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Topic: Georgian alphabet

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Armenian alphabet

4th century BC

6th century BC

Georgian Language and Alphabet

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Georgian language

Farnavaz I of Iberia

Culture of Georgia

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Cyrillic alphabet

Abkhaz alphabet

Aramaic alphabet

Albanian alphabet

Georgian

Georgian grammar

	Georgian alphabet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Georgian historical tradition attributes the invention of the Georgian alphabet to Parnavaz I of Iberia in the 3rd century BC.
		Georgian linguists claim that the orthography is phonemic.
		According to the Koryun, Armenian historian of the V c, the Georgian as well as ancient Albanian alphabet was created by inventor of the Armenian alphabete St. Mesrob Mashtots, that the Georgian scientists reject as improbable because of letter shape differences in Armenian and Georgian alphabet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Georgian_alphabet (501 words)

	Georgian language
		Georgian is the primary language of 4,150,000 people in Georgia itself (90% of the population), and of another 2.5 million people abroad (chiefly in Turkey and Russia, with smaller communities in Iran and Azerbaijan).
		The Asomtavruli alphabet was reformed in 284 BC by king Farnavaz I of Iberia.
		Georgian Paleography, Tbilisi, 1949, 500 pp (in Georgian)\n* Ramaz Pataridze.
	encyclopedia.codeboy.net /wikipedia/g/ge/georgian_language.html (731 words)

	Georgian language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Georgian is the primary language of 4 000 people in Georgia itself (90% of population) and of another 2.5 million people (chiefly in Turkey and Russia with smaller communities in Iran and Azerbaijan).
		Georgian is the most important of the South Caucasian languages a family that also includes Svan Megrelian (chiefly spoken in Northwest Georgia) and (chiefly spoken along the Black Sea coast Turkey from Trabzon to the Georgian frontier).
		The Typology of Subordination in Georgian and Abkhaz
	www.freeglossary.com /Georgian_language (780 words)

	Georgia (country) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two Georgian Kingdoms of late antiquity, known to Greece and Rome as Iberia in the east of the country and Colchis in the west, were among the first nations in the region to adopt Christianity (317 AD and 523 AD, respectively).
		The Georgian Eduard Shevardnadze, the USSR's Georgian minister for foreign affairs, was one of the main architects of the Perestroika reforms of the late 1980s.
		Historical Georgian paganism was associated with the Moon and the highest god in the Georgian pantheon was the idol of Armazi, a soldier-figure, Moon-god, erected at the hill in Mtskheta.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Georgia_(country) (4532 words)

	Georgian Alphabet
		The contemporary Georgian script is known as mkhedruli ('military') in contrast to the earlier khutsuri ('ecclesiastical') script.
		The oldest surviving examples of mkhedruli date from the 11-12th centuries, and it may well be that the script was a development of a cursive form of khutsuri.
		Georgian handwriting can often be a little difficult to read, not least because of the number of ligatures used.
	members.tripod.com /ggdavid/georgia/language/anbani.htm (186 words)

	Georgian
		Georgian is also the liturgical language for all members of the Georgian Orthodox church.
		The Georgian literary language went through three periods in its development: the Old Georgian period (5th-12th centuries), was characterized by religious content; the Medieval Georgian period (12th - 18th century) produced a number of epics; the Modern Georgian period that started in the 18th century was the beginning of the Georgian renaissance.
		Georgian is the literary language for speakers of Svan, Laz, and Mingrelian.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/march/Georgian.html (683 words)

	A Brief History of the Italian Language
		The Georgian language is one of the oldest continuously spoken languages on earth with a rich literary tradition.
		It is postulated that the Georgian script was derived mostly from an ancient form of the Aramaic alphabet with "the order of the alphabet and the shape of some of its characters [deriving] from the Greek alphabet." (appendix 2) (Gamkrelidze, 1011).
		Georgian also has a vocative case which occurs in many Slavic languages-it in fact is identical to the vocative case that exists in Czech.
	linguistics.byu.edu /classes/ling450ch/reports/Georgian1.html (1741 words)

	[No title]
		Georgian tribes that populated the eastern regions of Georgia in the 16-14th centuries BC supported themselves mainly through agriculture and by raising cattle.
		Georgian chronicles tell us that in the 2nd century BC Georgia used a lunar calendar, and we know that this lunar calendar continued to be used until the end of the 3rd century AD.
		Georgian authors, translators, and book copiers all realized the importance of restoring astronomical knowledge, which to all intents and purposes had been lost in the period from the 13th through 15th centuries.
	www.as.wvu.edu /~scmcc/simonia.txt (5920 words)

	Georgian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Georgian people, a nation or an ethnic group originating in the Caucasus
		Georgian period in British history, a period in English between kings George I and George IV
		Georgian architecture, classic English architectural styles current between about 1720 and 1840
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Georgian (121 words)

	ipedia.com: Georgian language Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Georgian is the official language of Georgia, a republic in the Caucasus.
		Georgian is the most important of the South Caucasian languages, a family that also includes Svan and Megrelian (chiefly spoken in Northwest Georgia) and Laz (chiefly spoken along the Black Sea coast of Turkey, from Trabzon to the Georgian frontier).
		The Georgian Asomtavruli, Tbilisi, 1980, 600 pp (in Georgian)
	www.ipedia.com /georgian_language.html (455 words)

	MAR \| Data \| Chronology for Abkhazians in Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Georgian and Russian representatives meet and agree that the various conflicts in the Caucasus cannot be separated from one another and must be settled in a comprehensive manner.
		The Georgian parliament adopted 2 resolutions On the measures to overcome the complex situation in Abkhazia and the crisis caused by the Abkhaz separatists’ decision to hold illegal elections and On the implementation of the April 17 resolution (BBC).
		During the conflict, the Georgian government accused the Abkhaz leadership of carrying out a planned campaign of ethnic cleansing and also accused the Russian peacekeeping force of failing to do their job, as the attacks were carried out in the buffer zone supposedly controlled by the Russian troops.
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=37201 (7681 words)

	About Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		They do not use the Cyrillic or the Roman alphabet but rather their own Georgian alphabet which is completely different from that of any other in the world.
		Georgians are among the most hospitable and generous people in the world, with strong traditions of chivalry and codes of personal honour.
		Georgian traditional polyphony (music consisting of two or more related melodic lines) is not the result of any effort to create arrangements for the concert stage.
	www.argosoft.org /darbazi/aboutgeorgia.aspx (1427 words)

	Georgian alphabet (Mkhedruli) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Mkhedruli alphabet developed from an older Georgian alphabet known as Nuskha-khucuri between the 11th and 13th centuries.
		However, in the writings of a linguist called Akaki Shanidze (1887-1987) and in works written in his honour, letters from the Asomtavruli alphabet are used to mark proper names and the beginning of sentences.
		Since then the alphabet has changed very little, though a few letters were added by Anton I in the 18th century, and 5 letters were dropped in the 1860s when Ilia Chavchavadze introduced a number of reforms.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/georgian2.htm (527 words)

	Georgian Language Phrase Book: How To Speak Georgian (nearly) like a native!
		Survival Georgian is a Georgian language phrase book for speakers of English.
		Survival Georgian is over 100 pages of practical words and phrases in the Georgian language, organized by topics such as "Requests", "Time", "Places" and "Emergencies".
		The Georgian Association in the USA, Inc. is a 75 year-old national non-profit corporation whose mission is to strengthen and support the Georgian-American community on a national level and to support an independent, democratic and prosperous Georgia.
	www.survivalgeorgian.com (370 words)

	UCLA Language Materials Project Language Profiles Page
		Georgian is spoken by approximately four million people, mainly in the Republic of Georgia where it is the official language.
		Georgian is a member of South Caucasian (or Kartvelian) branch of the Caucasian language family which is spoken in the area between the Black and Caspian Seas.
		The variation between the Georgian dialects is reflected at all levels of the language.
	www.lmp.ucla.edu /Profile.aspx?LangID=58 (988 words)

	hist_e (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Georgian alphabet is found among 13 original scripts of various peoples of the world.
		There are three types of the Georgian alphabet, formed in a process of its development.
		The most ancient paleographic Georgian script dates to the 30s of the 5th century A.D. This is a mosaic script in one of the Georgian monasteries in Palestine found during the archaeological expedition led by Virgillio Korbo in 1952.
	www.itic.org.ge /udabno/hist2_e.htm (228 words)

	MT WorldType Georgian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Even though the basic order of Georgian characters is based on the Greek alphabet, the order differs wherever there is a need for a Georgian symbol with no equivalent in Greek.
		This stability is in large part due to the good design of the alphabet: each letter corresponds to a unique phoneme and each phoneme is written by one letter only.
		Besides the various dialects of the Georgian language, Georgian script was at one time used to write Abkhaz and other languages of the Caucasus.
	www.monotype.co.uk /NonLatin/wt_info/info_georgian.html (362 words)

	OHCHR: Georgian () - Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Native language of Georgia, located in Transcaucasia on the south-eastern corner of the Black Sea, Georgian is spoken by about 32million.
		Georgian belongs to the Caucasian family, but since these languages have been grouped more on the basis of geography than linguistics, it is questionable whether any of the other Caucasian languages are actually related to it.
		The origin of the Georgian alphabet is obscure, but it is known to have been invented in the 5th century A.D. It is written from left to right.
	www.unhchr.ch /udhr/lang/geo.htm (221 words)

	11.3 Caucasian Albanian Alphabet - Ancient Script Discovered in the Ashes by Zaza Alexidze and Betty Blair
		Alphabets provide the medium to pass along information and wisdom to generations that follow hundreds and thousands of years later.
		As ancient alphabets are discovered and deciphered, they provide us with a glimpse back into history and a chance to marvel at early man's knowledge, his beliefs and accomplishments.
		Georgians seem to have played a dominant role since the second half of 10th century when a number of chapels and complexes were built by Georgian kings.
	www.azer.com /aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113_articles/113_zaza_script_ashes.html (3490 words)

	Georgian Alphabet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Georgian alphabet is one of the fourteen alphabets used in the world today.
		There are three types, or levels of development, of the Georgian alphabet: “Asomtavruli” (upper-case), “Nuskhuri” (lowercase), and “Mkhedruli” (secular).
		The oldest surviving examples of “Asomtavruli” are inscriptions found in Bolnisi on the stones of Sioni church (493) and an inscription on a church built in Palestine by Petre Ibery (433).
	www.geotc.net /lett_about_en.htm (210 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Georgian alphabet
		The Asomtavruli alphabet was reformed in 284 BC by king Parnavaz I of Iberia.
		The information regarding the extreme antiquity of the Georgian alphabet contained in this article is, to say the least, contentious.
		Most western scholars attribute the first extant example of Georgian script to be that of the Georgian church in Bethlehem dating from the 430 AD and not a millennium older.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Georgian_alphabet (416 words)

	Georgian translation, English to Georgian translation, Georgian to English translation, Georgian web site translation, ...
		Whether you are a Georgian company hoping to break into the English speaking market or you have a product to sell to Georgia, WTB Language Group can help you.
		Georgia (in Georgian, Sakartvelo), officially Republic of Georgia, republic in the Transcaucasia region of western Asia, bordered by the Black Sea on the west, Russia on the north, and Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Turkey on the south.
		Formerly the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Georgia includes two autonomous republics-Abkhazia and Adzharia (Ajaria)-and one autonomous region-South Ossetia.
	www.wintranslation.com /languages/georgian.html (345 words)

	Ancient Scripts: Georgian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		One of these traits is the Georgian alphabet, which was influenced by Greek and Iranian scripts.
		The earliest example is 5th century CE, which many scholars take to be the invention date of this alphabet, and assign its inventor to Saint Mesrop, who also invented the Armenian alphabet.
		One interesting feature of the Georgian language (and languages in the Caucasus region in general) is the existence of voiceless ejective or glottalized consonants.
	www.ancientscripts.com /georgian.html (321 words)

	Dreamweaver-Templates.org
		Georgian is the only language in the Ibero-Caucasian family still using its own, ancient alphabet.
		When working with Georgian words or names, remember that our English translation is phonetic; that is, we've translated the sounds of the Georgian alphabet into our English alphabet.
		Georgian: A Learner's Grammar by B.G. Hewitt, George Hewitt
	www.gcof.org /Language.htm (301 words)

	Chronology
		August 26: The Presidium (steering group) of the Georgian Supreme Soviet declares the independence measure of the Abkhaz legislature to be invalid.
		February 18, 1993: Georgian and Russian representatives meet and agree that the various conflicts in the Caucasus cannot be separated from one another and must be settled in a comprehensive manner.
		2 October 1996 The Georgian parliament adopted 2 resolutions@ On the measures to overcome the complex situation in Abkhazia and the crisis caused by the Abkhaz separatists= decision to hold illegal elections@ and AOn the implementation of the April 17 resolution@ (BBC).
	www.cidcm.umd.edu /inscr/mar/data/gabkhazchro.htm (8616 words)

	11.3 Zaza Alexidze, Decipherer - Glimpses of Childhood by Betty Blair
		It was his immense love for books, his knowledge of languages and alphabets - both modern and ancient, his research into paleography and epigraphy, church history and traditions of liturgical writing in the region - all these things taken together that enabled him to crack the code of this strange alphabet.
		The term, "Old Georgian Script", refers to the early Georgian alphabet used between the 5th to 11th centuries, which differ considerably in appearance from the Georgian alphabet that is in use today.
		He is an Academician-Secretary of the Department of Language and Literature of the Georgian Academy of Science and directs Tbilisi's Institute of Manuscripts.
	www.azer.com /aiweb/categories/magazine/ai113_folder/113_articles/113_zaza_decipherer_betty.html (3637 words)

	Georgian translation by Georgian translator - Immigration documents
		Georgian Alphabet: The Mkhedruli (means "warrior") alphabet developed from an older Georgian alphabet known as Nushka-khucuri between the 11th and 13th centuries.
		Georgian is written from left to right in horizontal lines.
		Georgian Standardization Efforts: The rules have been adopted by the Transcription Group (headed by Ivane Gigineishvili) of the Georgian Encyclopedia in collaboration with experts in respective languages, and have been confirmed by the Governmental Commission for Standardization of Modern Literary Georgian (now the State Language Commission attached to the Georgian Presidency).
	www.online-languagetranslators.com /georgian.htm (866 words)

	Find out more about the Georgian language, Georgian food, recipes, spices and gifts. Learn about Georgian people, ...
		This is the little known story of Georgian soldiers during WWII who were held prisoner by the Germans on the Dutch island of Texel.
		Georgian food is amazing, and reading about it will help to prepare you for the trip.
		This is my favorite Georgian cookbook; in addition to delicious and authentic recipes, the author includes sections on Georgian history and customs as they relate to food.
	www.survivalgeorgian.com /links.html (724 words)

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