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Topic: Georgian Military Road

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	AllRefer.com - Georgian Military Road (CIS And Baltic Physical Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Georgian Military Road, CIS And Baltic Physical Geography
		Georgian Military Road, highway, SE European Russia and Georgia.
		Skirting Mt. Kazbek, it crosses the Caucasus at an altitude of 7,815 ft (2,382 m), descends through the Krestovy Pass, and cuts through forests and villages to its southern terminus at Tbilisi.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/GeorgnMR.html (247 words)

	Rustavi Choir - Besiki Sisauri's Web Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		I first heard Georgian singing in l974, when, as a young adventurer in search of the musically exotic and miraculous, I pointed my car east and drove from London to Tbilisi, traversing the Caucasus Mountains by the Georgian Military Highway, though "Highway" is a rather too generous name for that road.
		Georgian vocal music is strictly divided between men's and women's genres, and from the beginning, the Rustavi singers have been male.
		Georgian polyphony is remarkable on several accounts, not the least of which is its anomalous character as a kind of musical island in a sea of homophony (i.e., music in which melodic interest is concentrated in a single line).
	www.angelfire.com /ga/Georgian/music.html (2131 words)

	Georgian Military Road
		Skirting Mt. Kazbek, it crosses the Caucasus at an altitude of 7,815 ft (2,382 m), descends through the Krestovy Pass, and cuts through forests and villages to its southern terminus at
		Following an ancient route used by traders and invaders, it was started by the Russians in 1799 and completed in 1863.
		The road was protected by military outposts in the 19th cent., during fighting between Russian troops and Caucasian mountaineers.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0820582.html (102 words)

	The Caucasian Borderland
		The second is the Georgian Military Road from Ordjonikidze (formerly Vladikavkas), in the Northern Caucasus, to Tbilisi (Tiflis).
		It was only at the end of the eighteenth century that the Georgian Military Road became a practical highway, when General Todleben, the conqueror of Berlin, crossed the pass with two battalions and four guns.
		There are other passes over the Caucasus, the best-known of which are the Mamison (Ossetian Military Road) which connects the upper valley of the Ardon, a tributary of the Terek, with the valley of the Rion, and the Klukhor pass (2816 m.) connecting the valley of the Kuban with that of the Kodor.
	www.geocities.com /Eureka/Enterprises/2493/caucbord.htm (2956 words)

	"Mtskheta" by Valerian Mamukelashvili - from Besiki Sisauir's Web Site
		On the left bank of the Canyon, at the Georgian Military Road there were found ruins of a bronze roofing of Neolithic period (the 4th-3rd cc B.C., the turn of the millennium).
		Mtskheta is a root of the Georgian nation its tears and joy; a state of Georgia was founded in Mtskheta; the Georgian language spread from Mtskheta Christian religion originated from the Mtskheta font and over the centuries has been its cradle and banner.
		The old Georgian historical sources suppose it was built long ago when Mtskheta, built, on both banks of the river Mtkvari, was the most important trade center for Georgia's home and foreign trade and the town needed to be connected.
	b.sisauri.tripod.com /lit/mtskheta/mtskheta.html (3651 words)

	THE PENETANGUISHENE ROAD Part 1
		As a number of settlers established themselves along this military road in 1819 and 1820, even before the townships lying at the rear of the lots had been actually surveyed, it will be advisable to treat of this Old Survey by itself, from end to end of the road.
		The plan the government took to allot the lands to the settlers along this road was to give each settler as he came a farm, beginning at the south end and proceeding northward, according as he arrived, assigning a farm, first on one side of the road, then on the other.
		Among the arrivals to settle on this side of the road at a slightly later date, yet during the early pioneer period, was the Caston family.
	www.waynecook.com /penetang1.html (5596 words)

	The Georgian - South Ossetian Conflict, chapter 4
		Georgian sources mention that after the Mongol-Tartar invasions in the 13th century, the Ossetians (encouraged by the Mongols) attempted to occupy the territory south of the mountains but were forced back by the Georgians.
		According to Georgian sources, the Ossetians began their settlement in Georgia in the 1860s in the estates of Georgian feudal lords (hence one of the Georgian names for South Ossetia is Samachablo, after the feudal Duke Machabeli).
		Though Georgian at this time already was the state language of the republic, with some of the minority languages having equal status in minority areas, this was a tightening stressing that Georgian should be used in all public spheres of society.
	www.caucasus.dk /chapter4.htm (6704 words)

	Georgian eleqtronic editions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Armenian historian, Stephanoz Orbeliani, “It was decided for the king (Georgian) to have a white flag with a red sign, and he ordered them (Orbelianis) to have a red banner with a white sign and thus pay their regards to the king”.
		For instance, according to the opinion of Teimuraz Bagrationi, Georgian “kings would always depict on the flag and the coat of arms the image of the holy Giorgi, and the same was repeated on the armour and helmets of the cavalrymen and his face was first appreciated in the state of the Georgians” (34, p.19).
		Thus, the cited sources prove that the image depicted on the Georgian state flag was that of St.George, who as we know, in Georgian mentality is linked to the ancient period of paganism and represented the Moon, the supreme god and protector” (125, p.161).
	www.nplg.gov.ge /ic/library_e/gabeskiria/12.htm (2373 words)

	IBC 2005 Excursions - 02
		Georgian Military Road starts from Tbilisi, passes over the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus along the canyon of the river Tergi flowing along the east-facing side of the peak Kazbegi, enters the Dariali canyon at the settlement Kazbegi and stretches towards Vladikavkaz (Russia).
		The road was known yet B. Aims of the excursion: Acquaintance with different plant communities and flora, from hemixerophilous shrubbery (shibliak) and beech forests to alpine meadows and subnival plant world.
		The Georgian Military Road crosses a mega-anticlinal ridge of the Greater Caucasus.
	www.ibc2005.ac.at /program/excursions/e02.htm (676 words)

	Georgia will start a full-scale Caucasian war : Italy imc (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The Georgian Army is preparing for an invasion to South Ossetia.
		According to the sources in the Georgian Ministry of Defense, 20 tanks, dozens of light armored vehicles and several Grad multiple-rocket launchers were delivered to the area.
		Georgian troops cannot succeed in stopping the traffic between the North and the South.
	italy.indymedia.org /print.php?id=563339 (975 words)

	NCSJ - Russia, Georgia Square Off (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A more immediate problem for the pipeline is a dispute with the Georgian government over trench depths and the security of valves as it passes through the treasured Georgian national park of Borjomi.
		Russia accused Georgian forces of firing this week on a Russian delegation led by Andrei Kokoshin, the head of the Russian parliament's committee in charge of relations with other former Soviet republics.
		Georgian officials said the shots were fired after the boat failed to obey orders to stop for a check.
	www.ncsj.org /AuxPages/080604WSJ_Rus-Geo.shtml (733 words)

	Military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Even those communities that have no obvious military landmark structures or civilian buildings with a military past are almost certain to have some monument, memorial or cenotaph, as testament to those who served and possibly gave their lives in defending Canada.
		Taken over by the military for the purpose of harbour defence early in the twentieth century, the island was only truly built upon in 1942 when it became a military base for the defence of Vancouver harbour.
		In 1921, the Kamloops military centre became the headquarters of all of the Rocky Mountain Rangers units in BC.
	www.heritagebc.ca /military.htm (7826 words)

	Kommersant - Russia's Daily Online
		The Georgian Military Road and the Transcaucasian Highway pass through its territory, connecting Russia with the Transcaucasus via the Krestovy and Roksky passes of the Main Caucasus Range.
		Ossetian culture in the first half of the 19th century was noted for the establishment of missionary, military, and then civilian schools that later served as the basis for the development of education.
		The Ossetian military intelligentsia made a significant contribution to the development of the national culture, enriching it with the cultural wealth of other nations and scientific advances and providing material support for cultural workers and talented youth.
	www.kommersant.com /tree.asp?rubric=5&node=448&doc_id=-105 (1990 words)

	Tbilisi, Georgia - Travel Photos by Galen R Frysinger, Sheboygan, Wisconsin
		T’bilisi is located at the southern end of the Georgian Military Road and is served by the Transcaucasian Railroad.
		It was, however, the capital of an independent Georgian state in the 12th and 13th centuries.
		It was made the capital of the newly created Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) in 1936, and in 1991 it became the capital of an independent Georgia.
	www.galenfrysinger.com /tbilisi,_georgia.htm (240 words)

	Military Periscope
		American citizens in Tbilisi are advised to remain aware of their surroundings at all times, day or night; and to stay off dark or unlit streets even when traveling in a group; to avoid carrying large sums of cash; and to be particularly cautious of being singled out for victimization at establishments frequented by foreigners.
		Under Georgian law, a driver may be considered to be driving under the influence of alcohol with any blood alcohol concentration exceeding zero.
		Roads in Georgia are generally in poor condition and often lack shoulder markings and centerlines.
	www.periscope1.com /preview/travel_advisory.html (2750 words)

	Kazbegi
		The Georgian Military Road climbs along the river to Djvari Pass.
		Behind the village of Mleti the road climbs more than 1000 meters to Djvari Pass, the Pass of the Cross in a series of hair-raising switch-back curves.
		Sophie knew a mythical tale of the owner stealing the wife of his Georgian neighbor and braving the siege of her cuckolded husband.
	vdjorbenadze.tripod.com /Kazbegi/Kazbegi.htm (1028 words)

	Understanding a Chechen war - a must read. - Stormfront White Nationalist Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		According to Russian ethnographer Lev Gumilyov, Georgians at the end of the18th century managed to persuade the "half-insane" Pavel I to established a protectorate over their country (actually, Pavel was just simple minded and open-hearted rather then insane; he was moved by idealistic principles of Orthodox unity and mutual help).
		Georgians, who at that time belonged to Persia, were in a very difficult situation - unlike the Armenians, who enjoyed relative prosperity in the Osman Empire.
		In the North Caucasus, mountain peoples on the both sides of the Georgian military road were practically independent: on the eastern side were Shamil and his Myurids; on the western side were the Abkhazians and the Cherkesses, who, formally recognising Russian authority, freely made contact with Turkey and were buying weapons and selling slaves.
	www.stormfront.org /forum/showthread.php?t=151276 (5965 words)

	ABKHAZIA.ORG - Georgian Terrorism
		On the same day a Georgian diversionary group launched a raid on the village Guda(v)a in the Gal District; 2 Abkhazian military personnel were wounded; 2 Georgian diversionaries were taken into custody.
		10 September: on the road from the village of Rechkhi towards the village Saberio in the Gal District a vehicle with personnel of the Interior Ministry of the Republic of Abkhazia came under fire from an ambush.
		Kartvelian) population of Abkhazia, having been convinced by Georgian propagandist claims that the bulk of the pre-war quarter of a million Kartvelian (largely Mingrelian) population of Abkhazia was subjected after the Abkhazian victory in September 1993 and has been subjected ever since to ethnic cleansing.
	www.abkhazia.org /terror.html (2747 words)

	Narikala
		In the Kura's gorge once intersected the most important roads leading from Europe to India and from the South to the North.
		Mtskheta - Armazi was gradually losing its leading importance (Mtskheta - the ancient capital of Georgia - lying at 20 kilometres to the north of Tbilisi on the Georgian Military Road) while the power of the Tbilisi fortress - Kala - increased.
		In 1935 was completed the arrangement of a promenade on the Solalaki ridge along the former fortress wall.It is possible to get to the promenade by the Kodzhori road or by the so-called Petkhain stairs from the old part of the town.
	www.geocities.com /revaz2002/narikala (1490 words)

	"In-Tourism" Ltd, Georgia's foremost tour operator
		The Georgian language is one of the oldest living languages of the world.
		In ancient Myth Georgia is known as land of Golden Fleece and Argonauts, the princess Medea and rebellious Prometheus.
		The remains of the royal palace and the mayor cathedral, with its ancient murals, stand behind the stronghold.
	itour.8m.com (1181 words)

	Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin: Is the road in Georgia too perilous? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Georgia's president, Eduard A. Shevardnadze, once a first secretary of the Georgian Communist Party and later a minister of foreign affairs for the former Soviet Union, currently has plenty of troubles on his plate.
		However, should the United States decide to expand its military presence in Georgia, it will face rampant crime and corruption, ethnic conflicts to include a spillover war with Russia, and possible strained tensions with neighboring countries.
		In early October when Shevardnadze was directing the Chechen guerrilla sweep in the Pankisi Gorge, he raised the possibility of expanding the sweep into the Tskhinvali District of South Ossetia, where Georgian officials accuse Ossetians of harboring rebels and engaging in narcotics trafficking.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0IBS/is_2_29/ai_101862301 (1382 words)

	Caucasian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Russian Invasion of the Caucasus, better known in Russia as the Caucasian War of 1817-1864, was a series of military actions of Imperial Russia against Chechnya, Dagestan and Northwestern Caucasus aimed at conquering these territories.
		Modern conflicts in this area of Caucasus are rooted in this 19th-century war.
		Construction of the Georgian Military Road through disputed territories was a key factor in the eventual Russian success.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caucasus_War (312 words)

	Silk Road video set (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Focus on the city that is now called Xi'an, which was the capital of China under the Han, when the Silk Road first began, and the Tang (i.e., between about the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE).
		Focus is on the ruins of the fortress-city of Karakhoto (one of the centers of the Xixia or Tangut state that flourished in the region just prior to the Mongol invasion of the thirteenth century), where the modern archaeological/film crew finds various artifacts including pieces of silk and written texts.
		Silk Road Seattle is a project of the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities at the University of Washington.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/guides/srvidsdetail.html (3794 words)

	MBG: Research: Russia: Ornamental plants from Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		From Tbilisi, the well-travelled Georgian Military Road leads northward across the Greater Caucasus Range to Vladikavkaz (Ordzhonikidze during the Soviet period).
		This road is mentioned in old Georgian chronicles and the ancient manuscripts of Roman and Arab historians.
		The first settlement along the Georgian Military Road is Mtskheta, the former capital of Georgia, where the road crosses the Aragvi River valley and the Sagurami Ridge.
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/Research/russia/georgia.shtml (3613 words)

	The Old Military Road
		The effort was doomed, but it set off a frenzy of road building by a British Army bent on expanding their supply routes and determined to pursue and capture Irish rebels before they escaped into the Wicklow Mountain glens and safe houses.
		You'll find few soldiers on the Military Road today, but it remains as one of the loveliest, if not one of the loneliest spots in Ireland.
		From Ballyboden, the road rises into the mountains, at this point called Stocking Lane because it was once a "stocking-up" place for the army before going into the mountains.
	www.irelandforvisitors.com /articles/old_military_road.htm (853 words)

	NewsFromRussia.Com Georgian breakaway region carries out massive military maneuvers
		Protesters have been blocking a road to Kyrgyzstan's largest gold mine for a week, hindering shipments to the Canadian-operated mine demanding compensation for a cyanide spill into the local river More details...
		Georgian authorities filed terrorism charges against a man who has confessed to throwing a grenade at George W. Bush at a rally in Georgia's capital in May More details...
		It came to blows in the Georgian parliament when the opposition claimed Minister of the Interior Vano Merabishvili to resign amid allegations that the head of the ministry had provoked today’s night disorders in Georgia’s capital Tbilisi More details...
	newsfromrussia.com /cis/2005/08/15/61290.html (1422 words)

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