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	Horton, George Moses
		George Moses Horton, who was enslaved for most of his life, has been called the first professional fl poet in America.
		Horton was the property of three generations of the same North Carolina family before Emancipation in 1865.
		Horton had not yet learned to write, but he dictated, the students transcribed, and he was paid in money and books.
	www.africanaonline.com /horton_author.htm (342 words)

	[No title]
		George was considered to be the “first natural-born poet of the negro race in America.
		Horton died in 1819, George soon learned the atrociousness of slavery—the slaves on the estate were once again broken up, and George remained a slave for sixty-eight years.
		George’s poetic adventures, particularly Death of an Old Carriage Horse, are a world of opportunities for the world to experience the emotions of those that were in bondage.
	www.etsu.edu /writing/amlit_s04/anthology/carriagehorse.htm (302 words)

	MS094 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Horton held a unique place in history--he was the first slave poet of the South; the first southern fl man to have his poetry published; the country's first fl professional man of letters who earned his living from writing; and his was the first clear back outcry in poetic form against slavery.
		Placing Horton into context, he accomplished all of these firsts at a time when slaves by law were not to be taught to read or write, and wrote love poems to southern white women.
		Horton published three volumes of poetry: The Hope of Liberty (1829), The Poetical Works of George M. Horton, the Colored Bard of North Carolina, To Which is Prefixed The Life of the Author, Written by Himself (1845) and Naked Genius (1865).
	library.uncwil.edu /special/manuscripts/ms094.html (403 words)

	Discovering North Carolina: A Tar Heel Reader, Edited by Jack Claiborne and William Price. Chapter Excerpt. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		George Moses Horton, the Black Bard, was the first North Carolinian able to support himself with money earned from his writings.
		Young George was put to work in the fields as a "cow-boy," work he found very disagreeable and which was no doubt boring to a young man with a quick mind and an ear for verse.
		According to one of Horton's critics, the admiration of the UNC students and faculty caused Horton to become "intoxicated with his own cleverness which he tried to impress upon others" It is interesting to note that on more than one occasion Horton tried to prove his own genius.
	uncpress.unc.edu /chapters/claiborne_discovering.html (1456 words)

	The Independent Weekly: Freedom Path
		Horton was a passionate abolitionist, who drew national attention to the issue and to himself with letters to newspapers.
		Horton's recognition is crucial to history, but there is a deeper and more poignant significance to the introduction of this material into the community of Chatham County.
		Horton Project events climax with the Jubilee on Nov. 18, featuring the poetry contest awards, addresses by novelist Doris Betts and Trudier Harris, remarks by Horton School alumni and presentations by the different school and community projects.
	www.indyweek.com /durham/2000-11-08/cover.html (1572 words)

	Campus Echo Online: Arts & Entertainment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		George Moses Horton, a slave for sixty-eight years, was the first fl man to publish a book in the South.
		Horton spent most of his life on a farm near Chapel Hill and developed close ties with the students and faculty of UNC.
		The Horton Society was conceived by Trudier Harris in 1996 to encourage the study of African American poets.
	www.nccu.edu /campus/echo/archive7-9900/ae-giovanni.html (227 words)

	Augusta Georgia: features@ugusta: Slave honored as historic North Carolina poet 5/26/97
		Horton made about $3 to $4 every week, at a time when meat cost 5 cents a pound and eggs were 10 cents a dozen.
		Horton had been walking to Chapel Hill for about 10 years when he became acquainted with Caroline Lee Hentz, the wife of a professor and herself a writer and poet.
		The George Moses Horton Society for the Study of African American Poetry was founded last spring and has more than 100 members nationally, said Trudier Harris, chairwoman of the society and a professor at UNC-Chapel Hill.
	chronicle.augusta.com /stories/052797/fea_slavepoet.html (698 words)

	African American Registry: THE original American poet, George Moses Horton . .
		Born in Northampton County, N.C.; Horton was enslaved for most of his life, the property of Chatham County yeoman farmer William Horton.
		Young Horton taught himself to read using an old speller and a copy of the Methodist hymnal, although he was grown before he learned to write.
		Horton Middle School in Pittsboro, NC is named for him, and there are plans to place a State Highway Historical Marker in his honor pending the determination of a documented location.
	www.aaregistry.com /african_american_history/2736/THE_original_American_poet (425 words)

	Borzoi Reader \| Catalog \| The Vintage Book of African American Poetry by Michael S. Harper and Anthony Walton, editors
		George Moses Horton, at his best, was a poet of daring intensity and vast ambition.
		Horton had hoped to purchase his freedom with the sales of his first book of poems, The Hope of Liberty (published in Raleigh in 1829), the first full volume of verse published by an African American since Phillis Wheatley's some thirty years before.
		Little was heard of Horton after this point, and it is generally assumed that he lived the remainder of his life in Philadelphia, where he died in about 1883.
	www.randomhouse.com /knopf/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=0375703004&view=excerpt (611 words)

	Moses -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		“Moses,” marble sculpture for the tomb of Pope Julius II by Michelangelo, c.
		Revered as a prophet but even more importantly as a teacher and a lawgiver, Moses was the leader of the Israelite people 3,300 years ago during their journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom as a nation in the land of Israel (see Israel).
		The greatest of 18th-century Jewish philosophers, Moses Mendelssohn influenced Immanuel Kant and a generation of German philosophers as well as the course of Jewish philosophy.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9275946?tocId=9275946 (607 words)

	Josh Griffing
		It is a crumbling and chaotic image which George Moses Horton sets before us in his poem Division of an Estate, and though “the power of order now recedes”, the reader is protected from the chaos itself by the strictly ordered form of the poem.
		That the American slave system was that of a general racial bondage is well known and documented, but this has not been the case for all slave-holding societies nor even, indeed, for the majority of them.
		Horton wrote as a slave himself, a slave in the racial-slavery system of the American South.
	www.aug.edu /~lngtba/southernlit/resp1C.htm (930 words)

	The George Moses Horton Project: Celebrating a triumph of literacy
		Horton was a fl man who lived as a slave in Chatham County from 1800 to 1865, when he walked away to freedom.
		Horton's story had been kept alive in Chatham County by oral history and family stories, but only the alumni of the original segregated school knew the whole story — who Horton was, and why a school for fl children might be named for him.
		Horton's poems and autobiography, rare written accounts, are a rich trove that gives us access to the thinking and language of a single individual in a complex point in history.
	www.learnnc.org /articles/horton0403-1 (1779 words)

	George Moses Horton, 1798?-ca.1880 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By the time he was twenty, George Moses Horton had begun visiting the campus of The University of North Carolina eight miles away.
		Horton's last years were spent in Philadelphia writing Sunday's school stories and working for old North Carolina friends who lived in the city.
		Through Horton's unhappy marriage to a slave of Franklin Snipes, he was the father of a son Free and a daughter Rhody, both of whom bore their mother's name.
	docsouth.unc.edu /hortonlife/bio.html (668 words)

	African American Review: The Black Bard of North Carolina: George Moses Horton and His Poetry. - Review - book reviews
		In the end, we still do not know his wife's name, or where Horton is buried, but we do know more of the books he read, of his intemperance and later temperance, of the deceits practiced upon him, of the humiliations he endured, and of his extraordinary perseverance in defining himself as a poet.
		Sherman first delineates Horton's conformity to "verse by white North Carolinians of his time who shared his environment and influence" through a comparison of Horton's "subjects, form, language and attitude" to a contemporaneous collection of poetry.
		I would have welcomed the full text of Horton's letter to the Raleigh Register (1849), as it appears to be a defense of a national literature: "I am for developing our own resources, and cherishing native genius," he wrote.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2838/is_4_33/ai_59024903 (784 words)

	Biography of George Moses Horton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		George Moses Horton could rightly be called North Carolina's first professional poet.
		Born the property of Chatham County yeoman farmer William Horton, young George Moses Horton taught himself to read using an old speller and a copy of the Methodist hymnal, although he was grown before he learned to write.
		Horton Middle School in Pittsboro is named for him, and there are plans to place a State Highway Historical Marker in his honor pending the determination of a documented location.
	www.ncwriters.org /services/lhof/inductees/ghorton.htm (543 words)

	UNC Press \| George Moses Horton on the Internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		George Moses Horton merits a place of distinction among nineteenth-century African-American poets.
		Enslaved from birth until the close of the Civil War, the self-taught Horton was the first American slave to protest his bondage in published verse and the first fl man to publish a book in the South.
		The biography of George Moses Horton from The Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, published by the University of North Carolina Press.
	www.ibiblio.org /uncpress/horton/related.html (332 words)

	RPO -- Selected Poetry of George Moses Horton (1797?-ca. 1880)
		George Moses Horton was born in slavery about 1797 on William Horton's tobacco plantation in Northampton Country, North Carolina.
		George used income from selling his love poems to students, and from doing handyman's work for the university, to pay his master in lieu of service.
		The 90 new poems that George devised for his last volume of poetry, Naked Genius, published by William B. Smith in Raleigh that year, were made in the three months during which George, a man in his sixties, accompanied this army.
	eir.library.utoronto.ca /rpo/display/poet166.html (500 words)

	Poet: George Moses Horton - All poems of George Moses Horton
		George Moses Horton was the Historic Poet Laureate of Chatham County, North Carolina.
		The Poetical Works of George M. Horton: The Colored Bard of North Carolina: To Which is Prefixed the Life of the Author, Written by Himself.
		By the time he was twenty, George Moses Horton had begun visiting the campus of The University of...
	www.poemhunter.com /george-moses-horton/poet-33398 (291 words)

	NCHC: Humanities Forum ( Marjorie Hudson, M.F.A.)
		Hudson will explore new research and old legends, from the discovery of the "Kendall ring" to her discovery of pop culture items on E-bay, and her collection of "Virginia Dare" autographs from living persons who were named for a child shrouded in mystery.
		About every 30 years, some scholar "discovers" George Moses Horton, the first fl man to publish a book while living as a slave.
		Marjorie Hudson, whose farm is within five miles of Horton's dwelling place in Chatham County, has determined that his story is one which should not be forgotten.
	www.nchumanities.org /speaker/catalog17.html (463 words)

	Resources for Studying George Moses Horton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Good Morals: Born Again Black Poetry (George Moses Horton) http://www.goodmorals.org/poetry/index.asp?poetlist=List-Horton.htm The poems included here, all with religious themes, are not the ones most commonly reproduced.
		George Moses Horton: Documentary Resources Available at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
		George Moses Horton Society for the Study of African American Poetry.
	gorams.wssu.edu /wallr/horton.htm (380 words)

	Horton on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Organizational transformation at BP: an interview with chairman and CEO Robert Horton.
		Horton: out on a limb; an innovator in target marketing, Horton's hoping he can turn talk into action.
		A wheelie queen is born: volunteer Janice Horton found a new "career" working with Summit Assistance Dogs.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/H/Horton.asp (388 words)

	Amazon.com: The Black Bard of North Carolina: George Moses Horton and His Poetry: Books: George Moses Horton,Joan R. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		She particularly focuses on his connection with the University of North Carolina, where the self-educated Horton was campus poet for years.
		Because he was enslaved for 68 years, one of Horton's most powerful and poignant subjects is the desire for liberty, which was often cruelly snatched from him.
		George Moses Horton was a slave for sixty-eight years, from his birth in about 1797 until the close of the Civil War.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0807823414?v=glance (722 words)

	Moses -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Located on a traditional hunting and fishing ground, the town was settled in 1897 and was laid out in 1910 as Neppel; in 1938 it was renamed for the Columbia-Sinkiuse Indian leader Moses.
		For 40 years Moses led the people through the desert on their way to Israel and helped shape them into a nation that could live under...
		Even after he won his first major international race, earning a 1976 Olympic gold medal with a world-record time of 47.63 seconds in the 400-meter hurdles, Moses worried that training had detracted from his studies.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9108742 (568 words)

	George Moses Horton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Horton was born in Northampton County, North Carolina, and spent most of his life as a slave in North Carolina.
		Horton was well-known on the UNC campus during his lifetime.
		Joan R. Sherman (1997) notes that he was “the only slave to earn a significant income by selling his poems,”as was his practice around the campus of UNC-Chapel Hill and the surrounding streets.
	www.ibiblio.org /afam_authors/horton/horton.html (99 words)

	All-Info About Poetry - A man he'll rise... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The anthology begins with the slave poet George Moses Horton, "the Colored Bard of North Carolina." Ms.
		Horton an impressive figure for me. The sadness of his fight to free himself via the pen is a deeply touching story.
		Sherman has undervalued (she makes it a point to be demanding) and Horton is one.
	poetry.allinfo-about.com /features/man-rise.html (2665 words)

	BIBLIOGRAPHY – GEORGE MOSES HORTON
		The poetical works of George M. Horton the colored bard of North Carolina : to which is prefixed the life the author written by himself.
		The North Carolina Literary Hall of Fame presents George Moses Horton, circa 1797-1883, poet, Chatham County, North Carolina.
		Wheatley, Phillis, Whitman, Albery Allson, Odell, Margaretta Matilda, Horton, George Moses.
	www.unc.edu /horton/bibliographyrevised.htm (485 words)

	News 14 Carolina \| 24 Hour Local News \| TOP STORIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A love of poetry and the desire for freedom were the two main goals that led the life of George Moses Horton.
		Horton was born in Northampton County, North Carolina, in 1797, as the property of William Horton, who also owned his mother and his siblings.
		By the time he was 20, Horton had begun visiting the campus of the University of North Carolina selling poems written for students and their sweethearts.
	www.news14charlotte.com /content/top_stories?ArID=86409 (254 words)

	George Moses Horton
		The Black Bard of North Carolina: Poems of George Moses Horton
		The poetical works of George M. Horton: The colored bard of North-Carolina : to which is prefixed The life of the author
		The hope of liberty: Containing a number of poetical pieces / by George M. Horton
	www.veryhappening.com /things/george_moses_horton (68 words)

	George Moses Horton Exhibit, Manuscripts Department, UNC-CH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		George Moses Horton Exhibit, Manuscripts Department, UNC-CH George Moses Horton
		Hentz helped Horton publish his first work, Liberty and Slavery, the first known poem written by a slave protesting his status, in the Lancaster [Mass.] Gazette (8 April 1829).
		Horton's The Hope of Liberty, also published in 1829, was the first publication in the South by an African American.
	www.lib.unc.edu /mss/exhibits/horton (179 words)

	Text 1 Reading, Topic: Freedom, Toolbox: The Making of African American Identity: Volume II, 1865-1917, Toolbox ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Among them was poet George Moses Horton of North Carolina, whose writings had been published for two decades before emancipation.
		For her figures, looking up in gratitude and triumph, as for Horton's narrator, rejoicing in song, freedom promises a glorious future.
		Others were not so sure, as we see in the WPA slave narratives and the Winslow Homer painting.
	www.nhc.rtp.nc.us:8160 /pds/africanamer/freedom/text1/text1read.htm (480 words)

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