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	George Psalmanazar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Psalmanazar (1679?-May 3, 1763) claimed to be the first Formosan to visit Europe.
		Psalmanazar did not go unchallenged, but he managed to deflect most of the criticism.
		George Psalmanazar the Celebrated Native of Formosa (University of Delaware Library)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Psalmanazar (739 words)

	University of Delaware Library: Forging a Collection
		Psalmanazar recounted colorful stories of his past life to his fellow soldiers and when his regiment was posted to Sluys, in the Southwest region of the Netherlands, Psalmanazar came to the attention of the Rev. Alexander Innes, who served as chaplain to a Scottish regiment.
		Psalmanazar quickly became a celebrity in London and was persuaded to write an account of his native country.
		Psalmanazar's account of his life and adventures in Formosa was quickly translated into French and published in Amsterdam less than a year after the original English edition appeared.
	www.lib.udel.edu /ud/spec/exhibits/forgery/psalm.htm (740 words)

	The Pretended Asian: George Psalmanazar's Eighteenth-Century Formosan Hoax - Michael Keevak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the summer of 1703, George Psalmanazar traveled to London posing as an East Asian native from Formosa—now modern Taiwan.
		Psalmanazar’s fake Formosan language even became confused as an authentic language sample in the developing field of comparative linguistics.
		In addition to Psalmanazar’s entertaining story, Keevak discusses what was known about the actual Formosa in the early eighteenth century and why this knowledge was powerless to disprove the truth of Psalmanazar’s claims.
	wsupress.wayne.edu /cultural/keevakpa/keevakb.html (299 words)

	Psalmanazar
		Psalmanazar endured terrible hardships on the road, was reduced to rags and covered with vermin, and was at various times driven from hunger to enlist in several armies.
		Henceforth Psalmanazar's story was that he had been abducted from Formosa by Jesuits and carried off to France, and although he had been threatened with the tortures of the Inquisition, he had bravely refused to become a Roman Catholic.
		The Taiwan of Psalmanazar's invention is a rich land of good government, prosperous towns, and a magnificent capital city called Xternetsa, all built upon the wealth of fertile soils and mines of gold and silver.
	www.romanization.com /books/formosan_odyssey/psalmanaazaar.html (1184 words)

	George Psalmanazar : Information and resources about George Psalmanazar : School Work Guru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Psalmanazar (1679?-1763) is the only known name of an impostor who fooled the British to think he was from faraway island of Formosa.
		In 1702 the man arrived in what is now the Netherlands and met Scottish priest William Innes, who was a chaplain of a Scottish army unit.
		Psalmanazar spent the rest of life as a writer and editor of books — he did have a head for languages.
	www.schoolworkguru.org /encyclopedia/g/ge/george_psalmanazar.html (805 words)

	The Native of Formosa
		He claimed that in Formosa convicted murderers were hung upside down and shot full of arrows, that polygamy was allowed, and that every year 20,000 young boys were sacrificed to appease the gods (this latter claim was accompanied by a gruesome illustration of 'The Gridiron upon which the hearts of the young Children are burnt').
		These doubts became harder and harder to ignore until finally, in 1706, Psalmanazar confessed to his imposture, supposedly motivated by a religious experience that convinced him of the sinfulness of his deception.
		Given Psalmanazar's record of dishonesty, it is not clear whether this explanation is the truth, or yet another of his fabrications.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /formosa.html (869 words)

	Chapter Psalmanazar <i>to</i> Pye of P by Biographical Dictionary of English Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Innes, however, was appointed chaplain to the forces in Portugal, and Psalmanazar was unable to maintain his impositions, and was exposed.
		Puttenham, George (1530?-1590).—was one of the son of Robert Puttenham, a country gentleman.
		George was the author of an Apologie for Queen Elizabeth’s treatment of Mary Queen of Scots.
	www.bibliomania.org /2/3/259/1259/23565/1.html (673 words)

	PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In Holland (1702) he was examined by William Innes, an English army chaplain who, though he penetrated Psalmanazar’s pose, sent him to England as a Formosan convert in order to gain credit for the conversion.
		Psalmanazar was able without detection to publish An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa (1704), to invent a complete Formosan”; language, and to instruct Oxford students in the use of it.
		He scraped a meager living by literary hack work, became intensely religious, and wrote the story of his life and impostures, Memoirs of –––––– Commonly Known by the Name George Psalmanazar (1764).
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ps/Psalmana.html (135 words)

	Print Article: The man from Formosa: a lesson in reinvention
		The man was called George Psalmanazar, and claimed to be a native of the island of Formosa - now known as Taiwan.
		The fact that Psalmanazar was blonde and fair-skinned did not raise the slightest suspicion.
		Psalmanazar supported himself by begging, and hit on a novel way of improving his chances of a hand-out.
	www.theage.com.au /cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2003/03/16/1047749659599.html (620 words)

	Psalmanazar Bibliography (Lynch)
		An Enquiry into the Objections against George Psalmanaazaar of Formosa: In which the Accounts of the People, and Language of Formosa by Candidius, and the Other European Authors, and the Letters from Geneva, and from Suffolk, about Psalmanaazaar, Are Proved Not to Contradict His Accounts (London, c.
		Psalmanazar contributed several histories, including that of the ancient Hebrews.
		A rehashing of the basic events of Psalmanazar's life, with particular emphasis on his relationship with Johnson.
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~jlynch/C18/biblio/psalmanazar.html (998 words)

	The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The 18th Century: Topic 4: Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The international man of mystery who styled himself George Psalmanazar is perhaps the eighteenth century's most notorious impostor.
		In this entertaining book, Psalmanazar "explains" to the reader such aspects of Formosan life as wedding and funeral ceremonies and the Formosan language, based on an elaborate alphabet which he had designed himself, and which he was invited to teach to Oxford students.
		George Psalmanazar's self-representation as a learned foreign traveller is one of many indicators of Britons' increased "planetary consciousness," to borrow Mary Louise Pratt's term for the "construction of global-scale meaning through the descriptive apparatuses of natural history" (Imperial Eyes, 15).
	www.wwnorton.com /nto/18century/topic_4/welcome.htm (1167 words)

	Free George Essays
		George Hearst, William’s father was born in 1820 on a frontier plantation in Franklin, Missouri.
		George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin - George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin.
		George Washington and Thomas Jefferson were two important men who affected our nations independence and the beginning years of ou...
	www.123helpme.com /search.asp?text=George&page=5 (1878 words)

	Foreign Quacks and Impostors in the 18th Century
		He contrived, however, to make friends with Lord George Gordon, who, however mad he may have been, was not a knave; other acquaintances were less reputable, a man and his wife of the name of Fry and an Italian called Vitellini set out to swindle him.
		Psalmanazar agreed, and Innes then wrote to Compton, Bishop of London, informing him of his success in converting this heathen Japanese to the Church of England.
		Psalmanazar was now without his mentor and he did a very foolish thing.
	www.ourcivilisation.com /smartboard/shop/bynpwllr/quacks13.htm (2734 words)

	abstract: vaher (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Psalmanazar, the early 18th century "Formosan" sensation in Britain and the Continent, might very well have been the first creative person of any significance to sport a full-fledged fictitious exotic identity mainly just for the thrill of it.
		Indeed, all the charms and complications of postmodern exotica seem to be embedded in his brief yet vivid career as a curiosity (which ranged from scary savage stories and professed cannibalism to fabrication of a grammar and an alphabet which fascinated many a linguist of his time).
		This article studies the complex character of Psalmanazar's creation which exploited a current chinoiserie craze and the public (mis)under-standing of the Orient but also remarkably expanded the concept of exotica as a literary genre and as an act of autopoiesis.
	www.semiootika.ee /acta2/acta2_vaher_eng.htm (209 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro
		This week, Only Connect pays tribute to George Psalmanazar (1679-1763), one of the outstanding liars of all time and creator of a virtual persona so successful that three centuries of research has failed to uncover his real name.
		Psalmanazar’s description of Formosa was a farrago of such nonsense that one wonders how so many people fell for it.
		The rest of Psalmanazar’s life was spent in miscellaneous literary activities, including a real history of Formosa.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1060812/asp/calcutta/story_6599616.asp (874 words)

	Taipei Times - archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As for his fair hair and skin, Psalmanazar explained that he was from the unexplored east coast of the island, and belonged to the aristocracy who lived underground in caves, with the result that their skin never became darkened by the sun.
		He also admired the serene manner of Psalmanazar's death and despite Psalmanazar's earlier career as an impostor, he seemed to Johnson someone he'd never be able to equal.
		In reality there was a certain amount of knowledge about Taiwan in 18th-century Europe gathered by the Dutch and others, and Psalmanazar was careful to integrate this with his own wilder fantasies (such as his claim that classical Greek was taught in the island's schools).
	www.taipeitimes.com /News/feat/archives/2004/08/08/2003197973/print (742 words)

	List of hoaxes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		George Adamski's claims to have gone into space in UFOs.
		Space Cadets, a 2005 TV programme by Channel 4, in which contestants were fooled into thinking that they were training at a Russian space academy to become space tourists.
		The "R. Straith" letter sent to George Adamski by James Moseley (Moseley and Pflock, 2002:124-27, 331-32).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_hoaxes (1891 words)

	Countrybookshop.co.uk - Pretended Asian, The
		In the summer of 1703, George Psalmanazar traveled to London posing as an East Asian native from Formosa.
		In addition to telling Psalmanazar's entertaining story, Keevak discusses what was known about the actual Formosa in the early eighteenth century and why this knowledge was powerless to disprove Psalmanazar's claims.
		The Pretended Asian also traces Psalmanazar's later career as a Grub Street hack writer and how his lifelong refusal to reveal his real identity - even after Europeans stopped believing he was a native of Formosa - may have rendered Psalmanazar a permanent outsider.
	www.countrybookshop.co.uk /books/index.phtml?whatfor=081433198X (390 words)

	Psalmanazar, George - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Psalmanazar was able without detection to publish An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa (1704), to invent a complete "Formosan" language, and to instruct Oxford students in the use of it.
		He scraped a meager living by literary hack work, became intensely religious, and wrote the story of his life and impostures, Memoirs of ------ Commonly Known by the Name George Psalmanazar (1764).
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Psalmanazar, George" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-psalmana.html (314 words)

	The Pretended Asian - Studia AS
		In the summer of 1703, George Psalmanazar traveled to London posing as anEast Asian native from Formosa.
		Psalmanazar's fake Formosanlanguage even became confused as an authentic language sample in the developingfield of comparative linguistics.
		Although he was a blond European, posing as amember of another "race" was never a problem for Psalmanazar or his audience,since the concept of race, Michael Keevak claims, did not yet exist.
	www.studia.no /vare.php?isbn=081433198X (193 words)

	Search for George Psalmanazar - WordIQ.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		George Psalmanazar (1679-1763) He appeared in northern Europe, around the year 1700.
		George Psalmanazar (1679?-May 3 1763) claimed to be the first Formosan to...
		George Psalmanazar became a minor celebrity, spoke before the Royal Geographical Society...
	www.wordiq.com /web/George+Psalmanazar.html (475 words)

	Dentistry Jobs - Dental Clinic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Isaac D Israeli, in his article on Literary Impostures, mentions the intriguing story of George Psalmanazar (1679?-1763), a man of uncertain origins who came to claim that he was a native of the island of Formosa (i.e.
		Psalmanazar s quick wit, ready imagination and sound memory convinced many of his story, and sufficed to wrong-foot those who suspected his imposture.
		Psalmanazar riposted that Formosan chimneys twist and turn on their way down, so the sunlight never reaches the bottom Eventually, after 1706, the fake Formosan admitted that he had been living a lie.
	dental-clinic.dentistsloveteeth.com /dentistry-jobs.html (514 words)

	PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE (c... - Online Information article about PSALMANAZAR, GEORGE (c...
		ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)
		commonly known by the name of George Psalmanazar, but do not disclose his real name or the See also:
		BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PSALMANAZAR_GEORGE_c_16791763_.html (506 words)

	Lynch, "Orientalism as Performance Art"
		But with Psalmanazar, we've gone beyond "most purposes," for the man was of no use to Londoners in 1703: no one had seen him before, or indeed anyone like him.
		Let's start with the most obvious evidence that Psalmanazar was a liar: that a blond and fair-skinned European could pass himself off as a southeast Asian strikes us at once as absurd.
		In case description is not enough, Psalmanazar provides a number of illustrations, including one of the temple showing such gruesome appurtenances as "The Gridiron upon which the hearts of the young Children are burnt" and "The pit in which their Blood and Bodies are placed."
	andromeda.rutgers.edu /~jlynch/Papers/psalm.html (2899 words)

	[No title]
		A particularly interesting example is George Psalmanazar's A Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island Subject to the Emperor of Japan, published in 1704.
		The main trope in Psalmanazar's forgery is his conceptualization of the difference between Formosa and Britain in terms of "false" religion--that is, priestly superstition--against "true" religion--that is, Anglican Protestantism.
		Like Psalmanazar, Mill was against the rule of priests who, in his view, had greater authority in India than in any other part of the world (except Rome, perhaps).
	pup.princeton.edu /chapters/DAB/sent/069107478X.html (4218 words)

	The Pretended Asian: George Psalmanazar's Eighteenth-Century Formosan Hoax - Michael Keevak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Psalmanazar, the ‘pretended Formosan,’ emerges from this compelling study as a linguistic, religious, racial, and ethnic outsider—a ‘wandering Jew’ in eighteenth-century England.”
		“Michael Keevak’s The Pretended Asian is a learned and engaging study of one of the eighteenth century’s most outlandish hoaxes—George Psalmanazar’s often successful efforts to pass himself off as a native of Formosa.
		The man who called himself Psalmanazar reinvented himself repeatedly, and his tale reveals a good deal about intellectual life and popular culture in the Augustan era.
	wsupress.wayne.edu /cultural/keevakpa/keevakr.html (178 words)

	AllRefer.com - George Psalmanazar (English Literature, 1500 To 1799, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - George Psalmanazar (English Literature, 1500 To 1799, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		George Psalmanazar, English Literature, 1500 To 1799, Biographies
		George Psalmanazar[sal´´munA´zur] Pronunciation Key, 1679?–1763, English literary imposter.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/Psalmana.html (286 words)

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