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	George Plekhanov
		Plekhanov became the leader of the Black Repartition group that rejected terrorism and supported a socialist propaganda campaign among workers and peasants.
		Plekhanov was strongly opposed to the political views of people such as Sergei Nechaev and Peter Tkachev, who argued that it would be possible for a small group of dedicated revolutionaries to seize power from the Tsar.
		George Plekhanov was also strongly opposed to giving up the press, but at the same time, in his characteristic manner, he wittily and venomously ridiculed Krylova's plan for "armed resistance".
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSplekhanov.htm (1712 words)

	The Militant - 11/20/95 -- `In Defense Of Frederick Engels'
		Thus George Lichtheim(4), whom Quinton describes as "one of the most active and enthusiastic exponents of this current of thought," writes: "The external world, as it exists in and for itself, is irrelevant to a materialism which approaches history with a view to establishing what men have made of themselves."
		George Plekhanov (1856-1918) - The founder of Russian Marxism in 1883.
		Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) - The culminating figure of the German idealist school of philosophy that began with Kant.
	www.themilitant.com /1995/5943/5943_24.html (3426 words)

	George Plekhanov's Ideological and Theoretical Heritage and the Present-Day World
		11 December, 2006 is the 150-ieth anniversary of the birth of George Plekhanov, the outstanding Russian philosopher, one of the founders of the "Emancipation of Labour" Group and the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, the Party's spokesman for the International II.
		George Plekhanov has considerably contributed to the history of Marxist social thought and working class movement.
		To commemorate the event the Plekhanov House - the National Library of Russia department - in association with the Russian Academy of Sciences and foreign academic institutions, political parties and social groups is organizing an International Conference "George Plekhanov's Ideological and Theoretical Heritage and the Present-Day World", to be held on 11-12 December, 2006.
	www.nlr.ru /tus/111206/index_e.html (197 words)

	The roots of Bolshevism. Plekhanov: father of Russian Marxism \| Workers' Liberty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It was Plekhanov who proclaimed at the Congress of 1903* that a future Marxist government might well have to violate the rules of formal democracy in the interests of the revolution, insisting against mush hostility that the well-being of the revolution would override all other considerations.
		Plekhanov, who had a young family, had a hard time reconciling himself to the savage poverty that, circumstances being as they were, was the price of doing the work he had undertaken.
		In it Plekhanov expounded his analysis of Russian society in the form of a devastating systematic examination of populism in all its sub-sections — Lavrovist, Bakuninist and Blanquist alike.
	www.workersliberty.org /node/2314 (2514 words)

	Adventures in Philosophy: A Brief History of Political Philosophy
		Plekhanov was the founder of the Russian Social-Democratic party which was subsequently divided into the Menshevik and Bolshevik parties.
		Plekhanov fought the socialist revisionists in Germany and France but sided, in 1904, with the Russian Mensheviks against Lenin.
		When Plekhanov returned to Russia after the overthrow of Tsarism, he was hopelessly suffering from tuberculosis but struggled against Bolshevism to his last gasp.
	radicalacademy.com /adiphilpolitics3b.htm (2936 words)

	Amazon.fr : Development of the Monist View of History: Livres en anglais: G. Plekhanov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The "father of Russian Marxism", George Plekhanov (1857-1918) directed most of his writings against the Russian "populist" movement to which he once belonged.
		Plekhanov was strongly opposed to the political views of people who argued that it would be possible for a small group of dedicated revolutionaries to seize power from the Tsar.
		Plekhanov warned that if this happened, you would replace one authoritarian regime with another and that a "socialist caste" would take control who would impose a system of "patriarchal authoritarian communism." --Ce texte fait référence à l'édition Broché.
	www.amazon.fr /exec/obidos/ASIN/0853152756 (345 words)

	socialism and "backward" countries
		George Plekhanov, the “father of Russian Marxism”, had popularised the idea that Russia had to go through capitalist development before it reach socialism.
		Plekhanov could certainly point to a number of passages from Marx to justify his position.
		One was held by Plekhanov and the Mensheviks which saw the main task of the Russian Social Democrats as prodding and encouraging the liberal bourgeoisie into establishing a democratic republic, a regime that would develop a capitalist economy.
	www.fifthinternational.org /LFIfiles/socialismbackwardcountry.html (1467 words)

	George Plekhanov \| Workers' Liberty
		George Valentinovich Plekhanov, speaking at the Founding Congress of the Second International in Paris, July 1889
		The October Revolution of 1917 seemed to many observers to be an attempt to stand Marxism on its head.
		Those who said that included George Valentinovich Plekhanov and Pavel Borisovich Axelrod, the founders of the Russian Marxist movement, and Karl Kautsky, the most authoritative Marxist of the Second International (1889-1914).
	www.workersliberty.org /taxonomy/term/507 (542 words)

	Julius Martov - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ironically, the vote on the editorial board was not seen as important by any of the disputants at the time, and in fact the Bolsheviks were generally in a minority but some delegates had not been present for the crucial vote who would otherwise have voted for the Mensheviks.
		Martov became one of the outstanding Menshevik leaders along with George Plekhanov, Fedor Dan and Irakli Tsereteli.
		Leon Trotsky too was a member of the Menshevik faction for a brief period but soon broke with them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Julius_Martov (908 words)

	Amazon.com: The Development of the Monist View of History: Books: George V. Plekhanov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Plekhanov warned that if this happened, you would replace one authoritarian regime with another and that a "socialist caste" would take control who would impose a system of "patriarchal authoritarian communism." --This text refers to the Paperback edition.
		Plekhanov uses clear and easily understood language to show non-Marxists the greater insight provided by historical materialism, and to allow Marxists a sharper understanding of how it is to be applied.
		As Plekhanov was a well-read man, there are many references to Russian and German literature and writers in his works, many of which are now utterly obscure; but this will not in any way hinder the reader's progress.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0717803716?v=glance (894 words)

	[No title]
		Plekhanov became the leader of the HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSfl.htm" Black Repartition group that rejected terrorism and supported a socialist propaganda campaign among workers and peasants.
		Plekhanov was strongly opposed to the political views of people such as HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnechaev.htm" Sergei Nechaev and HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUStkachev.htm" Peter Tkachev, who argued that it would be possible for a small group of dedicated revolutionaries to seize power from the Tsar.
		Plekhanov retained control of HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSiskra.htm" Iskra and he used the journal to attack HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSlenin.htm" Vladimir Lenin and the HYPERLINK "http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSbolsheviks.htm" Bolsheviks.
	ouray.cudenver.edu /~ditaylor/personalities.doc (8018 words)

	George Plekhanov: The Meaning of Hegel (1891)
		Few were better qualified to deal with this subject than Plekhanov, a profound student of philosophy and the best trained Marxist theoretician of Russia at the time.
		Plekhanov’s philosophical writings, including his Hegel essay, were for the most part written in the heyday of his brilliant Marxist career, long before his desertion of the cause to which he owed his fame.
		Lenin’s views on Plekhanov’s philosophical writings were so emphatic that he took time out to recommend the study of Plekhanov’s philosophical writings while the Civil War was raging in Russia.
	www.marxists.org /archive/plekhanov/1891/11/hegel-dun.htm (9516 words)

	Can individuals change history?
		George Washington, Robespierre, Lenin--these men shaped history, and the actions of the masses of people in these revolutions were merely events scripted by their leaders.
		The only difference between the treatment of Washington and Lenin as great men is that Washington, as a leader of the American Revolution, gets a plus sign in front of his name, whereas Lenin, a leader of a working-class revolution, gets a minus sign.
		Their influence is sometimes very considerable, but the possibility of its being exercised and its extent are determined by society’s organization and the alignment of its forces.
	www.socialistworker.org /2003-1/437/437_09_MakingHistory.shtml (638 words)

	Russian Authoritarianism and Empire, 1855-1900
		Plekhanov criticized anarchists, narodniks and Blanquists for not understanding that socialism could not be superimposed upon the present but instead would need to wait for more capitalist and industrial development.
		In 1900, Plekhanov began publishing the Socialist newspaper Iskra (spark), with a rising star among the Russian Marxists, Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, to be known to the world as V.I. Lenin.
		Lenin believed that a revolutionist party in Russia should be clandestine and limited to professional revolutionaries who could take their reasoning to common working folks rather than waiting for the "working class" to spontaneously develop an interest in socialist revolution.
	www.fsmitha.com /h3/h47-ru.htm (6032 words)

	Institute in a Box: Revolutionaries – The Role of the Individual
		George Plekhanov, "The Role of the Individual in History"
		The purpose of this class is to see how revolutionaries can master their tasks and most effectively play their decisive role in history.
		Plekhanov puts the individual (as the subjective element) and the laws of development of society (as the objective element) into dialectical relation so we can see how the process unfolds.
	www.scienceofsociety.org /inbox/res5.html (2008 words)

	Lenin in context (by L. Proyect)
		It was Lenin and Plekhanov's intention to form a new social-democratic party on the model of the Western European parties.
		Plekhanov was the father of Russian Marxism and Lenin considered himself a disciple of Plekhanov.
		The differences between orthodox Marxists who were educated by Plekhanov and, on the other hand, the Economists who gravitated to the newspaper "Rabochaya Mysl" were principled and clear.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/organization/lenin_in_context.htm (12593 words)

	VLADIMIR LENIN: 80 YEARS AFTER HIS DEATH TODAY : Cleveland IMC (((i)))
		George Plekhanov, regarded as the founder of Russian Marxism, was originally an active member of the Narodniks.
		Plekhanov founded the first Russian Marxist organisation — the Emancipation of Labour Group — in Geneva in 1883, and conducted a struggle not only against the Narodniks, but Bernstein's revisionism, and so-called "legal" Marxism, producing in the process many Marxist classics, especially on philosophy.
		In the aftermath of this failed attempt to professionalise the party, Lenin resigned from the editorial board of Iskra and, suffering colossal strain, was close to a nervous breakdown.
	cleveland.indymedia.org /news/2004/01/8455.php (6088 words)

	Pearson, Sealed Train, Chapter 2
		It was an explosive partnership, mainly because of the inevitable clashes between Lenin and Plekhanov, the lions of different eras, but it was eased to some extent by the fact that Iskra was edited in Munich, far from Geneva.
		The friction with Plekhanov, however, was not so important then in 1903 as the conflict that had been growing, at first almost imperceptibly, between Lenin and Martov.
		Plekhanov supported Lenin at the congress but later wavered and finally joined Martov.
	yamaguchy.netfirms.com /pearson/pearson_02.html (4802 words)

	The Axelrod family of Dunilovitz
		During the First World War she was a member of the group that signed the pamphlet “‘To the nation of workers in Russia” (1915).
		Axelrod and George Plekhanov established the Black Repartition group that rejected terrorism and supported a socialist propaganda campaign among workers and peasants.
		Axelrod went with George Plekhanov to live in Switzerland and in 1883 they established the Liberation of Labour group.
	www.eilatgordinlevitan.com /dunilovichi/dun_pages/dun_stories_axelrod.html (859 words)

	Simon & Schuster: The Mote in God's Eye (Mass Market Paperback) - Read an Excerpt
		Admiral Sir Vladimir Richard George Plekhanov, Vice Admiral of the Black, Knight of St. Michael and St. George, was seated at the Governor General's desk.
		Big George, who filled a room with barbells when he was twelve and was built like a wedge before he was sixteen -- his brother George was dead in a battle halfway across the Empire.
		George should have inherited the estates and tides.
	www.simonsays.com /content/book.cfm?isbn=0671741926&sid=33&agid=2 (3189 words)

	D.B. Riazonov
		One of the very first, it was connected with Plekhanov's League for the Emancipation of Labour, the seedbed of Russian Social Democracy, and undertook to publish the principal works of Marxism in the Russian language.
		He went abroad in 1900 and collaborated with the Iskra and Zarya of Plekhanov, Lenin and Martov and with the German social democratic press, creating the Borba group that kept itself apart from the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, devoting itself mainly to marxist publishing.
		The revolution of 1905 brought him back to Russia, where he took an active part in the struggle against czarism and in the newborn trade union movement: he is noteworthy for being one of the founders of the railwaymen's clerical union.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /marxists/archive/riazanov/bio/bio01.htm (1072 words)

	Lenin: Wilhelm Kolb and George Plekhanov
		Plekhanov, who describes the idea of a revolution in connection with the present war as a “dream-farce,” rails against “revolutionary phraseology.” Kolb at every step curses “revolutionary phrases,” the “revolutionary fantasies,” the “little radicals” (“Radikalinski”) the “hystericals,” “sectarianism,” etc. Kolb and Plekhanov agree on the main issue: both are opposed to revolution.
		The fact that Kolb is generally opposed to revolution, whereas Plekhanov and Kautsky are “generally in favour,” is only a difference in shade, in words: in reality, Plekhanov and Kautsky are Kolb’s satellites.
		We thank Kolb for his good wishes, admissions and illustrations; since all this comes from an exceedingly consistent, honest and avowed enemy of the revolution; it is particularly valuable as a means of exposing to the workers the hideous hypocrisy and the shameful spinelessness of the Plekhanovs and Kautskys.
	www.marxists.org /archive/lenin/works/1916/feb/29b.htm (538 words)

	Liberation of Labour
		In 1883 George Plekhanov, Pavel Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and Lev Deich to form the Liberation of Labour group.
		George Plekhanov also wrote several books where he explained the philosophy of the group.
		(1895), George Plekhanov argued that a successful Marxist revolution could only take place after the development of capitalism.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUSliberation.htm (208 words)

	Ralph Dumain: "The Autodidact Project": Sojourner Truth Organization: "How to Think"
		If Hegel is difficult, Plekhanov is a pleasure to read; it is no mystery why his writings are responsible for the early popularization of Marxism in Russia.
		This statement is an excellent summary of the orthodox view of the relations between individual character, society as a whole, and "historical accident." Though Luxemburg and Plekhanov were later to diverge politically, there is a certain similarity in the views they expressed in the selections included here.
		What does Plekhanov mean when he says that the increased division of social labor among different classes leads to a disappearance of the direct dependence of art on technology and mode of production?
	www.autodidactproject.org /other/howtothink.html (5172 words)

	International Socialist Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The populist movement, known as the Narodniks, persisted in arguing against the possibility of development in Russia, and that the old peasant commune would therefore be the basis of creating socialism by completely skipping over capitalism.
		The first Russian Marxists, former populists like George Plekhanov, Paul Axelrod and Vera Zasulich, argued that the development of Russian capitalism was creating a new class capable of playing the pivotal role in the struggle against autocracy–a role that the peasantry had been unable to fulfill as an independent force–the working class.
		It was necessary, therefore, to create a nationwide social-democratic workers’ party with a central newspaper and leadership, capable of assisting the activity of its local sections, generalizing from local experience and coordinating its sections into a national struggle against the autocracy.
	www.isreview.org /issues/33/bolshevism.shtml (4569 words)

	B&H / C18 - Behind Communism
		Head of this group, and the man who is generally recognized as Lenin's teacher, was George Plekhanov, a gentile.
		The editorial board thus contained four Jews and three gentiles, but since Trotzky was without vote, and since Plekhanov had retained two votes, the voting strength was exactly reversed, with the Jews having 3 votes to the gentile's four.
		Dominating the Congress were the great names of the party: there were the founders of the movement, Plekhanov, Axelrod, Deutch, and Zasulich—who after 1907 played roles of diminishing importance in party affairs—and their disciples, Lenin, Martov, Dan (Gurvich), and Trotzky.
	www.skrewdriver.net /behind.html (20387 words)

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