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Topic: George Kingsley Zipf

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	Zipf's law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, Zipf's law stated that, in a corpus of natural language utterances, the frequency of any word is roughly inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table.
		Zipf's law is thus an experimental law, not a theoretical one.
		Zipf's law is most easily observed by scatterplotting the data, with the axes being log(rank order) and log(frequency).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zipf's_law (974 words)

	Zipf's law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Originally the term Zipf's law meant the observation of Harvard linguist George Kingsley Zipf that the frequency of use of the the nth-most-frequently-used word in any natural language is inversely proportional to n.
		Zipf's law is an experimental law, not a theoretical one.
		Zipf's law is often demonstrated by scatterplotting the data, with the axes being log(rank order) and log(frequency).
	bopedia.com /en/wikipedia/z/zi/zipf_s_law.html (459 words)

	PlanetMath: Zipf's law
		Zipf's law (named for Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf) models the occurrence of distinct objects in particular sorts of collections.
		Zipf's law typically holds when the ``objects'' themselves have a property (such as length or size) which is modelled by an exponential distribution or other skewed distribution that places restrictions on how often ``larger'' objects can occur.
		This is version 4 of Zipf's law, born on 2002-09-05, modified 2003-01-24.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/ZipfsLaw.html (362 words)

	Zipf's law
		Zipf's law is the observation made by Harvard linguist George Kingsley Zipf[?] that for many frequency distributions, the n-th largest frequency is proportional to a negative power of the rank order n.
		A distribution that is observed to obey Zipf's law is sometimes referred to as Zipfian distribution.
		The phrase "Zipf's law" is also sometimes used to refer to the corresponding probability distribution, the zeta distribution.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/zi/Zipf's_law.html (371 words)

	George Kingsley Zipf - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Kingsley Zipf (IPA [zɪf]), (1902-1950), was an American linguist and philologist who studied statistical occurrences in different languages.
		Zipf, George Kingsley (1932): Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language.
		Zipf, George Kingsley (1935): The Psycho-Biology of Language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Kingsley_Zipf (198 words)

	List of eponymous laws (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ohm's law - In physics, states that the ratio of the potential difference (or voltage drop) between the ends of a conductor (and resistor) to the current flowing through it is a constant, provided the temperature doesn't change.
		Zipf's law - in linguistics, the observation that the frequency of use of the nth-most-frequently-used word in any natural language is approximately inversely proportional to n, or, more simply, that a few words are used very often, but many or most are used rarely.
		More generally, the term Zipf's law refers to the probability distributions involved, which are applied by statisticians not only to linguistics but also to fields remote from that.
	hallencyclopedia.com /List_of_eponymous_laws (2082 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Zipf George Kingsley
		Zipf, George Kingsley (1902-1950), American linguist who investigated the major statistical regularities in language.
		Kingsley, Ben, born in 1943, British actor, renowned for his sensitive, intelligent performances on stage and in motion pictures.
		George, town in southern South Africa, in Western Cape Province.
	encarta.msn.com /Zipf_George_Kingsley.html (124 words)

	Encyclopedia: George Kingsley Zipf
		He is the eponym of Zipf's law, which states that while only a few words are used very often, many or most are used rarely, Symbols of the International Phonetic Alphabet as used for English.
		The misnamed Pareto principle (also known as the 80-20 Rule, the law of the vital few and the principle of factor sparsity) states that for many phenomena 80% of consequences stem from 20% of the causes.
		Originally the term Zipf's law meant the observation of Harvard linguist George Kingsley Zipf (SAMPA: [zIf]) that the frequency of use of the nth-most-frequently-used word in any natural language is approximately inversely proportional to n.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/George-Kingsley-Zipf (673 words)

	Zipf's_Law
		Thus, whereas the role of independent variable in the Zipf’s and Mandelbrot’s laws is played by the descending ranking number, n, in the Lavalette’s law this is accomplished by the ratio n/(N-n+1) between the descending and the ascending ranking numbers.
		Zipf’s law has been originally stated for linguistics, with N having in this case the meaning of total number of different (distinct) words or vocabulary of the considered text.
		Generally, Zipf curves follow roughly a straight line with slope -b when the (q, n) dataset is plotted on a double logarithmic graph, excepting the words of the low end (with highest ranks) when the actual data drop off quite steeply.
	alpha2.infim.ro /~ltpd/Zipf's_Law.html (2164 words)

	Hukum Zipf-Mandelbrot - Wikipédia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Hukum Zipf-Mandelbrot (oge dipikanyaho salaku hukum Pareto-Zipf) nyaeta power-law distribution dina ranked data, dipake sanggeus Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf (1902-1950) nu ngusulkeun dina teks regularity, sarta mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot (lahir November 20, 1924), no nga-generalisir.
		Distribution kecap dirangking ku frequency-na dina random corpus text ngarupakeun power-law distribution umum, dipikanyaho salaku Zipf's law.
		Lamun hiji plot rangking frequency kecap dikandung dina corpus nu gede tina data teks ka jumlah kajadian atawa frequencies sabenerna, meunangkeun power-law distribution, mibanda exponent raket ka hiji (tapi tempo Gelbukh jeung Sidoro 2001).
	su.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zipf-Mandelbrot_law (129 words)

	Zipf-Mandelbrot law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Also known as the Pareto-Zipf law, it is a power-law distribution on ranked data, named after the Harvard linguistics professor George Kingsley Zipf (1902-1950) who suggested a simpler distribution called Zipf's law, and the mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot (born November 20, 1924), who subsequently generalized it.
		The distribution of words ranked by their frequency in a random corpus of text is generally a power-law distribution, known as Zipf's law.
		If one plots the frequency rank of words contained in a large corpus of text data versus the number of occurrences or actual frequencies, one obtains a power-law distribution, with exponent close to one (but see Gelbukh and Sidoro 2001).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zipf-Mandelbrot_law (209 words)

	Zipf's Law (A.L.I.C.E. AI Foundation)
		Zipf died young too, at the age of 48, in 1950, only four years before Turing, but of natural causes.
		The Zipf curve is a characteristic of human languages, and many other natural and human phenomena as well.
		Zipf noticed that the populations of cities followed a similar distribution.
	www.alicebot.org /articles/wallace/zipf.html (705 words)

	Zipf Distribution of Website Popularity (Alertbox Sidebar) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zipf curves follow a straight line when plotted on a double-logarithmic diagram.
		It is clear from the table that Zipf curves have a tendency to hug the axes of the diagram when plotted on linear scales.
		Each datapoint represents one page, with the x-axis showing pages sorted according to popularity: the first page is the most popular one (the home page), the second page is the one that received second-most requests that month, and so on until we reach page number 10,000 which was only requested a single time that month.
	www.mcs.vuw.ac.nz /courses/COMP201/2004T1/Documentation/alertbox/zipf.html (540 words)

	Zipf's Law, Zipf Distribution: An Introduction [Vivek Sawant] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zipf's law is named after the Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf (1902-1950) who sought to determine the 'size' (or frequency of use in english text) of most common words.
		For example, while considering the distribution of words in a language or words in a given issue of a magazine, N is the number of distinct words, K is the number of occurences of the most frequently occurring word, and α describes relative frequency of these words.
		Zipf distributions are represented by a straight line on a log-log scale.
	www.cs.unc.edu /~vivek/home/stenopedia/zipf (441 words)

	Zipf, Power-law, Pareto - a ranking tutorial
		George Kingsley Zipf, a Harvard linguistics professor, sought to determine the 'size' of the 3rd or 8th or 100th most common word.
		Although the literature surrounding both the Zipf and Pareto distributions is vast, there are very few direct connections made between Zipf and Pareto, and when they exist, it is by way of a vague reference [1] or an overly complicated mathematical analysis[2,3].
		Whereas for Zipf, r is on the x-axis and n is on the y-axis, for Pareto, r is on the y-axis and n is on the x-axis.
	www.hpl.hp.com /research/idl/papers/ranking/ranking.html (1699 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Search Results - Zipf George Kingsley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zipf, George Kingsley (1902-1950), American philologist and early stylostatistician who investigated the major statistical regularities in language....
		Foremost among British writers of magical fantasy were Mary Louisa Molesworth, Charles Kingsley, George MacDonald, and Lewis Carroll.
		The Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857) took up a great deal of Gaskell's time as she researched it assiduously, writing to everybody who had known...
	au.encarta.msn.com /Zipf_George_Kingsley.html (102 words)

	Citations: The Psycho-Biology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology - Zipf (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		There are attempts to incorporate Zipf s law into the grander framework of fractals [3] but in doing so, little insight has been gained in understanding this particular law.
		What he said was that Zipf s law is not exclusive for English or any other natural languages.
		This means that, early in the operation of the program, those lexical items with relatively large collections of association information are paged into memory and typically remain there because of their frequency of access.
	sherry.ifi.unizh.ch /context/545848/0 (521 words)

	information on zipf's law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Zipf's law, named after the Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf (1902-1950), is the observation that frequency of occurrence of some event (P), as a function of the rank (i) when the rank is determined by the above frequency of occurrence, is a power-law function P
		Due to the "second form" of the Zipf's law, as well as relationship between Zipf's law and other empirical laws, papers that do not explicitly contain the key word "Zipf's law" are also included occasionally.
		In some fields where Zipf's law plays an important role (quantitative linguistics, urban growth, internet, etc.), some papers that are more focused on specific knowledge in that area, rather than Zipf's law, can also be included.
	www.nslij-genetics.org /wli/zipf/index.html (581 words)

	Zipf's Law and the Russian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		My aim is to offer proof of George Kingsley Zipf's law on word frequency in texts and to evaluate the concepts of Mandelbrot's adaptation of Zipf's law to his own more complicated observation on word frequency in texts.
		While Zipf said vocabularies must have an equilibrium---a state in which the number of words a person uses is balanced by the length of the words (most common words) he chooses---Rousseau comments: "We know that Zipf's explanation was wrong.
		Zipf curves are merely expressing a consequence of regarding a message source as a stochastic process.
	www.sewanee.edu /Phy_Students/123_Spring01/schnejm0/PROJECT.html (937 words)

	Citations: Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort - Zipf (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The measure of data skew, ff, is computed from the histogram of the block accesses of the workload unit, where the blocks are sorted by frequency; Figure 1 is a sample histogram for two workload units.
		A Bradford Zipf distribution is of the form p i = c i ff where B is the number of blocks that are....
		Given the quadratic fit curve, the form of the probability distribution Z is derived in Appendix A as Z(j) j Gamma0:0752528ln j Gamma0:150669 e 16:3027 8:47291 Theta 10 8 (1) where the denominator is a normalization constant.
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /context/140780/0 (1059 words)

	g3inh
		After short consideration of the significance of Zipf’s work, this paper presents a personal account of Zipf’s family background, carreer and private life by one of his sons.
		Zipf´s ideas are the foundation stones of modern quantitative linguistics.
		The role of nominal phrases with the determiner ‘this’ in text structure is examined and interpreted in terms of Zipf´s opposition of the Force of Unification and the Force of Diversification.
	www.ram-verlag.de /g3inh.htm (699 words)

	Citations: The Psycho-Biology of Langauge - Zipf (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Citations: The Psycho-Biology of Langauge - Zipf (ResearchIndex)
		Zipf s law states that the occurrence probability of words is inversely proportional to its rank in descending occurrence frequency order [
		In text retrieval, it was conjectured that the resolving power of terms peaks at the middle occurrence frequency range [SM83] Because of this, techniques such as ignoring frequently occuring terms can be used to reduce index sizes very....
	citeseer.ifi.unizh.ch /context/854090/0 (265 words)

	Business 2.0 :: Online Article :: The Defogger :: Personalization Without Popularity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This simple observation has a name: It's called Zipf's Law, named for an obscure linguistics professor, George Kingsley Zipf, who noticed this pattern around the turn of the century.
		Azer Bestavros, a professor of computer science at Boston University and chief scientific adviser to Allaire, is currently exporting Zipf's linguistic principle into a retail setting.
		Zipf saw that our vocabularies are woefully understocked; Bestravros says that, likewise, most products in any given category are undersold.
	www.business2.com /b2/web/articles/0,17863,513312,00.html (609 words)

	Namesakes
		The Isaac Newton of logic - It was 150 years ago that George Boole published his classic The Laws of Thought, in which he outlined concepts that form the underpinnings of the modern high-speed computer.
		"George Kingsley Zipf was a Harvard linguist who in the 1930s noticed that the distribution of words adhered to a regular statistical pattern.
		In the 1930s, American social scientist George Kingsley Zipf discovered that if he ranked words in literary texts according to the number of times they appeared, a word's rank was roughly proportional to the inverse of its frequency.
	www.aaai.org /AITopics/html/name.html (4387 words)

	Zipf Distribution (power law) of Website Popularity (Alertbox Sidebar)
		Note how the line connecting the datapoints is straight on the right diagram (with logarithmic scales on both axes).
		a language has an abundance of words ("Zipf", "double-logarithmic", etc.) that are almost never used, and a library has piles and piles of books that are only checked out every few years (reference manuals for Apple II word processors, etc.)
		See also my 2003 article, Diversity is Power for Specialized Sites, for additional information about the Web's Zipf distribution (and the Zipf distribution of weblogs).
	www.useit.com /alertbox/zipf.html (574 words)

	Zipf-Mandelbrot law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Zipf-Mandelbrot law (also known as the Pareto -Zipf law) is a power-law distribution on ranked data named after the Harvard linguistic professor George Kingsley Zipf (1902 - 1950) who suggested regularity in texts and mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot (born November 20 1924) who generalized it.
		If one plots the frequency rank of words contained in a corpus of text data versus the number occurrences or actual frequencies one obtains a power-law distribution with exponent close to one (but see Gelbukh Sidoro 2001).
		Book contain useful topics, easy to understand, clear picture, helpful for practical work and passing exam....
	www.freeglossary.com /Zipf-Mandelbrot's_Law (482 words)

	Zipf's law - BioInformatics Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This "law" has been applied to DNA sequences as well.
		The most famous example of Zipf's law is the frequency of English words.
		When the number of occurrences is plotted as the function of the rank (1, 2, 3, etc.), the functional form is a power-law function with exponent close to 1.
	big.mcw.edu /display.php/519.html (176 words)

	Archived Weblog Entry - 02/01/2005: "The Psycho-Biology of Language by George Kingsley Zipf" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Archived Weblog Entry - 02/01/2005: "The Psycho-Biology of Language by George Kingsley Zipf"
		02/01/2005 Archived Entry: "The Psycho-Biology of Language by George Kingsley Zipf"
		Did you know that Routledge is re-issuing The Psycho-Biology of Language by George Kingsley Zipf?
	www.llpoh.org /archives/00001485.html (165 words)

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