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	ESA Portal - Press Releases - OLYMPUS: End of mission
		In addition, this payload was used to constitute the geostationary end of a data relay link between the Inter- Orbit Communications (IOC) terminal mounted on the Agency's EURECA spacecraft and ground controllers and experimenters during that highly successful recently completed mission.
		This re- orbiting at the end of a geostationary satellite mission is ESA policy in order to eliminate the probability that a satellite left to drift in that orbit could later strike or interfere with another satellite.
		These actions were successful, but the amount of fuel assessed to still be available would not have been sufficient to re-establish three-axis controlled attitude of the satellite, stop its orbital drift, return it to its proper position in the geostationary ring and still retain a margin for eventual withdrawal from the geostationary orbit.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/Pr_40_1993_p_EN.html (900 words)

	Section 3
		Consider that geostationary spacecraft orbit at an altitude of 22,300 miles (mi) and have optical instruments that resolve 1 km on the earth in the case of current imaging systems.
		It is well known that motions of a geostationary spacecraft over long and short periods of time will introduce distortions in the resulting images and sequences of images that could impair their usefulness for purposes of locating and tracking atmospheric phenomena such as cloud motion.
		The quality of an image produced from geostationary orbit is related to the spatial and temporal synopticity2 of the image components (i.e., pixels, frames, and/or lines), and the ability to maintain spatial relationships between and within images.
	rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov /goes/text/MITRE-GOES_MP93W62/sec3.html (6857 words)

	geostationary satellite - a Whatis.com definition
		A geostationary satellite is an earth-orbiting satellite, placed at an altitude of approximately 35,800 kilometers (22,300 miles) directly over the equator, that revolves in the same direction the earth rotates (west to east).
		A geostationary satellite can be accessed using a directional antenna, usually a small dish, aimed at the spot in the sky where the satellite appears to hover.
		First, the exact position of a geostationary satellite, relative to the surface, varies slightly over the course of each 24-hour period because of gravitational interaction among the satellite, the earth, the sun, the moon, and the non-terrestrial planets.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /gDefinition/0,,sid7_gci803974,00.html (684 words)

	- Chapter 4
		If its destination is geostationary orbit, it is hauled up the cable of the Bolo to the Central Station and floated off to join the rest of the satellites ringing the Earth at 36,000 kilometers altitude.
		Paul Birch has found that since the Ring Stations can be used to deflect the projectiles in the Orbital Ring sideways as well as vertically, it is possible to deliberately cause the Orbital Ring to precess around the Earth instead of staying fixed in inertial space while the Earth rotates beneath it.
		The orbit is now "geostationary" without having to be either at the normal geostationary altitude or even in the equatorial plane.
	www.webscription.net /chapters/0671876864/0671876864___4.htm (9315 words)

	Geostationary transfer orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Once in the GTO, it is usually the satellite itself that performs the conversion to geostationary orbit by firing a rocket at a tangent to the GTO at the apogee.
		The capability of achieving geostationary transfer orbit is critical to the placement of modern satellites, as well as to the success of space programs going to the Moon, Mars, and the outer parts of the solar system.
		The reason for this is that the GTO is an orbit cycling between a perigee tangent to LEO and an apogee tangent to a geostationary orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit (704 words)

	Geostationary orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From the ground, a geostationary object appears motionless in the sky and is therefore the orbit of most interest to operators of artificial satellites (including communication and television satellites).
		Satellite locations may differ by longitude only (remember, in geostationary orbit, latitude is zero).
		While a geostationary orbit should hold a satellite in fixed position above the equator, orbital perturbations cause slow but steady drift away from the geostationary location.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostationary_orbit (799 words)

	Geostationary ring - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The geostationary ring is a volume segment around the geostationary orbit defined by variations in altitude and declination that can occur for uncontrolled objects left in the geostationary orbit.
		The geostationary orbit is subject to orbit perturbations caused by anomalies in the gravitational field of the Earth, by the gravitational effects of Sun and Moon, and by solar radiation pressure.
		Therefore, the definition of the geostationary ring foresees a declination range from -15 degrees to +15 degrees.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostationary_ring (253 words)

	Falsifying the Geosynchronous Sa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Because of this limited capacity, the rush is on to get “virtual geostationary satellites” with orbital apogees of 13-16000 miles along certain latitudes no closer than 15 degrees N and S (so as not to interfere with the geostationary ring).
		These were re-positionings within the circular geostationary ring that were done to maintain coverage and not to correct a problem within the ring itself.
		Think it through: Fact: There is an invisible circular ring with a circumference of some 165,000 miles around the earth which can “contain” as many as 180 satellites, all of which are at an altitude of 22.236 miles, and all of which can be observationally confirmed to be in the same place all the time.
	www.fixedearth.com /geosynchronous_sa.htm (2729 words)

	Satellites positions and orbital elements
		It is possible to define the probability of collisions in geostationary orbits using the method applied to low orbits [6].
		Due to the luni-solar perturbations the total energy of geostationary satellites is changing and some satellites change their regimes of motion, passing from the complex libration to a simple one or to circulation.
		According to Electronic catalogue [7], the number of the satellites moving in 1, 2, 3 regimes are accordingly 80, 5, 279.
	www.mao.kiev.ua /ast/GEO2000/kat2000.htm (1839 words)

	Space crimes and misdemeanors - space - 23 April 2005 - New Scientist Space
		Satellites in geostationary orbit revolve above the equator in the same direction and with the same period as the rotation of the Earth and so appear stationary relative to the ground.
		Of the total 1036 objects in the geostationary environment whose orbits were analysed, Jehn's team found 140 abandoned satellites that were librating in the ring.
		Nonetheless, Jehn says tough measures are crucial to protect the geostationary ring, and he wants the UN to put its weight behind all IADC recommendations.
	space.newscientist.com /article/mg18624964.300.html (1318 words)

	A Piece of the Rock
		A geostationary (geo = geosynchronous) orbit is one in which the satellite is always in the same position with respect to the rotating Earth.
		Geostationary (deep space) orbits are very high up - 38,500km (over five times the radius of the Earth) - and possible only because the satellite orbital period is exactly one day (23 hrs, 56 mins, 4.09 secs).
		Because a geostationary orbit must be in the same plane as the Earth's rotation, that is the equatorial plane, it provides distorted images of the polar regions with poor spatial resolution.
	flatrock.org.nz /topics/science/asteroid.htm (5788 words)

	need scientific background for orbital habitat ring - GameDev.Net Discussion Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		the ring should be around earth in (i thought of) geostationary position, and the gravity should be produced by the centripetal pull coming from earth's rotation.
		If that's the case, and you want all the forces to be clean, then the ring is around the equator with a rotational velocity that equals the rotation of the planet.
		One could move the ring away from the equator, but to be "geostationary" it would still have to share it's axis of rotation with that of the planet.
	www.gamedev.net /community/forums/viewreply.asp?ID=1609337 (1246 words)

	Astronomy Picture of the Day 7-14-03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Geostationary orbits are very high up -- over five times the radius of the Earth -- and possible only because the satellite orbital period is exactly one day.
		Remember, a geostationary orbit must be geosynchronous, however, a geosynchronous orbit does not have to be geostationary.
		Final note: Even though the geostationary satellite (your TV satellite is one) appears to just “hover” over the equator, it is actually in orbit (falling around the Earth) at the same rate the Earth is turning beneath it.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-chat/945597/posts (1525 words)

	OPTICAL GROUND STATION (OGS)
		The maximum density in both altitude bands is comparable (of the order of one object bigger than 10 cm per 100 million cubic km), but the flux is much larger in LEO because of the smaller total volume of the region and because of the higher velocity of its objects.
		It is also possible that two operational satellites collide in the geostationary ring, since, because of the high occupation level of this orbit, it is necessary to locate several active satellites in the same longitude window (that typically measures 0.2 degrees only).
		With this telescope we will make firstly a map of the objects located on the geostationary ring and then another one for the objects on geostationary transfer orbits, determining their orbital parameters in both cases.
	www.iac.es /telescopes/antigua/ogs/notiE.html (2700 words)

	Geostationary Orbit Impact Detector (GORID)
		In particular, the space debris environment in the important geostationary ring is largely unknown.
		To obtain information on the submicron to millimeter size particle population in geostationary orbit, the GORID (geostationary orbit impact detector) experiment was initiated.
		Its main objectives are to monitor the presently unknown population of small particles of space debris in the geostationary orbit and to gain new information on the mass distribution and the directional and temporal dependence of meteoroids and meteoroid streams.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /pff/pffv7n1/drov7n1.htm (947 words)

	ESA's Artemis satellite reaches geostationary orbit - from total loss to full recovery
		The rescue operation however required thrust to be generated in the orbital plane to push the satellite to final geostationary orbit.
		On 30 November 2001, for the first time ever, image data collected by a low-flying spacecraft were transmitted by laser to a (quasi-) geostationary satellite and from there to the data processing centre in Toulouse.
		During eclipse the Earth's shadow hides the sun for some two hours each orbit and for reasons of power and attitude control the satellite has to be commanded from thrust mode to earth-pointing mode and the ion thrust turned off.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-02/esa-eas021803.php (1516 words)

	APOD: 2003 July 14 - The Satellites that Surround Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		orbit is geostationary where a satellite will appear to hover above one point on Earth's equator.
		Geostationary orbits are very high up -- over five times the radius of the Earth -- and possible only because the satellite
		satellites, including the ring at geostationary, and finishes by zooming in on the only one currently hosting humans: the International Space Station.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap030714.html (141 words)

	Geosynchronous and geostationary orbits
		A geostationary orbit is one where the orbit has the same period as its primary's rotation period, and remains stationary over a single point on the Earth's surface.
		A geosynchronous one only has the first restriction; that is, geosynchronous orbits can be elliptical, but geostationary ones have to be circular and stationed over the equator.
		The angular velocity is 2 pi/T, where T is the period of the geostationary orbit, or, equivalently, the rotation period of the primary:
	www.alcyone.com /max/writing/essays/geostationary-orbits.html (320 words)

	Observing Geostationary Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Strictly speaking, a geostationary satellite would be in an orbit of 0 degrees inclination, zero eccentricity and a mean motion of 1.002701 revolutions per day or a period of 1436 minutes per revolution.
		Due to the popularity of this orbit (geostationary slots over many regions are highly crowded and greatly valued) some agencies deorbit their satellites into a graveyard orbit some 500 to 1000 km above their operational altitude.
		Unlike objects in low Earth orbit, geostationary satellites are visible throughout every night of the year, only entering the Earth's shadow for up to 70 minutes per day, around a couple of weeks either side of each equinox.
	www.satobs.org /geosats.html (1534 words)

	Venus
		A new effort to terraform the planet was commenced with the diversion of a number of small Aten-type asteroids into Venus orbit, but the Second Venus Terraforming Project went bankrupt shortly after.
		GAIA was very strong on this world; the skydwellers called Venus the 'daughter of Gaia', and it is known that She had introduced extensive nano- and pico-scale monitoring devices to watch over the Earth's sister planet.
		dynamically-supported mass ring around the equator, to conduct the excess heat out of Venus' atmosphere and radiate it away into space to help speed the cooling-off.
	www.orionsarm.com /worlds/Venus.html (1470 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Fortunately, Skorupa provided a set of three exposures with the mysterious trail, so Bill Gray was able to calculate a reliable orbit for that object.
		It turned out to be a satellite or upper stage rocket booster left in a geostationary transfer orbit, a rather eccentric orbit (e=0.724), with a low perigee (~350km above the Earth's surface) and a apogee in the geostationary ring, about 36.000km high.
		The orbital period is 630 minutes, and the inclination of 28° points toward a spacecraft started in Cape Kennedy, which is situated at a latitude of 28°.
	www.astrometrica.at /Images/200503.html (290 words)

	SPECTRUM REALLOCATION FINAL REPORT
		The slant range to a geostationary SGLS satellite at elevation angles of 15 and 45 degrees is 40,277 km and 37,627 km respectively.
		As in the case of low-orbiting satellites the amount of interference received by a geostationary satellite receiver is a function of the altitude of the satellite, the area over which the terrestrial mobile stations are deployed, their radiation characteristics, the area visible by the satellite and the density of the mobile and portable stations.
		The area of the spherical region bounded by the elevation angles between 0 and 1 degrees is 2% of the total visibility area.[EN 17] The aggregate interference power density at the output of the SGLS geostationary satellite receiver caused by the emissions from mobile and personal stations is then given in TABLE D-6.
	www.ntia.doc.gov /openness/appendd.html (5755 words)

	Halfbakery: Earth Ring
		This would not only look amazing but you could also use it as a marker to show accurately where commsats are supposed to be.
		The point is that the bits and pieces of rock are in geostationary orbit and so don't move with respect to other more important man made bits and pieces.
		If the idea is to get a ring around the earth, why not kill two birds with one stone...
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Earth_20Ring (625 words)

	ESA Fully Salvages Artemis Mission
		The apogee (maximum distance from Earth) was only 17 487 km, far short of the targeted geostationary transfer orbit with an apogee at 35 853 km.
		Using almost all of the available chemical propellant, Artemis managed to escape the orbit in which it had to contend with the deadly Van Allen belts and safely reach a circular orbit at an altitude of 31 000 km only a few days after launch.
		A long haul to geostationary orbit Since then, the rescue efforts have continued unabated using the four ion engines mounted on the satellite redundantly in pairs.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/artemis-03c.html (1673 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		At the other extreme of visibility and apparent speed, it is possible to detect geostationary satellites, although a telescope is usually needed to spot these dim and (apparently) stationary objects.
		Unlike objects in low Earth orbit, geostationary satellites are visible throughout every night of the year, only entering the Earth's shadow for up to 70 minutes per day, for a couple of weeks on either side of the fall and spring equinoxes.
		By either doing this or tracking the stars instead during a wide angle photographic exposure, one can obtain a very nice illustration of the geostationary ring, as either the satellites are fixed and the stars trail, or vice versa.
	www.satobs.org /faq/Chapter-06.txt (8067 words)

	Elektro
		Elektro was to be the geostationary component of a third generation Soviet meteorological system.
		The GOMS network was to consist of three spacecraft spaced 90 degrees apart in the geostationary ring: at 14 degrees W, 76 degrees E, and 166 degrees E. Each 2.6-metric-ton spacecraft would have a payload capacity of 650-900 kg with an estimated operational lifetime of at least three years.
		The satellite was 3-axis-stabilised and received a maximum of 1.5 kW (900 W for the payload) produced by two rectangular solar arrays.
	www.astronautix.com /craft/elektro.htm (1063 words)

	Artemis Nearly There
		Now that these difficulties are behind them, the operators have turned their attention to planning for the process of station acquisition in the geostationary orbit and initial operations on station.
		It is therefore important to avoid overshoot by tuning the drift rate to arrive at the designated station longitude (21.5 degrees East) just as the geostationary altitude is reached.
		The first thrust was performed successfully on December 3 and it is planned to make two more such thrusts in the last week of January, slowing the drift rate to a few degrees per day as the satellite makes its last pass over Europe to arrive at its working position in geostationary orbit.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/artemis-03a.html (820 words)

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