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	George F. Kennan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By the mid-1930s, Kennan was among the core of professionally-trained Russian experts on the staff of the U.S. embassy in Moscow, along with Charles E. Bohlen, and Loy.
		Kennan belittled this supposed "encirclement," omitting evidence to the contrary, such as the U.S. and Japanese intervention in Russia between 1918 and 1920 and the U.S. attempt to isolate the Soviets internationally through the 1920s.
		Containment, to George Kennan in 1967, when he published the first volume of his memoirs, involved something other than the use of military "counter-force." He was never pleased that the policy he influenced was associated with the arms build-up of the Cold War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_F._Kennan (5262 words)

	Online NewsHour: George Kennan
		GEORGE KENNAN: --and then brought home, because I had seen us make one concession after another to the Soviet leadership, which I didn't think it was necessary for us to make, and we were really misleading them because we catered so to them that we gave them the false idea of their own prestige.
		GEORGE KENNAN: Yes, I do, and one of the things that bothers me about the computer culture of the present age is that one of the things of which it seems to me we have the least need is further information.
		GEORGE KENNAN: Even now, and they forget that this is a country whose armed forces are largely in a shambles, that this is a deeply injured country that's in the process of change, where you could never do what Stalin did in the beginning of this war.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/gergen/kennan.html (1983 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Editorials / George Kennan
		Kennan was an old-fashioned conservative, not a neo-conservative who would use force to impose an American political gospel around the world.
		Kennan's drive was not to change the governments in other countries but to keep unavoidable enmities with foreign powers from changing America.
		Kennan was an unabashed elitist and an unsentimental realist in his counsel to statesmen.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2005/03/19/george_kennan (379 words)

	Outsider Forged Cold War Strategy (washingtonpost.com)
		The March 18 obituary of George F. Kennan incorrectly said that the diplomat and historian was educated at a military school in Delaware.
		George F. Kennan, a diplomat and Pulitzer Prize-winning historian who formulated the basic foreign policy followed by the United States in the Cold War, died last night at his home in Princeton, N.J. He was 101.
		Kennan was minister-counselor of the U.S. Embassy, remarked that Mr.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A45242-2005Mar17.html (737 words)

	National Review: Kennan's mind. (George Kennan) @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kennan, of course, was the author, in his "long telegram' of 1946 and his Mr.
		Kennan, writes Hollander, "admitted to an alienated sensibility as early as 1951, when he wrote of traveling to the heartland of the country and being repulsed by the dirt, desolation, and ugliness of large Midwestern cities.' Over time, the mood has darkened.
		Kennan's view of America and the Soviet Union, Hollander concludes, is not a mirror image.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:3926889&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (502 words)

	The Gift of the Wise Man: George F. Kennan's Clear-Eyed Worldview (washingtonpost.com)
		Kennan was sure he understood the truth and was tormented by failure to explain things clearly enough for others.
		Kennan also had the misfortune to be credited with a doctrine he did not recognize or approve.
		Kennan was describing the roots of World War I. It occurred to me yesterday that Kennan's sardonic metaphor might have struck him anew in the "war on terror" he departed in progress at the age of 101.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/articles/A48624-2005Mar18.html (939 words)

	George F. Kennan
		In 1929 Kennan became a third secretary counsel and was attached to the American legations in Riga, Kaunas and Tallinn—the capitals of the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.
		Kennan commented that “getting night-duty personnel back and forth between their homes and the embassy and in meeting couriers and other travelers who arrived at night at remote suburban stations [as long-distance trains had discontinued service into the city after the British began bombing Berlin] can easily be imagined.
		Kennan continued, saying that “The news of the fall of Paris was received with the same inscrutable silence and reserve.” The afternoon of the surrender of the City of Light, Kennan rode the city’s buses “where practically everyone’s conversation was audible” for many miles.
	www.traces.org /georgefkennan.html (5724 words)

	George Kennan "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1946)
		George Kennan had been a American diplomat on the Soviet front, beginning his career as an observer of the aftermath of the Russian Civil War.
		In 1946, Kennan was 44 years old, fluent in the Russian language and its affairs, and decidedly anti-communist.
		The essence of Kennan's telegram was published in Foreign Affairs in 1947 as The Sources of Soviet Conduct and circulated everywhere.
	www.historyguide.org /europe/kennan.html (5784 words)

	George Kennan
		Kennan was being trained as an expert on the Soviet Union and in 1929 was sent to the study Russian at the University of Berlin.
		Kennan reported to Franklin D. Roosevelt that he should have a "thorough-going exploration of Soviet intentions with regard to the future of the remainder of Europe".
		Kennan's ideas subsequently became the core of United States policy towards the Soviet Union and was reflected in both the Truman Doctrine and the European Recovery Program (ERP).
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAkennan.htm (2101 words)

	USATODAY.com - George Kennan, architect of the Cold War, dies at 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kennan thought a Soviet Union exhausted by war posed no military threat to the United States or its allies, but was a strong ideological and political rival.
		Kennan was assigned to Berlin at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, and was interned for six months after the United States entered the war in 1941.
		In 1947, Kennan was appointed director of the policy planning staff of the Department of State and directed much of the groundwork for the Marshall Plan, which helped rebuild Europe with a large infusion of aid.
	www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2005-03-18-kennan_x.htm (1368 words)

	The New York Review of Books: George Kennan at 100
		Perhaps Kennan's greatest distinction, and his greatest contribution, is as a ruefully jaundiced interpreter of the meaning of the American experience, and our dramatic, sometimes tragic, confrontation with ourselves.
		Kennan is a self-declared alien in his own land and in the world around him.
		Yet if Kennan is a scathing, if mournful, critic of the society in which he lives—and from which he declares himself to be a spiritual exile—he has never intellectually detached himself from it.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/17051 (1921 words)

	The American Experience \| Race for the Superbomb \| George F. Kennan, (1904 - )
		The 8,000 word document was written by George Kennan, the U.S. chargé d'affaires in Moscow, and it quickly established him as a leading expert on Soviet affairs.
		Years later in his memoirs, Kennan mocked his "sermon," saying he reread it with "horrified amusement." He also claimed that it sounded like "one of those primers put out by alarmed congressional committees or by the Daughters of the American Revolution." But in 1946, when he wrote it, he believed every word.
		Kennan also opposed the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and the decision to send UN forces across the 38th parallel during the Korean War.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX57.html (613 words)

	George F. Kennan and the Origins of Containment, 1944-1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kennan had strong opinions about America's appropriate role during and after World War II and is perhaps best known as the architect of America's containment policy.
		Kennan's letters to Lukacs are thorough and detailed, suggesting that the Truman administration was not in the least premature in opposing the Soviet Union.
		George F. Kennan is one of the greatest diplomats in the history of the United States.
	www.umsystem.edu /upress/spring1997/kennan.htm (334 words)

	Mr. X, The Sources of Soviet Conduct
		George Kennan, the author of this letter initially published under a pseudonym in the summer of 1947, justified the need for the United States to pursue against the Soviets a strong platform not limited to containment.
		Kennan ascribed Soviet behavior to the ideological positions to which the Russian communists had committed themselves.
		Kennans assessment of Soviet motives was criticized by those who believed that the historical roots of Russian expansionism preceded communist leadership.
	polisci.ucsd.edu /~bslantch/courses/nss/documents/kennan-sources-of-soviet-conduct.html (2162 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| OPINION > George Kennan, 101, gave Containment a new meaning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Identified only as “X,” Kennan laid out the general lines of the containment policy in the journal Foreign Affairs in 1947, when he was chief of the State Department’s policy planning staff.
		Kennan believed a Soviet Union exhausted by war posed no military threat to the United States or its allies, but was a strong ideological and political rival.
		George Frost Kennan was born February 16, 1904, in Milwaukee.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2005/mar/27/yehey/opinion/20050327opi6.html (962 words)

	George Kennan 1904-2005 \| Samizdata.net
		George Kennan was famous for being the principle intellectual architect of the US policy of 'containment', as applied to the USSR.
		Kennan's view was that US policy should be to meet the Soviet challenge with firmness, patience and intelligent policymaking.
		It is good that Kennan's theory of applying slow but relentless competitive economic pressure to the communist bloc-- trusting in the superiority of the capitalist system but never flaunting arms-- should have compelled the collapse of communism in time for him to see it.
	www.samizdata.net /blog/archives/007356.html (1416 words)

	Outside The Beltway : Cold War Strategist George F. Kennan Dies at 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		George F. Kennan, the American diplomat who did more than any other envoy of his generation to shape United States policy during the cold war, died on Thursday night in Princeton, N.J. He was 101.
		Kennan left the foreign service more than half a century ago, he continued to be a leading thinker in international affairs until his death.
		Kennan had become a phenomenon in international affairs, with seminars held and books written to debate and analyze his extraordinary influence on American policy during the cold war.
	www.outsidethebeltway.com /archives/9691 (651 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Ideas / The Kennan century
		Kennan's most significant policy pronouncements adhered to the foreign policy doctrine known as realism, founded on the idea that nations should act in their own self-interest rather than any desire to improve the world.
		The answer, Kennan famously proposed, was the "long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies." Americans should work with their allies to limit the Soviet Union's further expansion -- even if it meant accepting Soviet control in Eastern Europe.
		After admitting that "no one fully understands himself," Kennan claimed credit for having "certain insights, from time to time, which are good and which are philosophically useful." These insights, the nonagenarian reflected with a combination of modesty and self-certainty, "could have been more useful to people.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/02/29/the_kennan_century (1132 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| George Kennan
		Kennan's curious misreading of America's likely domestic response probably stemmed from his personal background, in which he had spent very little of his adult life in his own country.
		When Kennan complained forcefully about the isolation the Russians were imposing on western diplomats, he was unceremoniously thrown out.
		After McCarthy had denounced Kennan as "a commie lover", Dulles called the returned ambassador into his office to tell him that "we don't seem to have a niche for you." This was not a problem his brother Allen Dulles shared.
	www.guardian.co.uk /usa/story/0,12271,1441172,00.html (2115 words)

	George Kennan Speaks Out About Iraq
		George F. Kennan, the chief architect of the containment and deterrence policies that shaped America foreign policy during the Cold War, said Sunday that Congress, and not President Bush, must decide whether the United States should take military action against Iraq.
		Kennan is the author of the history-making 1947 essay in Foreign Affairs, which he signed as “X” and enunciated the policy of containment that helped define American foreign policy after World War II.
		Kennan, who was in Washington with his 93-year-old wife this month while the couple that lives with them in Princeton, N.J., was on vacation, appeared vigorous and alert — although arthritis has confined him to a wheelchair.
	hnn.us /articles/997.html (1003 words)

	Uncle Sam: The liberal extreme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The leading dove was undoubtedly George Kennan, who headed the State Department planning staff until 1950, when he was replaced by Nitze -- Kennan's office, incidentally, was responsible for the Gehlen network.
		Kennan was one of the most intelligent and lucid of US planners, and a major figure in shaping the postwar world.
		Kennan went on to explain the means we have to use against our enemies who fall prey to this heresy:
	www.zmag.org /chomsky/sam/sam-1-2.html (563 words)

	Kennan and Containment
		George F. Kennan, a career Foreign Service Officer, formulated the policy of “containment,” the basic United States strategy for fighting the cold war (1947-1989) with the Soviet Union.
		In contrast, Kennan, who considered the Soviet threat to be primarily political, advocated above all else economic assistance (e.g., the Marshall Plan) and “psychological warfare” (overt propaganda and covert operations) to counter the spread of Soviet influence.
		Despite all the criticisms and the various policy defeats that Kennan suffered in the early 1950’s, containment in the more general sense of blocking the expansion of Soviet influence remained the basic strategy of the United States throughout the cold war.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17601.htm (522 words)

	George F. Kennan, 1904 — 2005 \| MetaFilter
		Kennan published under the anonymous byline "X" in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs.
		George Kennan's only real failure has been his failure to understand that he has been struggling against his natural ambition to be Kissinger.
		Kennan is perhaps the most impressive figure ever to have emerged from the shadowy labyrinth of the American diplomatic establishment.
	www.metafilter.com /mefi/40558 (3666 words)

	George F. Kennan on the Web
		George F. Kennan (1904-2005), a distinguished US diplomat and historian, was one of the primary architects of US strategy during the Truman Administration.
		Kennan is one of the most thoughtful and eloquent writers I've ever come across, not just on history, international politics, and US-Russian relations, but on American society, questions of personal and political philosophy, and contemporary problems such as nuclear weapons, the environment, population growth, and urbanization.
		Kennan articulated the strategy of patient, long-term "containment" of the Soviet Union, and in particular, the re-establishing of a stable balance of power by rebuilding Western Europe and Japan.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/2496/future/kennan.html (6397 words)

	danieldrezner.com :: Daniel W. Drezner :: George Kennan, R.I.P. (1904-2005)
		George Kennan, R.I.P. George Kennan, the first director of policy planning for the State Department, is dead at the age of 101.
		Kennan will forever be known as the author of the Long Telegram in 1946, the most famous State Department cable in history.
		Kennan later converted the telegram into a 1947 Foreign Affairs essay entitled, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct," which brought forth the doctrine of containment.
	www.danieldrezner.com /archives/001949.html (2664 words)

	TCS: Tech Central Station - The Lost Legacy of George F. Kennan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Kennan's description of an active strategy for dealing with the Soviet threat was straightforward and elegant.
		Kennan's belief in the importance of a quality like "spiritual vitality" -- an admittedly vague measure of domestic strength -- to the conduct of foreign policy reflects a central concern of Jeffersonian thought.
		Kennan believed that governments -- democratic governments included -- were "simply not the channel through which man's noblest impulses are to be realized".
	www.techcentralstation.com /032805B.html (1482 words)

	OxBlog
		GEORGE KENNAN, 1904-2005: Emerson said that to be great is to be misunderstood.
		Kennan's name is inseparable from the doctrine of containment that influenced American foreign policy throughout the Cold War.
		Kennan was deeply dismayed when the policy was associated with the immense build-up in conventional arms and nuclear weapons that characterized the cold war from the 1950's onward.
	oxblog.blogspot.com /2005_03_13_oxblog_archive.html (3544 words)

	George F. Kennan, 1904-2005
		Kennan grew up in Milwaukee and attended St. John's Military Academy before studying at Princeton, where he graduated with a rather lackluster record in 1925.
		Kennan went immediately into the foreign service, where he began his study of Russian language and politics.
		Though Kennan was a marginal figure in the events of World War II, having served a brief stint in Prague in the months leading up to the outbreak of war, he wound up working at
	www.weeklystandard.com /Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/372bovoe.asp (640 words)

	Death of George F. Kennan
		Ambassador Kennan had the vision to discern the underlying patterns of human affairs where others saw only disconnected shards.
		He believed passionately in the power of ideas, and that to be effective, policymakers must understand the tectonic forces of history moving beneath the surface of political events.
		Ambassador Kennan’s legacy has been an inspiration to generations of men and women in the Department of State.
	www.state.gov /secretary/rm/2005/43640.htm (259 words)

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