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Topic: Georgian verb paradigm

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	Georgian verb paradigm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Georgian verb conjugation remains a tough subject even for the people who have been studying the language for a while.
		Since preverbs are absent in the present screeves, these verbs are identical in the present series, and differ in the rest of the series, because different preverbs are prefixed to the verb stem.
		One general rule is that in the verbs that employ the v- set nominal marker, the priority of the indicating the plurality of the subject is higher than that of the object.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Georgian_verb_paradigm (1748 words)

	Glossary
		Georgian, as well as other Caucasian languages in the same family, is part active (even though usually described as ergative).
		The subjects of transitive verbs are always marked with A and their objects are always marked with P. The subjects of intransitive verbs are marked either A or P depending on the situation.
		An intransitive verb that usually has an agentive subject and expresses a volitional act, such as 'sleep', 'laugh', 'fly', etc. The past participle of the verb cannot be used as an adjective (see also unaccusative).
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/glossary.html (4857 words)

	Copula - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The term is generally used to refer to the main copular verb in the language: in the case of English, this is "to be".
		In Russian, the verb byt’ is the infinitive of "to be".
		In both examples, just like in Georgian, this participle is used together with the present and the past forms of the verb in order to conjugate for the perfect and the pluperfect tenses.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/To_be (2291 words)

	copula Information Center - copulas
		It can also be used to refer to all such verbs in the language: in that case, English copulas include, "to be", "to become", "to get", "to feel", i am copula verb and "to seem".
		In Chinese languages, both states and qualities are generally expressed with stative verbs with no need for a copula, e.g., "to be tired" (累 lèi), "to be hungry" (饿 è), "to be located at" (在 zài), "to be stupid" copula equinos (笨 bèn) and so forth.
		In Russian, the verb "быть" (byt’) is the infinitive of "to be".
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_A_-_Co/copula.html (2623 words)

	Syncretism Bibliography
		Chapter III goes on to treat person and number marking in verbs with multiple arguments, characterized by the neutralization of the person features of the agent and in general by neutralization of number; a number of languages are discussed, Nunggubuyu in greatest depth.
		The number syncretism found within individual cases in the Old English noun paradigm might be seen as a counterexample to functionalist claims about the encoding of grammatical features, whereby one should expect the absence of number marking to be correlated with features such as inanimacy and the peripherality of the argument.
		In the context of a study of abstract structures in the lexicon, it is proposed that the cells of an inflectional paradigm are structured as the branches of a tree.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /LIS/MB/Bibliography.htm (9306 words)

	REFENG.HTM
		Difficulties in solving this fundamental problem are basically connected with the complexity of formalization of the Georgian verb, since its conjugation is possible according to both subjective and objective persons (verb polypersonality) causing increase in the number of verbal forms contained in the paradigm, incomparable with other languages.
		The transformation system of the Georgian verb reminds of a three-act "play" in which the rules for the appearance and departure of the actors are strictly defined.
		The "screeve" paradigms of the 1st series are produced on the basis of constant C2, the screeves of the 2nd series on the basis of constant C3, and the screeves of the 3rd series on the basis of constant C1.
	titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de /personal/manana/refeng.htm (3997 words)

	Copula - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Chinese languages, both states and qualities are generally expressed with stative verbs with no need for a copula, e.g., "to be tired" (累 lèi), "to be hungry" (饿 è), "to be located at" (在 zài), "to be stupid" (笨 bèn) and so forth.
		A feature of most Romance languages is the coexistence of two different verbs meaning "to be", the main one from the Latin sum, and a secondary one from 'sto (see Romance copula).
		Unlike Indo-european languages, being an extremely regular agglutinative language, Turkish forms its "being" not as a regular verb, rather as an auxiliary verb denoted as "i-mek" which shows its existence only through suffixes to predicates which can be nouns, adjectives or arguably conjugated verb stems.
	copula.quickseek.com (2779 words)

	[No title]
		The complicity of the Georgian verb for non-native speakers is not the number of tense/aspect/mood-forms (screeves) but the number of verb forms inside the rows.
		The Georgian verb has different forms for the first, second and third person of the subject, and also for singular and plural (v-xat'av, xat'av, xat'av-s, v-xat'av-t, xat'av-t xat'av-en), comp.
		vxat'av) the subject (the one who is acting) is changing, correspondingly, its marker in the verb is changing but the direct object (to whom the action of the subject refers) remains unchangeable: it is the third person object and is not marked in the verb form.
	www.ling.lu.se /education/homepages/georgian/vt/VERB1/Verb102sop.html (660 words)

	Dr. K. Lerner
		In 1990 he migrated to Israel, where he was appointed as Researcher and Lecturer for Georgian Studies at the Institute for Asian and African Studies of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
		His new research interest are: the cultural interaction between his native culture and the Jewish heritage, historical linguistics, reinterpretation of Georgian culture.
		Bulletin of the Kutaisi University 6, Kutaisi 1999:43-52 (in Georgian).
	micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il /~armenia/lerner.html (888 words)

	Screeve Definition / Screeve Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A screeve is a combination of tense, aspect In linguistics, grammatical aspect is a property of a verb that defines the nature of temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state.
		[click for more] and mood, used when describing a verb paradigm (a list of forms of a verbA verb is a part of speech that usually denotes action ("bring", "read"), occurrence ("to decompose" (itself), "to glitter"), or a state of being ("exist", "live", "soak", "stand").
		Screeve is used almost exclusively in descriptions of Georgian grammarThe Georgian language belongs to the Caucasian family.
	www.elresearch.com /Screeve (383 words)

	How to create a language
		Verbs can inflect to show that the focus is on the ongoing process (progressive), or a single action (punctual), or a habitual action, or a repeated action (iterative), or the beginning of an action (inchoative, inceptive), or the ending of an action (cessative), etc. Some languages have literally dozens of these aspects.
		An ergative language, as we saw, is one that marks the subjects of transitive verbs with one case (ergative, ERG), and the subjects of intransitive verbs and objects of transitive ones with another case (absolutivo, ABS).
		Georgian (spoken in the nation of Georgia, an ex-Soviet republic and birthplace of Stalin) shows ergative patterns in one of its verb series (the verb system in Georgian is extremely complicated), but is accusative in the rest.
	www.angelfire.com /scifi2/nyh/how__all.html (17530 words)

	ALS99 Abstracts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The extensions of the verbs in both languages for the expression of other meanings such as existence, possession and caused location will be discussed in the context of grammaticalization, the localist hypothesis and the typology of systems of spatial description.
		Co-occurrence of such verbs with one argument, let alone two, is even rarer although it is clear that the structural principles outlined here are well motivated in the languages concerned, and can be confirmed through elicitation.
		The appearance of these agreement markers is not discourse related, nor are they optional: for a verb with the option of doubly or triply coding an argument, that argument must be double or triple coded on the verb, as well as appearing as an independent NP.
	www.arts.uwa.edu.au /LingWWW/als99/adabs.html (4251 words)

	Dave's Language Creation Notebook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Thus, the verb meant "to fortify", the verbal noun was "fortification", the utility noun was "(a/the) fortification or fort"...
		And then maybe, in all tenses, the cases are flipped for verbs of experience (i.e., nominative marks pronoun stimuli, and accusative marks pronoun experiencers, in the present, and everywhere else, the ergative case marks stimuli, and the absolutive marks experiencers).
		Thus, the case assigned to both the subject and object of a transitive verb is the duative, and the case assigned to the single argument of an intransitive verb is the unitive.
	dedalvs.free.fr /notes.html#ergativity (14367 words)

	LINGUIST List 13.2994: Morphology, Syntax: Harris (2002)
		Here, she refers to the standard hypothesis that many of the Udi simplex verbs are marked for so-called petrified class markers: Accordingly, Udi once knew an agreement system that was based on the semantic subcategorization of a referential noun in subjective/objective function.
		Nevertheless, certain verbs such as 'bak-' 'to be(come)' probably show traces of this paradigm: Here, the first element '-b-' is seen as a reflex of the class marking strategy ('b-' = Class III (basically (grow-up) non-human animates and socially/culturally relevant objects).
		Accordingly, 'besun' is not a monoconsonantal verb, but reflects an older stem 'be-_-'-' (-_- is used to indicate the endoclitic slot) that again is derived from a root '-e^'a-' (preceded by the petrified class marker *b-).
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/13/13-2994.html (4455 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Those of the verbs are promised, but the book closes abruptly without them, for the reason--as the author afterwards explained to a correspondent--that he had not as yet been able to obtain such a complete knowledge of them as he desired.
		Of these paradigms there are two, named in the modern Iroquois grammars paradigms K and A, from the first or characteristic letter of the first personal pronoun.
		These are not all the forms of the Iroquois verb; but enough have been enumerated to give some idea of the wealth of the language in such derivatives, and the power of varied expression which it derives from this source.
	www.harvestfields.netfirms.com /ebook/NativeTribal/03bk/iro01.htm (17948 words)

	Verbs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The simplicity of nominal morphology is compensated by the complicated verbal morphology in Georgian.
		A verb form may change according to the person and number of the subject and even the object(s).
		The number of rows is less in Georgian than in English: 16 rows (tense forms) in English and 11 rows (screeves) in Georgian.
	www.ling.lu.se /education/homepages/ALS061/vt/VERB1/Verb101Gen.html (377 words)

	Euskal Herria Journal \| Basque Language and Culture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The irregular Basque paradigm allows at least one historical reconstruction: (zu) zara, which is today the unmarked equivalent for (you sg.) are“, is obviously the old expression for * (you plur.) are“, which came to be used in the singular.
		The original paradigm of Basque certainly had the pairs naiz (I) am“ : haiz (you sg.) are“ and gara (we) are“ : zara * (you pl.) are“.
		In Basque, the subject in sentences with intransitive verbs and the object in sentences with transitive verbs appear in the same, morphologically unmarked case, which may be called absolutive or nominative.
	www.ehj-navarre.org /blessons/mowstr.html (6025 words)

	WCB- Welcome to WORLDWIDE CIRCASSIAN BROTHERHOOD-News
		Affixes rarely fuse in any way.\n* It has a simple nominal system, contrasting just four noun cases, and not marking grammatical number in the direct or locative cases.\n* Its system of verbal agreement is quite complex.
		English verbs must agree only with the subject; Ubykh verbs, by contrast, must agree with the subject, the direct object and the indirect object, and benefactive objects must also be marked in the verb.\n* It is phonologically complex as well, with 83 distinct consonants (three of which, however, appear only in loan words).
		Nouns do not distinguish grammatical gender ; feminine gender is distinguished in the verb paradigm only.
	www.adygaunion.com /en/news-ubykh.php (2670 words)

	b-greek-digest V1 #923
		For a new paradigm to > be useful, it should show advantages over the older system both > theoretically and practically.
		within the frameworks I use, it is assumed that the verb "moves" to the tense head for morphological reasons.
		In Hebrew I assume that verb moves to tense, and that a constituent is preposed ("topicalization") giving Hebrew its characteristic verb second (V2) flavour (cf.
	www.ibiblio.org /bgreek/archives/greek-3/msg01253.html (1461 words)

	Verb TO BE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Verb TO BE This verb is very important in every language, and mostly it's an irregular verb.
		In Spanish and Catalan language there are two verbs TO BE, and in Russian this verb does not have present tense.
		Each verb is used in specific situations and are not interchangeable.
	www.phrasebase.com /forum/read.php?TID=5878 (1144 words)

	Evidentiality bibliography
		The hierarchical structure of the clause and the typology of perception verb complements.
		In Cognitive Linguistics in the Redwoods: the Expansion of a new Paradigm in Linguistics, 895-941.
		Verb evidentials and their discourse function in Vlach narratives.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~fdehaan/papers/evidbib.html (998 words)

	[No title]
		The 'open question' within semiotics at that juncture, marked by a formal conference (Nõth 2001) addressing just this point of how far the action of signs extends, was no longer whether semiology is superordinate to, co-ordinate with, or subaltern to semiotics, but only whether semiotics is broader even than zoösemiotics.
		The conservative faction in the matter of whether the action of signs, and hence the paradigm of semiotics, can be extended beyond the sphere of cognitive life rallied under Sebeok's coinage, biosemiotics, but construed to name the whole of the sphere of possible semiotics.
		The radical faction in semiotics by the end of Sebeok's life argued that what is distinctive of the action of signs is the shaping of the past on the basis of future events.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /~mryder/itc/sebeok.html (3556 words)

	OSU Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 56, 2001
		The findings reveal a complex pattern of variation that cannot be fully understood at this stage, and pose interesting questions for further investigation.
		Accounts of Georgian morphological agreement marking on verbs have been frustrated by systematic deviations from regular morphemic behavior (co-occurrence restrictions and the so-called 'inversion' construction).
		Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM; Stump 1991, 1993, 2001)) permits the ready formal expression of some recalcitrant aspects of the distribution of agreement markers, but not all.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /publications/osu_wpl/osuwpl-56 (791 words)

	Agreement Biblio Home Page
		This was observed both in the number of intervening words between a controller and its targets and in the difference between verbs, which are fairly close to their controllers, and pronouns.
		The verb of a relative clause or a constituent question may agree in grammatical function with the gap controlled by the head NP or the displaced interrogative phrase.
		The complement-taking verbs with which it occurs are those that commonly occur in clause-union constructions in other languages, and a similar analysis is proposed for Godoberi here.
	www.surrey.ac.uk /LIS/SMG/projects/agreement/agreement_bib_unicode.htm (12396 words)

	Hebrew University Armenian Studies Program, Annual Report 2000
		Georgian Studies are also taught in conjunction with the Armenian program.
		Lerner's monographic study on the early Georgian Judaeo-Christian community is currently in press.
		Bulletin of the Kutaisi University 6, Kutaisi (1999), 43-52 (in Georgian).
	micro5.mscc.huji.ac.il /~armenia/ArmenianReport2000.html (4925 words)

	LINGUIST List 16.3268: Morphology: Müller, Gunkel & Zifonun (2004)
		inflectional paradigm, which are in turn grouped into inflection classes.
		Verb and noun stems are referred to as 'gender-inherent' while plural
		paradigms is the result of two independent regularities'.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/16/16-3268.html (1911 words)

	Distributed Morphology Bibliography
		'Mixed nominalizations, short verb movement, and object shift in English.' In Proceedings of NELS 28, ed.
		'There is no imperative paradigm in Spanish.' In Issues in the Phonology and Morphology of the Major Iberian Languages, ed.
		'Case and locality in L-Syntax: Evidence from Georgian.' In Papers from The UPenn/MIT Roundtable on Argument Structure and Aspect: MITWPL 32, ed.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~rnoyer/dm/bib.html (1028 words)

	ubykh language
		The phonetic vowels are the standard five found in many of the world's languages, such as Georgian, and the same five vowels with phonetic length.
		Later in the 1960s and into the early 1970s, Dumézil began to concern himself with the etymology of Ubykh, publishing a series of notes in various journals on Ubykh etymology in particular and Northwest Caucasian etymology in general.
		Finally, in 1975, the monolith of Ubykh linguistics appeared, Dumézil's Le Verbe Oubykh, which gave a comprehensive account of the verbal and nominal morphology of the language.
	www.fact-library.com /ubykh_language.html (2667 words)

	On Bulgarian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Petruxina, E. "Tipologicheskie osobennosti glagola v slavjanskix jazykax (problema slavjanskoj modeli glagol'nogo dejstvija)." [The typological peculiarities of the verb in Slavic languages (the problem of a Slavic model of verbal action).] Vestnik moskovskogo universiteta, filologija 48 (9).19-25.
		Rydvanskaja, L. "Otrazhenie kategorii vida v professional'nyx nomina agentis, motivirovannyx glagolom, v russkom jazyke v sopostavlenii s ukrainskim, bolgarskim i cheshkim jazykami." [The reflection of the category of aspect in professional nomina agentis, motivated by a verb, in Russian in comparison to Ukrainian,Bulgarian, and Czech.] Russkoe Jazykoznanie 12.45-50.
		Walter, H. "Die Tempus-, Modus- und Aspektsemantik der finiten Verbformen in der modernen bulgarischen Literatursprache." [The tense-, mood-, and aspect-semantics of the finite verb forms in the modern Bulgarian literary language.] Zeitschrift für Slawistik 18.198-212+.
	www.scar.utoronto.ca /~binnick/TENSE/Bulgaria.html (4186 words)

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