the most effective and rapid means of evaluating the potential for mineral resources in both unexplored areas and mature mining regions.
		It is also capable of processing and plotting all of the geophysical and navigation data acquired during the survey, producing semi-final, preliminary-leveled maps in either fl-line contours or full colour contours on paper.
	www.mgssurveys.com /mining.asp (2143 words)

	IPFW Archaeological Survey Homepage
		Geophysical investigations at the Strawtown enclosure began during the REU in 2005.
		Geophysical investigations and three seasons of excavation at the Castor Farm site have focused on answering several questions about the kinds and arrangements of cultural features within the site.
		Given the complexities and importance of the Castor Farm site and the surrounding area, geophysical survey methods are invaluable for site mapping, and will allow future excavations to be appropriately targeted as research questions are clarified.
	www.ipfw.edu /archsurv/strawtown_geophysical.html (1208 words)

	U. S. Geological Survey Fort Chaffee P. O. W. Camp Landfill Geophysical Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A geophysical survey was conducted as an integral part of a larger USGS study of the Ft. Chaffee North P.O.W. Landfill site (also formally designated SWMU 32 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) located on fort property just west of the main building complex, southeast of Ft. Smith, Arkansas (approximately 35
		The survey objective was to outline the World War II era landfill (for decades now covered with a soil cap) using geophysical methods.
		The geophysical survey took place between 28 May and 6 June 1996, and utilized both magnetic and electromagnetic (EM) surveying instruments on a 25-foot (7.6-meter) grid.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /jwynn/4chaffee.html (521 words)

	Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.: Services - Geophysical Survey
		Survey specialist and Senior Archaeologist, R. Berle Clay Ph.D., RPA, has a long history of involvement in geophysical survey beginning in 1984 and has published on strategies of using survey techniques in field archaeology (Clay 2000).
		Electromagnetic surveys, while they are affected by total soil moisture (importantly, a heavy rain during an EM survey can shift the measurement of earth conductivity significantly), appear to be far less susceptible to total soil moisture than soil resistivity surveys that tend to be unproductive when the soil is either saturated or extremely dry.
		The reasons for this seem to be that the act of historical burial is a very "brief" geophysical episode and, depending on soil type and grave depth, one that generally causes minimal geophysical modification of the soil or, as in the case of agricultural tillage, modification which is erased with weathering through time.
	www.crai-ky.com /services/geophysical (1401 words)

	geophys (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Magnetic and resistivity surveys at the Bennac Village in 1997.
		Magnetic and resistivity surveys at the Bennac Village in 1999.
		Magnetic and resistivity surveys at the Pokagon Village in 1999.
	www.nd.edu /~mschurr/geophys.html (401 words)

	Archaeo-Physics, LLC \| Interpretation of geophysical survey results
		Interpretation of survey data must be a cooperative process involving both archaeological geophysicists and archaeologists that are familiar with the specific cultural context of the site being studied.
		The results of geophysical surveys and ground truthing should be used in conjunction with other available sources of information to understand the general site context, to locate features for excavation, and to understand the results of excavation within the greater site context.
		Under typical survey conditions, the error in horizontal position of a feature of interest is not likely to be greater than its depth.
	www.archaeophysics.com /interpretation/index.html (1250 words)

	The Geophysical Survey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		When conducting geophysical survey, space is generally partitioned into grids that can be surveyed in regularly spaced transects (Breiner 1999: 12; Conyers and Goodman 1997: 25).
		Additional magnetometer blocks were surveyed in order to determine the shape, orientation, and nature of the magnetic anomalies detected in the first four blocks surveyed.
		In addition to the geophysical survey, the pampa area was mapped in detail using the Leica Total Station and the GPS.
	titicaca.ucsb.edu /pukara/e_geophysical_project/geophysical_survey.html (332 words)

	A Geophysical Survey on Axel Heiberg Island
		This survey was not successful at locating underground tree trunks and stumps.
		Neither antenna was found to be very suitable for trying to locate trees that were shallower than 0.5 m; unfortunately, it is this shallow zone that is unfrozen and therefore easier to excavate.
		The second instrument of this survey was a conductivity meter that measured the surface-weighted average electrical conductivity of the soil to a depth of about 1.5 m.
	www.sas.upenn.edu /earth/arctic/bevansummary.html (283 words)

	Northeast Geophysical Services
		The method overcomes some of the potential problems encountered in refraction surveys (such as the assumption that subsurface layer velocities increase with depth and that layers are thick enough to be detectable).
		The results of a GPR survey are usually presented to the client in a full report which includes an index map showing locations of traverses, interpreted radar anomalies, and if requested, graphic profiles.
		Geophysical methods routinely used in the coastal and inland marine environment include bathymetry (seafloor elevation mapping), sub-bottom profiling, seismic reflection, ground penetrating radar, side-scan sonar, magnetometer surveys, and underwater video.
	www.negeophysical.com (3707 words)

	Aerial Photography & Geophysical Survey
		Geophysical survey is an increasingly sophisticated non-destructive method of indicating the archaeological potential of sites by revealing plan detail.
		It combines expertise in aerial photography, geophysical survey and computing within the Department of Archaeology with that in photogrammetry in the Department of Geographical and Earth Sciences and the practical and professional aerial photographic skills of the staff of the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland (RCAHMS).
		Geophysical survey: theory and practice (including theory and practice of magnetometry, resistivity, and other survey methods).
	www.gla.ac.uk /archaeology/courses/postgraduate/aerial.html (344 words)

	Interactive Dig Sagalassos - Geophysical Survey Report 1
		One of the areas surveyed on the right map by means of ground-penetrating radar and showing the same orientation of houses as on the magnetic map on the right.
		The first results of the geophysical survey at Tepe Düzen are quite impressive.
		The important contribution of GPR data sets to the general geophysical interpretation is the fact that they allow an estimate of depth, thickness, and height of the walls.
	www.archaeology.org /interactive/sagalassos/field06/geophysical1.html (789 words)

	GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Although the results of the resisitivity survey usually display greater clarity than the magnetic, the method only works well under certain conditions and is impossible over much of the site because of the amount of stone on the surface.
		Resistivity survey with a Geoscan RM 15 is carried out in exactly the same 20 x 20m grids as were laid out for the magnetic survey.
		They either indicate that the survey was conducted at different times or, in particularly damp areas, varions when the remote probes were moved.
	www.metu.edu.tr /home/wwwkerk/kerk1/05remote/geophyss (761 words)

	The English Heritage Geophysical Survey Database
		The Branch has a history in archaeological geophysics stretching back to the mid 1960s, and this database is intended to be a first point of reference for those interested to find out what we have done and where.
		Details of reports on the surveys written for the Ancient Monuments Laboratory report series are also provided along with the report summary for reports in the New Series (post 1985) or a synopsis based on a reading of the report for the Old Series (1985 and before).
		At present it is very difficult to find out whether a particular monument has ever been geophysically surveyed, or even how many geophysical surveys are commissioned each year for archaeological purposes, often all the organisations with an involvement in archaeological geophysics have to be canvassed.
	sdb2.eng-h.gov.uk /newaboutsdb.html (932 words)

	Geophysical Surveys
		Geophysical surveys are non-destructive methods for investigating the subsurface soil, rock, and groundwater, without digging, probing, or drilling.
		Geophysical surveys can be used to locate many types of buried objects.
		GeoModel, Inc. geophysical consultants have advanced degrees in the geological sciences, and have over 50 years of combined experience in conducting and supervising surface and downhole geophysical surveys.
	www.geomodel.com /surveys (508 words)

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