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Topic: George Ellery Hale

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	Hale, George Ellery (1868-1938)
		Hale began studying the solar spectrum as a wealthy teenager in Chicago, encouraged by Sherburne Burnham.
		Hale also sought benefactors to build a 60-inch reflector (completed in 1908), using a mirror blank his father bought, and negotiated with J. Hooker, a Los Angeles businessman, to finance the construction of Mount Wilson's 100-inch reflector (completed in 1918).
		As well as solar and stellar astrophysics, Hale encouraged research in galactic and extragalactic astronomy and hired Harlow Shapley and Edwin Hubble as soon as they finished their doctorates.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/HaleGE.html (596 words)

	George Ellery Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Ellery Hale was born in Chicago on 29 June 1868.
		Even though Hale capitalized heavily on his family's wealth and various connections in the mid-west's financial circles, his talents and energy as an organizer and fund raiser on behalf of various astronomical projects remains extraordinary (and arguably as yet unsurpassed) by any standards.
		Hale's most acclaimed scientific work was his demonstration that sunspots are the seat of strong magnetic fields, and that their polarity reveals striking spatial and temporal regularities that betray the presence of a well-organized, large-scale magnetic field in the solar interior.
	www.astro.umontreal.ca /~paulchar/sp/images/hale.html (634 words)

	Bio: George Ellery Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When George Ellery Hale was 14 years old, he begged his father, a wealthy Chicago businessman, to buy him a telescope so he could watch the rare event of Venus passing between Earth and the Sun.
		Hale’s parents, pleased with their son’s interest in science, bought him the telescope, and, over the next 16 years, other professional-quality astronomical instruments.
		Hale was still in college, studying solar astronomy, when he invented the spectroheliograph, a device to photograph and analyze the Sun.
	amazing-space.stsci.edu /resources/explorations/groundup/lesson/bios/hale/index.php (336 words)

	George Ellery Hale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Ellery Hale, Sc.D., Ph.D., LL.D. June 29, 1868 – February 21, 1938) was an American solar astronomer, born in Chicago.
		At Mount Wilson, he hired and encouraged Harlow Shapley and Edwin Hubble and did a great deal of fundraising, planning, organizing and promotion of astronomical institutions, societies and journals.
		Hale also played a central role in the development of Pasadena's California Institute of Technology (Caltech) into a leading research university.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Ellery_Hale (248 words)

	George Ellery Hale, Astrophysics
		Hale attached his newly designed Rumford spectroheliograph to the telescope and used it to investigate the sun's internal characteristics.
		When George Hale joined the faculty at the University of Chicago, he was given no teaching or administrative duties and focused his energy on planning the new observatory at Williams Bay along Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.
		Hale resigned from the University of Chicago in 1905 to devote his time to the Mt. Wilson Solar Observatory near Pasadena he had founded the year before.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /projects/centcat/centcats/fac/facch04_01.html (496 words)

	George Ellery Hale Biography / Biography of George Ellery Hale World of Physics Biography
		george · chicago ·; astronomy · astronomer ·; telescopes · the iliad · hale · american astronomer ·; astrophysicist · sunspots · spectroscope · don quixote · nervous breakdown · observatories · burnham · stellar spectra · astronomical observatories · refracting telescope · astronomical spectroscopy · astronomical photography
		George Ellery Hale was an American astronomer and astrophysicist who pioneered spectroscopic research and the development and use of large telescopes.
		Hale invented new instruments for studying solar and stellar spectra, including the spectroheliograph and the spectrohelioscope, and also founded three of the United States's leading observatories, at Yerkes, Mt. Wilson, and Palomar; the latter two were renamed the Hale Observatories in 1969.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-george-ellery-hale-wop (260 words)

	George Ellery Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Ellery Hale was the founding father of the Mt. Wilson Observatory.
		By the time Hale established the Mt. Wilson Observatory in 1904, he had already invented the spectroheliograph, founded the Astrophysical Journal (and invented the word astrophysics), founded the Yerkes Observatory (which then housed the world's largest working telescope), and had been appointed a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
		And, of course, Hale was the force behind the founding of Palomar Observatory and the building of the 200-inch Hale telescope.
	www.mwoa.org /hale.html (443 words)

	George Ellery Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Ellery Hale (here with Andrew Carnegie) devoted his life to promoting and financing many of the great observatories of the 20th century.
		Hale's crowning achievement was convincing the Rockefeller Foundation to fund the building of the Palomar Observatory and its 200-inch telescope.
		Hale did not live to see the telescope's completion, but the instrument was named for him to honor his extraordinary legacy to astronomy.
	www.nasm.si.edu /exhibitions/gal111/universe/etu/html/looking_further/spectroscopy/pal_gehale.html (168 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Palomar Observatory 200-inch Reflector)
		New auxiliary equipment for the 200-inch Hale reflector is continually under development to enhance the light-gathering capabilities of the instrument and to keep it as one of the foremost research instruments in astronomy and astrophysics in the world today.
		Hale was successful beyond his dreams when the Rockefeller Foundation voted to support the project with a grant of $6 million.
		In 1963, using the 200-inch Hale reflector, Schmidt realized that the unfamiliarity of the spectra was the result of an enormous red shift and that the lines were familiar ones that ought to be in the ultraviolet section of the spectrum.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4e.htm (2759 words)

	National Park Service: Astronomy and Astrophysics (Yerkes Observatory)
		The establishment of Yerkes Observatory near the city of Chicago was the joint idea of astronomer George Ellery Hale and William Harper, president of the University of Chicago.
		Hale's application of physics to the study of astronomy was soon to give birth to a new field of study--astrophysics.
		George Ellery Hale's plan for Yerkes Observatory was so precise in detail and so broad in scope that he forever changed the science of astronomy and the concept of the modern observatory.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/butowsky5/astro4p.htm (2554 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Hale, George Ellery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While Hale was still in college, his father built the Kenwood Observatory, a small observatory near Chicago.
		Hale used the observatory for original research and in 1889 invented the spectroheliograph, a device used to study the surface of the sun.
		In 1892 Hale was appointed associate professor of astrophysics at the University of Chicago and in 1895 he organized the Yerkes Observatory, in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, of which he served as director until 1904.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761563562__1/Hale_George_Ellery.html (259 words)

	George Ellery Hale
		Hale was also the first to photograph low temperature red stars known as Secchi's fourth type.
		Although Hale never earned a graduate degree, his work at MIT as an undergraduate had already gained him prominence in the emerging field of astrophysics.
		Hale was blessed with many advantages: his father's wealth freed him from many of the personal financial constraints which checked other scientists, and his career coincided with the growth of modern science.
	www.lib.uchicago.edu /e/spcl/centcat/fac/facch04_01.html (496 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Hale George Ellery
		Hale, George Ellery (1868-1938), American astronomer, born in Chicago, Illinois, and educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
		George, town in southern South Africa, in Western Cape Province.
		George is located on the main road between Cape Town, 370 km (230 mi) to the west,...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Hale_George_Ellery.html (121 words)

	Yerkes Observatory Virtual Museum-People-Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Hale spent several months in Pasadena, conducting solar research on Mt. Wilson that convinced him it was the ideal place for his 60-inch telescope.
		Hale, George E. "Yerkes Observatory Reports of the Director." First Annual Report of the Director of Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago for the Year Ending September 30, 1898.
		Hale, George E. "Yerkes Observatory Reports of the Director." Second Annual Report of the Director of the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago for the Year Ending June 30, 1899.
	astro.uchicago.edu /yerkes/virtualmuseum/Halefull3.html (1612 words)

	No. 98: Telescope
		Hale was downright greedy for high resolution and straightaway developed the largest mirror telescope ever built -- one five feet in diameter.
		Hale died in 1938, and the Mt. Palomar telescope was finally finished ten years later.
		Hale's 100 inch (8 foot) lens is in the blue metal housing at the bottom.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi98.htm (543 words)

	Mookie Riffic: Science Questions
		American astronomer George Ellery Hale (1868-1983) founded and directed two major U.S. observatories, oversaw the construction of the world's four largest telescopes (each surpassing its predecessor in size), and made some of the most significant astronomical discoveries of his time.
		While a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Hale was volunteering at the Harvard College Observatory when, in 1889, he invented the spectrohelioscope, a combined telescope and spectroscope.
		He was the founder and director of Yerkes Observatory and Mount Wilson Observatory and was the driving force behind construction of telescopes at those observatories and construction of the Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory.
	mookieriffic.mu.nu /archives/029449.html (323 words)

	George Ellery Hale Bibliography
		Hale, George Ellery, The Solar Observatory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C., 1905).
		Hale, George E., “The 150-Foot Tower Telescope of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory,” PASP 24, 223 (1912).
		Hale, George E., The Astrophysical Observatory of the California Institute of Technology,”; Ap.J. Hearnshaw, J. The Analysis of Starlight (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1986).
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Hale/HaleRefs.html (672 words)

	Yerkes Observatory Virtual Museum-People-Hale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Ellery Hale was one of the America's foremost men of science.
		Hale was hired by the University of Chicago in 1892 on condition that the university build a large observatory for him.
		At an astronomy meeting in New York during the summer of 1892, Hale heard of a 40-inch lens that was available.
	astro.uchicago.edu /yerkes/virtualmuseum/Hale.html (205 words)

	The Bruce Medalists: George Ellery Hale
		George Hale began studying the solar spectrum as a wealthy teenager in Chicago.
		Due to ill health, Hale retired from the Mt. Wilson Observatory in 1923 and spent most of his remaining years on solar research at his private Hale Laboratory in Pasadena.
		Hale planned and raised funds for 60-, 100-, and 200-inch reflectors, the last completed on Palomar Mountain and named for him after his death.
	www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu /BruceMedalists/Hale/Hale.html (458 words)

	No. 1461: Telescopes
		Hale was downright greedy for high resolution, and straightaway he developed the largest mirror telescope ever built.
		Hale was now only fifty, but his health had begun to fail him.
		Hale died in 1938, and the Mount Palomar telescope was finally finished ten years later.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1461.htm (572 words)

	Walter Sydney Adams Papers, American Philosophical Society
		Adams succeeded his mentor George Ellery Hale as director of the Mount Wilson Observatory, serving in that capacity from 1923 to 1946.
		Under Hale and, after he moved to Wisconsin, Frost, Adams became adept in modern spectroscopic analysis, and after receiving his AM in 1900, he was encouraged to continue toward a doctorate at the University of Munich.
		Hale is a major correspondent in the papers of Edwin Frost (Yerkes Observatory) and Henry Norris Russell (Princeton).
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/a/adams.htm (1134 words)

	MWO 150-Foot Solar Tower History
		In 1908, Hale discovered magnetic fields in sunspots (using the 60-foot solar tower built in 1907) by applying the principle of Zeeman splitting, where a spectral line will usually be split up into several components in the presence of a magnetic field.
		In 1914, Hale discovered that polarities of sunspots in the north and south hemispheres of the sun reversed from cycle to cycle.
		After Hale's retirement in 1923, solar work was carried on by a number of solar astronomers and observers such as Ferdinand Ellerman, as Seth Nicholson, Edison Petit, and Charles St. John.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~obs/150_hist.html (958 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		George Ellery Hale was born in Chicago on June 29, 1868 to a father of considerable means.
		Hale's work on solar spectra motivated him to build a number of specially designed telescopes, the most important of which was the Snow telescope (named after the benefactor, Miss Helen Snow) It was eventually installed on Mount Wilson.
		From 1904 to 1923 Hale was the Director of the Mount Wilson Observatory but overwork forced him to resign.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/hale.htm (706 words)

	Hale, George Ellery on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		HALE, GEORGE ELLERY [Hale, George Ellery] 1868-1938, American astronomer, b.
		He founded and directed three great observatories (Yerkes, Mt. Wilson, and Palomar), each in its time the greatest in the world, and was active in organizing interdisciplinary scientific societies nationally and internationally.
		Lockheed Martin scientist awarded Hale Prize for solar research.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Hale-G1eo.asp (237 words)

	[57.01] George Ellery Hale's Early Solar Research at Chicago,\\Kenwood, Harvard, and Yerkes Observatories, 1882-1904 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Growing up in Chicago, George Ellery Hale, later the prime spirit in founding the AAS, was a precocious boy scientist.
		With it, and a high-quality 12-in refractor at his later Kenwood Astrophysical Observatory (at the same site, the Hale family home, 4 miles from the present Hilton Hotel where the SPD, HAD and AAS are meeting) Hale did excellent solar research, especially on promineneces, flocculi, and the near-ultraviolet spectrum of the chromosphere.
		Hale's telescopes, instruments, methods, and resulting papers will be described and illustrated by numerous slides.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v31n3/aas194/8.htm (312 words)

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