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Topic: Georgian Language and Alphabet

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Georgian language

Georgian alphabet

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List of Georgians

4th century BC

6th century BC

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	Georgian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Georgian is the most important of the South Caucasian languages, a family that also includes Svan and Megrelian (chiefly spoken in Northwest Georgia) and Laz (chiefly spoken along the Black Sea coast of Turkey, from Melyat, Rize to the Georgian frontier).
		Georgian Paleography, Tbilisi, 1949, 500 pp (in Georgian)
		The Georgian Asomtavruli, Tbilisi, 1980, 600 pp (in Georgian)
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Georgian_language (1949 words)

	Georgian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Georgian alphabet is the script currently used to write the Georgian language and other Kartvelian languages (such as Mingrelian), and occasionally other languages of the Caucasus (such as Ossetic in the 1940s).
		Georgian historical tradition attributes the invention of the Georgian alphabet to Parnavaz I of Iberia in the 3rd century BC.
		Examples of it are still preserved in monumental inscriptions, such as those of the Georgian church in Bethlehem (near Jerusalem, 430) and the church of Bolnisi Sioni near Tbilisi (4th-5th centuries).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Georgian_alphabet (539 words)

	Abkhaz alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1926, during the korenizatsiya policy in the Soviet Union, this alphabet was replaced by a new, 77-character, one, devised by Nikolay Marr basing on Latin letters and called "Abkhaz analytical alphabet".
		From 1938 to 1954 the Abkhaz language was written in the Georgian alphabet.
		From 1954 to the present, Abkhaz language is written in the Cyrillic-based script, extended to adjust to the extensive consonant system of the Abkhaz language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Abkhaz_alphabet (198 words)

	Georgian Alphabet
		The contemporary Georgian script is known as mkhedruli ('military') in contrast to the earlier khutsuri ('ecclesiastical') script.
		The oldest surviving examples of mkhedruli date from the 11-12th centuries, and it may well be that the script was a development of a cursive form of khutsuri.
		Georgian handwriting can often be a little difficult to read, not least because of the number of ligatures used.
	members.tripod.com /ggdavid/georgia/language/anbani.htm (186 words)

	Wikinfo \| Georgian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Georgian is the official language of the Republic of Georgia.
		The oldest form of Georgian alphabet Asomtavruli was invented in the 5th century BC (412 BC) by the Georgian priests of the cult of Mathra (or Mithras).
		Older, pre-Christian Georgian (Asomtavruli) inscriptions dating from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD were found in Armaztsikhe (near Mtskheta) and Nekresi (in the Kakheti region of Eastern Georgia), in 1940 and 1995-2003 by the scientific expeditions of Academician Simon Janashia (1900-1947) and Academician Levan Chilashvili [2].
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Georgian_language (594 words)

	Hebrew Language @ OnlineReligion.com (Online Religion) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This language family is generally thought by linguists to have originated somewhere in northeastern Africa, and began to diverge around the 8th millennium BCE, although there is much debate about the exact date and place.
		By the end of the 3rd millennium BCE the ancestral Aramaic, Ugaritic and Canaanite languages were spoken in the Levant alongside the influential dialects of Ebla and Akkad.
		The language of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was a dialect of Aramaic.
	www.onlinereligion.com /encyclopedia/Hebrew_language (4284 words)

	Georgian
		Georgian is also the liturgical language for all members of the Georgian Orthodox church.
		The Georgian literary language went through three periods in its development: the Old Georgian period (5th-12th centuries), was characterized by religious content; the Medieval Georgian period (12th - 18th century) produced a number of epics; the Modern Georgian period that started in the 18th century was the beginning of the Georgian renaissance.
		Georgian is the literary language for speakers of Svan, Laz, and Mingrelian.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Georgian.html (683 words)

	Georgian - Language Directory
		Georgian is the most important of the South Caucasian languages, a family that also includes Svan and Megrelian (chefly spoken in Northwest Georgia) and Laz (chiefly spoken along the Black Sea coast of Turkey, from Trabzon to the Georgian frontier).
		The oldest form of the Georgian script, the Asomtavruli ("capital") alphabet, was invented in 412 BC by Georgian priests of the cult of Matra (Persian Mithra).
		The Asomtavruli alphabet was reformed in 284 BC by king Farnavaz I of Iberia.
	language-directory.50webs.com /languages/georgian.htm (278 words)

	Georgian
		Georgian is spoken primarily in Georgia, the newly independent nation, situated in the Caucasus mountains, and bordering Turkey and the Black Sea.
		Georgian belongs to the Caucasian family of languages, which are unique among the rest of the world's languages, but since these languages have been grouped more on the basis of geography than linguistics, it is questionable whether any of the other Caucasian languages are actually related to it.
		The origin of the beautiful Georgian alphabet is obscure, but it is known to have been invented in the 5th century.
	thor.prohosting.com /~linguist/georgian.htm (349 words)

	A Brief History of the Italian Language
		The Georgian language is one of the oldest continuously spoken languages on earth with a rich literary tradition.
		It is postulated that the Georgian script was derived mostly from an ancient form of the Aramaic alphabet with "the order of the alphabet and the shape of some of its characters [deriving] from the Greek alphabet." (appendix 2) (Gamkrelidze, 1011).
		Georgian also has a vocative case which occurs in many Slavic languages-it in fact is identical to the vocative case that exists in Czech.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/Georgian1.html (1741 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Georgian is spoken by approximately four million people, mainly in the Republic of Georgia where it is the official language.
		Georgian is a member of South Caucasian (or Kartvelian) branch of the Caucasian language family which is spoken in the area between the Black and Caspian Seas.
		The language distinguishes eight nominal cases (nominative, ergative, accusative/dative, genitive, instrumental, adverbial, ablative, and locative) in one declension, and marks singular and plural by a suffix on nouns preceding the case marker.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=58 (975 words)

	Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli)
		The Mkhedruli alphabet developed from an older Georgian alphabet known as Nuskha-khucuri between the 11th and 13th centuries.
		The first printed material in the Georgian language, in the Mkhedruli alphabet, was published in 1669.
		Since then the alphabet has changed very little, though a few letters were added by Anton I in the 18th century, and 5 letters were dropped in the 1860s when Ilia Chavchavadze introduced a number of reforms.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/georgian2.htm (531 words)

	Georgian Computing Information (Penn State)
		Georgian is a Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language from the Republic of Gerogia (or Sakartvelo) and neighboring countries, and has very rich set of consonants.
		Another option is to compose the basic text in an international or foreign languags text editor or word processor and export the content as an HTML or text file with the appropriate encoding.
		Georgian numeric Unicode entity codes can be used for small pieces of text when other methods to not work.
	tlt.its.psu.edu /suggestions/international/bylanguage/georgian.html (855 words)

	Alphabets / Phonemic alphabets
		Alphabets, or phonemic alphabets, are sets of letters, usually arranged in a fixed order, each of which represents one or more phonemes, both consonants and vowels, in the language they are used to write.
		The Greeks were the first people to create a phonemic alphabet when they adapted the Phoenican alphabet to write their language.
		The best-known and most widely-used alphabets are the Latin or Roman alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet, which have been adapted to write numerous languages.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/alphabets.htm (246 words)

	OHCHR: Georgian () - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Native language of Georgia, located in Transcaucasia on the south-eastern corner of the Black Sea, Georgian is spoken by about 32million.
		Georgian belongs to the Caucasian family, but since these languages have been grouped more on the basis of geography than linguistics, it is questionable whether any of the other Caucasian languages are actually related to it.
		The origin of the Georgian alphabet is obscure, but it is known to have been invented in the 5th century A.D. It is written from left to right.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/geo.htm (221 words)

	Georgian Language Phrase Book: How To Speak Georgian (nearly) like a native!
		Survival Georgian is a Georgian language phrase book for speakers of English.
		Survival Georgian is over 100 pages of practical words and phrases in the Georgian language, organized by topics such as "Requests", "Time", "Places" and "Emergencies".
		The Georgian Association in the USA, Inc. is a 75 year-old national non-profit corporation whose mission is to strengthen and support the Georgian-American community on a national level and to support an independent, democratic and prosperous Georgia.
	www.survivalgeorgian.com (370 words)

	Caucasian Language Family
		Besides languages from other language families (Armenian, Azerbaijani, Russian) brought by settlers and invaders over the past three millennia, there are 39 indigenous languages recognized as belonging to a single Caucasian family.
		Even though many of these languages have sizable populations of fluent speakers, the combination of bilingualism in Russian, restrictions imposed by former Soviet government policies, and lack of educational and employment opportunities in these languages may signal the end of the road for many of them.
		Typical of some Caucasian languages is Adyge first written in 1918 with an alphabet based on the Arabic script.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/CaucasianLanguageFamily.html (536 words)

	Georgian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The course is taken in English - Georgian; German - Georgian; French - Georgian languages.
		The Georgians take their origin from Kheto-Iberian tribes inhabiting the territory of Georgia and adjoining south-western land in the 3 rd millennium B.C. Georgian language is one of the oldest languages.
		Its alphabet, one of the fourteen alphabets in the world was created in the 4th-3rd cc B.C. The examples of ancient Georgian written language are discovered not only in Georgia but in 13 churches and monasteries of Jerusalem, Palestine, Egypt and Syria.
	www.tsmu.edu /assa/language-pr.htm (251 words)

	translation of georgian alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The origin of the Georgian alphabet is obscure, but it is known to have been invented in the...
		The Mkhedruli alphabet developed from an older Georgian alphabet known as Nuskha-khucuri between the 11th and 13th...
		Georgian language belongs to the Kartvelian group of the Iberian-Caucasian Language Family.
	www.georgianweb.net /translation/translation-of-georgian-alphabet.html (196 words)

	Georgian language resources
		Georgian Court University, The Mercy University of New Jersey, is open to students of all faiths.
		Domination by Persians, Arabs, and Turks was followed by a Georgian golden age (11th to the 13th centuries) that was cut short by the Mongol invasion of 1236...
		Georgian Association in the USA, Inc. The Georgian Association is a nonpartisan nationwide membership organization of Georgian-Americans and friends of Georgia that advocates for Georgia and...
	mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Georgian.html (1362 words)

	Georgian Language
		Georgian Alphabet: The Mkhedruli (means "warrior") alphabet developed from an older Georgian alphabet known as Nushka-khucuri between the 11th and 13th centuries.
		Georgian Standardization Efforts: The rules have been adopted by the Transcription Group (headed by Ivane Gigineishvili) of the Georgian Encyclopedia in collaboration with experts in respective languages, and have been confirmed by the Governmental Commission for Standardization of Modern Literary Georgian (now the State Language Commission attached to the Georgian Presidency).
		For more linguistic affiliation, language variation, orthography, linguistic sketch, and history of Georgian language UCLA Language Materials Project has a good linguistics and interlingual background information on Georgian.
	www.online-languagetranslators.com /georgian_language.htm (289 words)

	HyeEtch - The Armenians - Language & Alphabet p2
		The Armenian alphabet, which consists of 38 characters, was created in 405 A.D. by a monk named Mesrop Mashtots (the original alphabet had 36 letters, two characters were added later).
		The first work of literature with the new alphabet was the translation of the Bible from Greek.
		It is difficult to express the deep feeling Armenians have for their language, which many regard as the lifeblood of their culture.
	www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au /armenians/language_p1.html (1061 words)

	Sequoyah's Talking Leaves
		Realizing a key to development of the Cherokee Nation was a written language, Sequoyah began work on a graphic representation of the Cherokee language.
		Sequoyah's written language was not the first example of the concept.
		The leaders of the tribe felt that this written language was the work of the devil, and to force him to stop they ordered Ridge to remove the tops of his fingers.
	ngeorgia.com /history/alphabet.html (533 words)

	Myspace.com
		Georgias determination to establish and secure its deserved place in the civilized world community and integrate into Euro-Atlantic structures was confronted by Russias unceremonious politics, which grossly violate all internationally accepted laws, norms and ethics: Occupation of Georgian territories (Abkhazia and Tskhinvali Region) as well as recent energy supply and economic blockades.
		It is paradoxical that, same Georgian products which were restricted on a Russian market due to so called falsification and poor quality even to this day, receive medals and certificates of recognition issued by Russian experts.
		Clearly, import restriction imposed on Georgian products is a political maneuver, testaments to which are official resolutions enacted by Russian Duma and statements made by individual Russian politicians.
	groups.myspace.com /Georgians (599 words)

	Georgian translation, English to Georgian translation, Georgian to English translation, Georgian web site translation, ...
		Whether you are a Georgian company hoping to break into the English speaking market or you have a product to sell to Georgia, WTB Language Group can help you.
		They have in-depth understanding of the subject matter and solid mastering of the Georgian language including its spelling, grammar, and cultural appropriateness.
		Georgia (in Georgian, Sakartvelo), officially Republic of Georgia, republic in the Transcaucasia region of western Asia, bordered by the Black Sea on the west, Russia on the north, and Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkey on the south.
	www.wintranslation.com /languages/georgian.html (345 words)

	Find out more about the Georgian language, Georgian food, recipes, spices and gifts. Learn about Georgian people, ...
		This is the little known story of Georgian soldiers during WWII who were held prisoner by the Germans on the Dutch island of Texel.
		This is my favorite Georgian cookbook; in addition to delicious and authentic recipes, the author includes sections on Georgian history and customs as they relate to food.
		The written language dates from the fifth century and is the only written member of the non-Indoeuropean Kartvelian (South Caucasian) linguistic family.
	www.survivalgeorgian.com /links.html (724 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Georgian
		One of these traits is the Georgian alphabet, which was influenced by Greek and Iranian scripts.
		The earliest example is 5th century CE, which many scholars take to be the invention date of this alphabet, and assign its inventor to Saint Mesrop, who also invented the Armenian alphabet.
		One interesting feature of the Georgian language (and languages in the Caucasus region in general) is the existence of voiceless ejective or glottalized consonants.
	www.ancientscripts.com /georgian.html (321 words)

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