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Topic: Geopotential

	* Geopotential- (Meteorology): Definition
		For example a geopotential height of 1500 is the number of meters above sea-level one would have to be to reach a pressure of 850mb.
		Geopotential: "potential energy per unit mass of a body due to the earth's gravitational field, referred to an arbitrary zero" (The Meteorological Glossary/UK; in meteorology, mean sea level is the reference level).
		The magnitude of the force of gravity at sea level decreases from the poles, where the centrifugal force is zero, to the equator,...
	en.mimi.hu /meteorology/geopotential.html (219 words)

	Geopotential - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Geopotential is the potential of the Earth's gravity field.
		For the purpose of satellite orbital mechanics, the geopotential is typically described by a series expansion into spherical harmonics (spectral representation).
		In this context the geopotential is taken as the potential of the gravitational field of the Earth, i.e., leaving out the centrifugal potential.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geopotential (163 words)

	Geopotential height - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		In the geosciences, geopotential height is a measure of geometric height that accounts for the dependence of gravity on latitude and height.
		The result is that such a plot of geopotential height for a single level shows the midlatitude troughs and ridges, that is the Rossby wave pattern of cyclones and anticyclones, while the layer depth, between say, the 700 hPa and 500 hPa geopotential heights is proportional to the temperature in that layer.
		Geopotential height contours can be used to calculate the geostrophic wind, which blows stronger where the contours are more closely spaced and tangential to the isolines.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=164605 (239 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In general, the geopotential tendencies associated with vorticity fluxes are of the same sign within a given atmospheric column; whereas the polarity of the geopotential tendencies associated with heat fluxes in the lower troposphere is opposite to that in the upper troposphere.
		The geopotential tendencies associated with eddies with periods between 10 days and a season are generally stronger than those associated with synoptic-scale disturbances.
		The forcing of the geopotential height field due to vorticity transports by low-frequency eddies is stronger than the corresponding forcing due to heat transports.
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~gth/netscape/1984/gl8402.html (508 words)

	geopotential - The Wordbook Encyclopedia
		Geopotential is the potential of the Earth's gravity field.
		For the purpose of satellite orbital mechanics, the geopotential is typically described by a series expansion into spherical harmonics (spectral representation).
		In this context the geopotential is taken as the potential of the gravitational field of the Earth, that is, leaving out the centrifugal potential.
	www.thewordbook.com /geopotential (237 words)

	[No title]
		Therefore, a geopotential height observation represents the height of the pressure surface on which the observation was taken.
		That means, at every point along a given contour, the values of geopotential height are the same.
		The small numbers along the contours are labels which identify the value of a particular height contour (for example 5640 meters, 5580 meters, etc.).
	www.cloudysky.ir /data/data0220.php (156 words)

	Introduction to Physical Oceanography : Chapter 10 - Geostrophic Currents - Geostrophic Currents from Hydrography
		The geopotential meter is a measure of the work required to lift a unit mass from sea level to a height z against the force of gravity.
		For example, the geometric depth of the 1000 dynamic meter surface is 1017.40 m at the north pole and 1022.78 m at the equator, a difference of 5.38 m.
		At a depth of 1m the pressure is approximately 1.007 decibars and the depth is 1.00 geopotential meters.
	oceanworld.tamu.edu /resources/ocng_textbook/chapter10/chapter10_04.htm (1394 words)

	THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ISOBARS AND ISOHYPSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Geopotential assumes the earth is perfectly flat and perfectly round.
		The difference between a geopotential meter and an actual meter is very small because the earth is close to being a perfect sphere and sea level is close to the elevation of zero geopotential if the earth was perfectly smooth.
		For example, if the 700 millibar height at OKC is 2,970 geopotential meters, this means it is 2,970 gpm from sea level to the 700 millibar level.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/76 (439 words)

	Parameter Information Page
		Geopotential is the potential energy acquired by unit mass on being raised through unit distance in a field of gravitational force of unit strength.
		The Geopotential meter is related to the Dynamic meter by the expression one geopotential meter=0.98 dynamic meter.
		Geopotential (from the dynamic point of view) is a better measure of height in the atmosphere than is geometric height since energy is in general lost or gained when air moves along a geometrically level surface but not when it moves along an equigeopotential surface.
	daac.gsfc.nasa.gov /PIP/shtml/geopotential_height.shtml (209 words)

	Historical Arctic Rawinsonde Archive
		It was found to be inappropriate for geopotential height; however, due to the logarithmic decay of pressure with increasing elevation.
		To check the geopotential heights, we made use of this logarithmic relationship: Taking the log of pressure at the bottom (P1) and top (P2) of the layer in which the observed pressure (P) fell, a weight W was calculated:
		The geopotential height of the surface report and the station elevation were supplied in the original sounding.
	www.nsidc.org /data/docs/daac/nsidc0008_hara.gd.html (3699 words)

	Geopotential Height: upper air station reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The value highlighted in yellow located in the upper right corner (in the diagram above) represents the geopotential height of a given pressure surface in meters (as reported by weather balloons).
		Therefore, for the example given above, the height of the pressure surface on which the observation was taken is 5800 meters.
		When a collection of geopotential height reports are contoured on a given pressure surface, we are able to identify upper air troughs and ridges, which are very important influences on surface weather conditions.
	www.palmod.uni-bremen.de /~gerrit/svetlana/WW2010-CD/files/guides/maps/upa/hght.htm (98 words)

	WeatherOnline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Geopotential height is a measure for the potential energy of a point in the atmosphere at it's altitude relative to sea level.
		The geopotential at 500 hPa describes the atmosphere's larger circulation patterns.
		Geopotential height is an important unit for all upper-air reports and maps.
	www.weatheronline.co.uk /cgi-bin/vorinfo?ZEIT=200611051200&CONT=asie&VAR=z&NSUM=6&LANG=en (73 words)

	Dynamic height and dynamic depth
		In the sea, the geopotential is negative in reference to that of the sea level geoid.
		The term dynamic depth is therefore commonly employed as the negative of the geopotential in the sea.
		On the other hand, the depth of the -10,000 dynamic meter geopotential surface in the sea (if the sea were actually this deep) would be 10,236 meters at the equator and 10,183 meters at the poles, giving the same anomaly of spacing between equator and pole as above.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/reid/book1/book/node46.html (498 words)

	Data Compilation
		Initial frequency histograms of geopotential height, temperature, wind direction and wind speed were compiled for each layer and for each season in 1987.
		It was found to be inappropriate for geopotential height; however, due to the logarithmic decay of pressure with increasing elevation.
		To check the geopotential heights, we made use of this logarithmic relationship: Taking the log of pressure at the bottom (P1) and top (P2) of the layer in which the observed pressure (P) fell, a weight W was calculated:
	nsidc.org /data/docs/daac/nsidc0008_hara/process.html (960 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Physical geodesy is the study of the physical properties of the gravity field of the Earth, the geopotential, with a view to their application in geodesy.
		Traditional geodetic instruments such as theodolites rely on the gravity field for orienting their vertical axis along the local plumb line or local vertical direction with the aid of a spirit level.
		As mean sea level is physically realized by tide gauge bench marks on the coasts of different countries and continents, a number of slightly incompatible "near-geoids" will result, with differences of several decimetres to over one metre between them, due to the dynamic sea surface topography.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=physical_geodesy (1128 words)

	Slopes of the isobaric surfaces in a two-layer barotropic fluid
		represents the geopotential at the position of the interface, both of which are functions of x, y, t in general.
		The magnitudes of the geopotential gradients along the interface and along the isobaric surfaces in the upper and lower layers can be expressed in terms of dynamic meters per meter.
		Furthermore, the geopotential gradient along the isobaric surfaces in the lower layer is also independent of depth.
	stommel.tamu.edu /~baum/reid/book1/book/node64.html (709 words)

	Geopotential Topography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Geopotential and Oceanographic Signals from Inversion of Single and Dual Satellite...
		Geopotential Heights for GRACE De-Aliasing: Comparison of SAC-C, CHAMP and...
		A temperature and geopotential height sounding is calculated from the model data.
	www.specieslist.com /science/terms/EG/Geopotential_Topography.shtml (593 words)

	Paul BEGLEY
		The geopotential height describes the expression of the potential energy of a unit mass relative to the sea level that is equal to the work that would be done in lifting the unit mass from sea level to the height at which the mass is located.
		At 250mb, the geopotential heights were above the norm over most of the subcontinent, but this was not reflected at any other level.
		During March, geopotential heights were anomalously high at most levels, and normal at 1000mb.
	www.egs.uct.ac.za /~pbegley/slide6.html (219 words)

	[No title]
		This value is of interest because two stations with different orthometric heights may have similar geopotential, due to undulations of the geopotential reference surface (geoid).
		A related unit for measuring geopotential is the geopotential number (C), which was adopted by the IAG in 1955.
		Since local gravity near sea level is approximately 0.98 kgal, the magnitude of geopotential numbers (C) are approximately that of orthometric height in meters, which leads to better intuitive understanding.
	ngs.woc.noaa.gov /TOOLS/DYNHT/dynamic_ht.doc (208 words)

	Semi-independent Geopotential Solutions
		Both the location and the timing of the crossovers in the SSCs are distinct from those in the DSCs while the inclusion of all three orbits in each solution helps overcome the natural tendency of the strong a priori normal matrix to degrade with the addition of only one or two new satellites.
		In addition the DSC sets test all parts of the geopotential (zonals as well as non-zonals, the mean as well as the variable part of the radial error at a given location).
		In fact the final downweighting of the data in the comprehensive solution, as we saw, was a cumulative response to a similar lack of agreement between the corrections and their expectations based on more optimistic weights.
	www.grdl.noaa.gov /SAT/pubs/papers/wagner_2000/node11.html (1513 words)

	Maps : Weather Underground
		The 500 mb charts show the 500 mb geopotential heights (contours, 60 m interval), absolute vorticity (color fill, 2x10^-5/s interval), and wind (vectors, m/s).
		The 700 mb charts show the 700 mb geopotential heights (contours, 30 m interval), vertical velocity (color fill, -ub/s interval), and wind (vectors, m/s).
		Positive (or negative in the Southern Hemisphere) vorticity can be correlated with surface low pressure development and upward vertical motion (in areas of PVA where mostly likely conincide with troughs in the geopotential height field).
	www.weatherunderground.com /modelmaps/mapsinfo.asp (687 words)

	70 x 70 Earth Gravity Model
		However, the Earth is not a sphere, thus the perturbations in the geopotential due to the non-spherical Earth must be considered for precise orbit determination.
		The geopotential function given by equation 4.9 is the infinite degree and order expansion.
		The gravitational coefficients are "fit" to the data such that the geopotential scheme most closely approximates the data.
	ccar.colorado.edu /~stauch/GRAVITY_HTML/gravity.htm (1570 words)

	A.Frolov, R.Hudson: CORRELATION OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE TOTAL OZONE AND GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT FIELD. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The study of the daily geopotential height fields at the level 200 mb and 300 mb from NMC analysis together with the daily total ozone TOMS and SBUV images reveal a strong correlation between total ozone and the geopotential fields for the Northern Hemisphere.
		The daily geopotential height fields at the level 200 mb and 300 mb from NMC analysis, together with the daily total ozone TOMS and SBUV/2 images reveal a strong correlation between total ozone and the geopotential fields for the Northern Hemisphere [A.M.Shalamyansky and K.I.Romashkina], [A.J.Miller and R.Nagatani].
		The boundaries could be traced at all geopotential levels between 5-30 km, but it was found that 200mb is a most convenient level for definition of the boundaries between low-latitude - mid-latitude, and low-latitude - equatorial air, where the geopotential gradient has a maximum value.
	www.atmos.umd.edu /~frolov (1690 words)

	1991: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 48(24), 2589-2613
		In the tropospheric column poleward of the storm track, this baroclinic eddy forcing leads to positive geopotential tendency near the tropopause and negative geopotential tendency near sea level, as well as strong positive temperature tendency and rising motion.
		In the upper troposphere, the geopotential tendency induced by vorticity fluxes is stronger than the opposing effects due to heat fluxes, so that the net eddy forcing retains most of the characteristics of the forcing associated with barotropic processes alone, but with considerably reduced amplitudes.
		The barotropic geopotential tendency and the baroclinic tendency are essentially determined by the convergences of vorticity and heat fluxes, respectively.
	www.gfdl.gov /reference/bibliography/1991/gl9101.html (557 words)

	Geopotential
		are the geopotential harmonic coefficients to be resolved by the data.
		are the sensitivities of these effects to the geopotential and depend on the height and inclination of the orbits involved as well as the latitude.
		In the inverse application, since the data are residual observations with respect to a Jgm3 orbit model, the geopotential coefficients in (2) are added adjustments to the Jgm3 values.
	ibis.grdl.noaa.gov /SAT/pubs/papers/wagner_2000/node4.html (285 words)

	Pubs.GISS: Abstract of Holzer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As a characterization of the variability of observed geopotential height fluctuations, their probability density function (PDF) and its skewness are studied in the global domain for winter and summer.
		The PDF of the geopotential, Φ, is skewed toward low anomalies at midiatitudes and toward high anomalies in polar and tropical regions.
		JQSRT — Holzer M. Asymmetric geopotential height fluctuations from symmetric winds, J Atmos Sci ;53:1361-1379.
	pubs.giss.nasa.gov /abstracts/1996/Holzer_1.html (389 words)

	700hPa Geopotential Height (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Figure 4 shows a graph of the mean proportion of correctly classified test patterns against the number of principal components presented for generalised linear models trained to reproduce the Lamb catalogue on the basis of 700hPa geopotential height.
		A mean classification accuracy of 52.11002% is achieved on training patterns, and 51.04761% on unseen test patterns, averaged over 10 cross-validation trails.
		Figure 4: Graph of the mean proportion of correctly classified patterns against the number of principal components for generalised linear models trained to reproduce the Lamb index on the basis of 700hPa geopotential height, averaged over 10 cross-validation trials.
	theoval.sys.uea.ac.uk /projects/accord/experiments/experiment3b/node6.html (99 words)

	Next
		The comparison is done for fields of precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height during the 1979-93 period.
		It is explained in Section 3 how fields of precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height can be specified from observed SST using canonical correlation analysis, and it is shown how the skill of this statistical specification compares with the skill of dynamically simulated fields for the 1979-93 period.
		The statistical specification equations are derived using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) of SST anomaly predictor fields and precipitation or geopotential height anomaly predictand fields, and the method follows closely that used by NCEP/Climate Prediction Center for their operational seasonal forecasts (Barnston, 1994; Barnston and Smith, 1996).
	www.dmi.dk /dmi/sr99-1.html (5511 words)

	CNR-->Istituto IFSI --> Articoli JCR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		In the original LARES mission, the general relativistic Lense–Thirring effect was to be detected using as an observable the sumoftheresiduals of the nodes of the existing passive geodetic laser-ranged LAGEOSsatellite and of its proposed twin LARES.
		The proposed nominal orbital configuration of the latter would reduce the systematic error due to the mismodelling in the even zonal harmonics of the geopotential, which is the main source of error (to 0 3%) according to the most recent Earth gravity model EGM96.
		By adopting a suitable combination of the orbital residuals of the nodes of LAGEOS, LAGEOS II and LARES and the perigees of LAGEOS II and LARES, it should be possible to reduce the error due to the geopotential by one order of magnitude, according to the EGM96 model.
	www.cnr.it /istituti/ArticoliJCR.html?cds=034&id=24235 (273 words)

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