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	Guardian \| Wellington's lucky break
		When George Scovell, a low-born officer of Wellington's staff, received responsibility for the army's communications, he was given a hand-transcribed copy of an obscure text, The Art of Decyphering, by David Arnold Conradus.
		Scovell's text was in a small notebook whose leather cover was worn smooth by the years spent in the officer's coat.
		Scovell was rewarded for his work with two promotions in little over a year and, later, by a knighthood.
	www.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4245071-103418,00.html (1770 words)

	Pusey/Thomas Family Tree - pafg181 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Henry George ARNOLD was born in 1878 in Shanklin, Isle Of Wight.
		George ARNOLD [Parents] was born in 1854 in Shanklin, Isle Of Wight.
		George Henry ARNOLD was born in 1877 in Durham, Sunderland.
	www.puseyuk.co.uk /familyhistory/pafg181.htm (638 words)

	Pusey/Thomas Family Tree - pafg31 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Henry George GALLOP [Parents] was born in 1841 in Ryde, Isle of Wight.
		George Henry GALLOP was born in 1863 in Ryde, Isle of Wight.
		George SCOVELL [Parents] was born in 1871 in Godshill, Isle of Wight.
	www.puseyuk.co.uk /familyhistory/pafg31.htm (727 words)

	George Scovell - Wikipedia
		George Scovell (1774-1861) was tijdens de Spaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog (1808-1814) chef-codebreker voor de Hertog van Wellington.
		Scovell kreeg voor zijn rol twee promoties en werd later geridderd.
		Scovell maakte voor zijn taken gebruik van het in 1811 aan hem geschonken handschrift: Cryptographia, or the art of deciphering van David Arnold Conradus, een nooit gepubliceerd werk.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Scovell (327 words)

	Scovell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The younger George was living at St Pancras when he married Martha Baker on 5 May 1857 at Shalford in Surrey; the register describes him as a "gentleman".
		George’s second child, Fanny, was born in Kensington in 1862.
		George’s third child, Emily J, was born in 1865/6, his fourth, Annie, in 1868/9, and his fifth, Richard H, in 1875/6, all in Twickenham.
	members.aol.com /pjohnp/famhist/scovell.htm (324 words)

	The National Archives \| Research, education & online exhibitions \| Exhibitions \| Secrets and Spies
		Based on 1400 numbers and derived from a mid-18th century diplomatic code, the tables were sent with cunning guidelines to trick the enemy, such as adding meaningless figures to the end of letters (codebreakers would often try to tackle the end of a letter first, looking for the standard phrases which close formal correspondence).
		The information on troop movements gathered by Scovell’s Army Guides was also crucial when making informed guesses about the identity of a person or place mentioned in coded letters, solving one more piece of the puzzle.
		When a letter from Joseph to Napoleon was intercepted in December 1812, Scovell had cracked enough of the code to decipher most of Joseph’s explicit account of French operations and plans.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /spies/ciphers/scovell/sc1.htm (301 words)

	The National Archives \| Research, education & online exhibitions \| Exhibitions \| Secrets and Spies
		George Scovell was chief codebreaker for the Duke of Wellington.
		During the Peninsular War of 1808-1814 he developed a system of military communications and intelligence gathering for the British that intercepted French letters and dispatches to and from the battlefield, and cracked their codes.
		George Scovell served as an officer in the Intelligence Branch of the Quartermaster-General’s department.
	www.nationalarchives.gov.uk /spies/ciphers/scovell/default.htm (260 words)

	Baker family history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		George died on 1 November 1851, and was buried in Headley on the fifth.
		George’s second child, Abraham, was born in Headley on 2 May 1807.
		George’s third child, John, was born on 18 June 1808; his fourth, Jane, on 11 November 1809; and his fifth, Mary, on 28 February 1813.
	members.aol.com /pjohnp/famhist/baker.htm (3812 words)

	Books \| The upstart and the toff
		But it was Scovell's pathfinding that made it possible for Wellington to triumph at Salamanca; before the battle started he knew exactly what the French dispositions were, and what tactics they proposed to adopt.
		Scovell rose from major to half-colonel for what he achieved there.
		Urban also has a weakness for some terribly shop-soiled clichés, in which Napoleon is "the Corsican ogre", soldiers retreating to the coast are relieved when they see "the brine" and Scovell looks forward to the day when "he could be enfolded in Mary's arms, lie with her between crisp sheets and eat the finest food".
	books.guardian.co.uk /print/0,,4257133-99937,00.html (1222 words)

	Amazon.de: The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes. The Story of George Scovell: English Books: Mark Urban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The book is firmly rooted in the modern historical genre of the "small, previously un-regarded, footnote that made a difference", but where other authors have fleshed out the lives of their characters by imputing thoughts and imagining events, Urban has restricted himself to relying purely on documented evidence.
		This has the benefit of historical rigour, but it does sometimes mean that Scovell is a slightly shadowy character at times, someone whom the reader has to work hard to get to know.
		The man appointed by Wellington to crack the code was Major George Scovell, and this book combines biography with political and codebreaking history to explain the events that took place.
	www.amazon.de /Broke-Napoleon-Codes-George-Scovell/dp/0571205380 (485 words)

	Book Review: The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes: The Story of George Scovell by Mark Urban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Scovell was born in London 'the son of very respectable parents, though not independent gentlefolks'.
		Scovell, having the necessary skills, was requested to take charge, which he did on the promise of being promoted to Major, a promise only fulfilled some 3 years later.
		Scovell was at the centre of this activity and must have been the brains behind its decipherment as some 15 months after being promoted to Major he was again promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.
	www.boomerangbooks.com /reviews/man_who_broke_napoleons_codes.htm (1237 words)

	Scovell Family Genealogy Forum
		Re: SCOVELL,Charles 1896 Isle of Wight - Lance Scovell 3/31/02
		Re: George Scovell, born in Middlesex 1831 - Lance Scovell 3/02/02
		Re: George Scovell, born in Middlesex 1831 - Janette 7/19/01
	genforum.genealogy.com /scovell (786 words)

	Amazon.com: "George Scovell": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		See all pages with references to George Scovell.
		Captain George Scovell was a deputy assistant quarter master general.
		(This was thanks to an obscure lieutenant-colonel, George Scovell, who, working from a little office in Abchurch Street, cracked the French military's main cipher, the Grand Chiffre, in 1812.116)...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/George-Scovell (468 words)

	Amazon.com: The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes: Books: Mark Urban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		George Scovell helped break the French Imperial codes and provided much useful intelligence to Wellington in his campaigns against the French armies.
		George Scovell, the man referred to in the title of the book, never really received his just due for the great work he did, especially from his commander.
		The author documents the achievements of George Scovell, one-time apprentice to an engraver, who rose through the ranks of Wellington's Army to be responsible -- no-less than more famous actors -- for the British victory over Napoleon.
	www.amazon.com /Man-Who-Broke-Napoleons-Codes/dp/006018891X (1968 words)

	Captain Hugh Mason Genealogy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		She married George Henry Scovell, son of Frederick Willard Scovell and Mary Ann Dinsmore, on 24 Dec 1872 in Wakefield, Mass.
		In 1856 George H. Scovell went to Nebraska and took up a tract of government land, but being under age he could not hold title, and claim jumpers appropriated his land.
		On one occasion, while a pony express rider, he was pursued by a band of Indians; one of the savages rose up from the sage brush and attempted to disable his horse by a blow frorn a hatchet, but instead he struck the stirrup and inflicted a bad cut on the rider's foot.
	www.kinnexions.com /kinnexions/mason/rr01/rr01_317.htm (254 words)

	Details: 0060934557
		Spanning the battle of Corunna in 1809 to the 1815 victory at Waterloo, this is the dramatic true-life tale of an unsung hero in Wellington's army.
		Common-born George Scovell -- an engraver's apprentice -- joins the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars and becomes a commissioned officer.
		George Scovell used Spanish guerillas to capture coded French messages, and then set to work decrypting them.
	www.paddyfield.com /?isbn=0060934557&ref=arb (227 words)

	Faber & Faber - Book Detail
		It was an unprecedented challenge, and Wellington looked to one man to break the code: Major George Scovell.
		As a man of low birth, Scovell - even with his genius for languages, and bravery on a dozen battlefields - struggled for advancement amongst Wellington's inner circle of wealthier, better connected officers.
		Mark Urban draws on a wealth of original sources, including many cyphers and code-tables, to restore Scovell to his rightful place in history as the man who was the brains behind the intelligence battle against Napoleon's army and a forerunner of the great code-breakers of the 20th Century.
	www.faber.co.uk /book_detail.html?bid=8786&clid= (164 words)

	Re: VMs: Cicco Simonetta (for Jeff)... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		http://www.pro.gov.uk/virtualmuseum/spies/ciphers/scovell/sc2.htm In 1811 George Scovell was given a book: "Cryptographia, or The Art of Decyphering" by David Arnold Conradus.
		Scovell experimented with different encryption methods based on the principles in "Cryptographia".
		Once he had passed the deciphered versions of letters to the Duke of Wellington, he was apparently allowed to keep many of the original encrypted letters, which have survived together with his own calculations in his papers held at the Public Record Office.
	www.voynich.net /Arch/2003/11/msg00037.html (670 words)

	clew's reviews: a book log: The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes, Mark Urban
		Interception, and especially decoding and decryption, occupied George Scovell, a professional soldier...
		During the campaign, Wellington recognized the importance of Scovell's work and Scovell's particular talent for it; afterwards, he denied it.
		Fortunately, Scovell - who seems to have been a pleasant man - had made enough friends among the dashing that some of them looked after his career.
	www.tenhand.com /clew/blog/archives/000205.html (465 words)

	Napoleon Series Reviews: The Man Who Broke Napoleon's Codes
		Scovell, it turns out, was a natural cryptologist, whose gift for breaking codes was based a combination of his linguistic skills, perseverance, and a knack for puzzles.
		Urban begins a passage with how a French message was intercepted and made its way into the hands of George Scovell. From there, Mr.
		Urban shows the coded message and then takes the reader step-by-step through Scovell’s methodology for breaking them. Although the book focuses on George Scovell, it is not a complete biography of his life.
	www.napoleon-series.org /reviews/general/c_scovell.html (421 words)

	Code-breakers and Soviet turncoats - The Washington Times: Non-Fiction Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It was contained in notebooks of the code-breaker George Scovell, a Wellington staff officer of modest means and background.
		Matters of espionage were regarded as somewhat underhanded." Besides, Scovell was of relatively low social station, a handicap in the caste-conscious British military of the era.
		Nonetheless, the GRU tasked him with gathering information on decision-making in the British, French and American military establishments — even though he "could not have struck up even the most casual of conversations" with officers he happened to meet in public places.
	www.washingtontimes.com /books/20031206-105927-1353r.htm (1226 words)

	MAN WHO BROKE NAPOLEON'S CODES: The Story of George Scovell
		In this compelling account of the officer who waged the intelligence battle against Napoleon's army in the Peninsula War, the BBC's Diplomatic Editor Mark Urban shows GeorgeScovell to have been a forerunner to the great code-breakers of the 20th Century.
		Using a network of Spanish guerrillas, Scovell amassed a stack of coded French messages, and set to work decrypting them.But as a man of humble birth, Scovell - even with his genius for languages, and bravery on a dozen battlefields - struggled for advancement amongst Wellington's inner circle of wealthy, well- connected officers.
		Urban draws on a wealth of original sources, including many ciphers and code-tables, to restore Scovell to his rightful place in history.
	www.naval-military-press.com /catalogue/military-books/7508.htm (326 words)

	FLAW IN THE JN25 SERIES OF CIPHERS, THE Cryptologia - Find Articles
		An English officer, George Scovell, studied captured messages and eventually broke the code open.
		However Scovell could not have had the access to intercepted messages in the vast volumes produced by IJN broadcasting.
		The cryptologist dealing with codes as in section 2 has to begin by placing messages in alignment, that is written one above the other so that the GATs in the same column have been produced from the same additive.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3926/is_200410/ai_n9464435 (876 words)

	Ur
		Urban, George R. Radio Free Europe and the Pursuit of Democracy: My War Within the Cold War.
		From advertisement: The author is "emeritus director of Radio Free Europe." "This book is a unique, personal account of Cold War combat over the airwaves, of psychological battles that succeeded in eroding the international appeal of the Soviet system and ultimately in helping to bring about the implosion of the Soviet empire."
		According to Kruh, Cryptologia 26.4, the author "chronicles Wellington's campaigns against the French from the battle of Corunna in 1809 to the 1815 victory at Waterloo, showing how Scovell's decoding of enemy communications was pivotal to Napoleon's defeat.
	intellit.muskingum.edu /alpha_folder/U_folder/ur.html (770 words)

	SCOVELL family history and genealogy information .. Scovell ancestry links
		OVERVIEW -- As this genealogical help and research area is a new part of our website, and is currently under development..
		genealogy software and family history research database for the Scovell name will likely be included in the updates along with an automated form to submit data for Scovell family history..
		posting surname and ancestry data for Scovell items as well as allowing the public to search for Scovell details will remain free of charge.
	www.museumstuff.com /zg.cgi?w=scovell (193 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Not too much boring minutiae about code-breaking, you can find this elsewhere, probably as much detail of George Scovell's life as is available for a book this size and a slightly more 'warty' picture of the Duke than we usually get.
		This is a well written book nicely blending a brief account of the peninsular campaign and the work of George Scovell in breaking the codes used by the French.
		The importance of intelligence in all wars is brought to the fore and there are some nice character studies of the main players on both sides.
	onlinebookprices.co.uk /book/9780571205387/16_294_2526_3943/... (821 words)

	Anglo-Allied Army in Flanders and France - 1815
		Both Lieutenant Generals Sir Edward Paget and Sir George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie were suggested for commands in the army in April. Paget for a corps command and Lord Dalhousie for either a division or another corps. Major General Sir Henry Fane was offered a command with the cavalry when the army was forming.
		Until just prior to the battle of Quatre Bras, the Netherlands Cavalry Division had been under command of I Corps. On the advance to Paris, the I Corps consisted of the 1st British and 3rd Anglo-Hanoverian Divisions, the 2nd and 3rd Netherlands Divisions and the Netherlands Cavalry Division.
		At Waterloo, Major General Vandeleur succeeded to the command of the cavalry and he was replaced by Lieutenant Colonel James Sleigh, 11th Light Dragoons. In July, Major General Vandeleur resumed command.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/battles/c_waterloo3.html (3129 words)

	Harry Smith – Waterloo Campaign.
		The autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith, baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej, G.C.B. By Sir Henry (Harry) George Wakelyn Smith (1788-1860).
		In the course of the night, Lambert's Brigade were ordered to move up to the position the Duke had taken up in front of the forest of Soignies, and our march was very much impeded by waggons upset, baggage thrown down, etc. [18 June].
		We met Sir George Scovell, an A.Q.M.G. at head-quarters, who said he was sent by the Duke to see the rear was clear, that it was choked between this and the Army, and the Duke expected to be attacked immediately; our Brigade must clear the road before we moved on.
	digital.library.upenn.edu /women/hsmith/autobiography/waterloo.html (12118 words)

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