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Topic: Geostationary transfer orbit

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Geosynchronous transfer orbit

High Earth Orbit

Hohmann transfer orbit

Geostationary orbit

Earth orbit

Low Earth orbit

Geosynchronous orbit

Intermediate circular orbit

Delta IV

Molniya orbit

Orbit

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	geosychronous/geostationary transfer orbit (GTO)
		An elliptical orbit, with an apogee (high point) of 35,784 km, a perigee (low point) of a few hundred km, and an inclination roughly equal to the latitude of the launch site, into which a spacecraft is initially placed before being transferred to a geosynchronous or geostationary orbit.
		After attaining GTO, the spacecraft’s apogee kick motor is fired to circularize the orbit and thereby achieve the desired final orbit.
		By the rocket equation, assuming a (typical) specific impulse of 300 seconds, the fraction of the separated mass consumed by the propellant for the apogee maneuver is 46% from Cape Canaveral, 40% from Kourou, and 39% from the equator.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/G/GTO.html (338 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit
		In astronautics and aerospace engineering, the Hohmann transfer orbit is a certain orbital path that moves a spacecraft from one point to another using a very low amount of energy.
		The basic idea is to construct an orbit where the speed at apogee is close to the speed of the Earth in its orbit, and the speed at perigee is the speed of the point in question, the Moon, Mars, or even some other orbit around the Earth.
		However, Hohmann transfers are also very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planets it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to modify a faster path into a Hohmann orbit in-flight.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ho/Hohmann_transfer.html (299 words)

	Geostationary transfer orbit - Definition, explanation
		After a typical launch the inclination of the LEO (the angle between the plane of the orbit and the plane of the equator) is determined by the latitude of the launch site and the direction of launch.
		Assuming a typical Ariane 5 GTO with a semimajor axis of 24,582 km, the perigee velocity of a GTO is 9.88 km/s while the apogee velocity is at 1.64 km/s.
		Once in the GTO, it is usually the satellite itself that performs the conversion to geostationary orbit by firing a rocket at a tangent to the GTO at the apogee.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/g/ge/geostationary_transfer_orbit.php (488 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Hohmann transfer orbit is one half of an elliptic orbit that touches both the orbit that one wishes to leave (labeled 1 on diagram) and the orbit that one wishes to reach (3 on diagram).
		Hohmann transfer orbits also work to bring a spacecraft from a higher orbit into a lower one – in this case, the spacecraft's engine is fired in the opposite direction to its current path, decelerating the spacecraft and causing it to drop into the lower-energy elliptical transfer orbit.
		Note, however, that the alignment of the two planets in their orbits is crucial – the destination planet and the spacecraft must arrive at the same point in their respective orbits around the Sun at the same time, see launch window.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Hohmann_transfer_orbit (1083 words)

	ESA - Launchers Home - Types of orbits
		A geostationary orbit, often referred to as a GEO orbit, circles the Earth above the equator from west to east at a height of 36 000 km.
		This is an elliptical Earth orbit used to transfer a spacecraft from a low altitude orbit or flight trajectory to geostationary orbit.
		The orbital track of the satellite does not have to cross the poles exactly for an orbit to be called polar, an orbit which passes within 20 to 30 degrees of the poles is still classed as a polar orbit.
	www.esa.int /SPECIALS/Launchers_Home/ASEHQOI4HNC_0.html (509 words)

	Cnes - Some classic orbital manoeuvres
		Remember that a geostationary orbit is a circular orbit in the equatorial plane, at an altitude of about 36,000 km.
		The satellite is first injected into geostationary transfer orbit, where it spontaneously follows an elliptical trajectory; the apogee is near the final orbit altitude and the perigee at about 200 km.
		However, since the transfer orbit is not in the equatorial plane, its inclination cannot be lower than the latitude of the launch base.
	www.cnes.fr /web/1097-some-classic-orbital-manoeuvres.php (356 words)

	Hohmann transfer orbit - Definition, explanation
		However, Hohmann transfers are very slow for trips to more distant points, so when visiting the outer planets it is common to use a gravitational slingshot to increase speed in-flight.
		When the spacecraft has reached its destination orbit, it has slowed down to a speed not only lower than the speed in the original circular orbit, but even lower than required for the new circular orbit; the engine is fired again to accelerate it again, to that required speed.
		In 1997, a set of orbits known as the Interplanetary Superhighway was published, providing even lower-energy (though much slower) paths between different orbits than Hohmann transfer orbits.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/h/ho/hohmann_transfer_orbit.php (969 words)

	Orbits
		The (3) orbit's inclination is the angular distance of the orbital plane from the plane of the planet's equator (or from the ecliptic plane, if you're talking about heliocentric orbits), stated in degrees: an inclination of 0 degree.
		The semi-major axis of an orbit is determined by the kinetic energy acquired by the rocket at burnout.
		The perigee corresponds to the altitude of the initial low earth orbit parking orbit, the apogee the geostationary orbit altitude and the inclination is usually the inclination of the initial parking orbit.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec06.html (3325 words)

	Geostationary orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The geostationary orbit was first popularised by science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke in 1945 as a useful orbit for communications satellites.
		A statite, a hypothetical satellite that uses a solar sail to modify its orbit, could theoretically hold itself in a "geostationary" orbit with different altitude and/or inclination from the "traditional" equatorial geostationary orbit.
		To calculate the geostationary orbit altitude, one begins with this equivalence, and uses the fact that the orbital period is one sidereal day.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostationary_orbit (809 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Ariane 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The record for Ariane 4 to GTO was 4946 kg.
		Ariane 4 AR 40 was the basic version, with three stages: 58.4 m high, a diameter of 3.8 m, a liftoff mass of 245 t and a maximum payload of 2100 kg to GTO or 5000 kg to Low Earth orbit (LEO).
		AR 44L, with the maximum additional boost of four liquid fuel rocket strap-ons, was four-stage, weighed 470 t and could transfer a payload of 4730 kg to GTO or 7600 kg to LEO.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ariane-4 (798 words)

	Planetary orbit Summary
		Geostationary orbit is also known as a Clarke orbit, after science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, who first proposed the concept in 1945.
		An open orbit has the shape of a hyperbola (or in the limiting case, a parabola); the bodies approach each other for a while, curve around each other around the time of their closest approach, and then separate again forever.
		There are also specific terms for orbits around particular bodies; things orbiting the Sun have a perihelion and aphelion, things orbiting the Earth have a perigee and apogee, and things orbiting the Moon have a perilune and apolune (or, synonymously, periselene and aposelene).
	www.bookrags.com /Planetary_orbit (4861 words)

	INSAT-2E: Launch and early orbit phase operations
		In particular, the perigee of the transfer orbit was chosen to be 250 km instead of the nominal 200 km and the inclination of GTO to be 4° instead of the nominal 7°.
		Transferring from the elliptical GTO to the final GSO by firing appropriately the liquid apogee motor (LAM) carried on the satellite.
		The final desired orbit is a circular one lying in the equatorial plane; in other words, the orbital inclination as well as eccentricity in the GSO are zero.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/jun10/articles14.htm (2215 words)

	Orbit definitions (Henry Spencer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Geostationary The 24-hour equatorial orbit, where a satellite appears to orbit hang motionless in the sky.
		GTO Geostationary Transfer Orbit, an orbit at modest inclination with perigee at LEO and apogee at Clarke orbit.
		The Earth's equatorial bulge normally causes the position of apogee&perigee to rotate in the plane of an elliptical orbit, but at the particular inclination of the Molniya orbits, this effect is zero and the apogee stays where it's put.
	yarchive.net /space/orbits/orbit_definitions.html (605 words)

	Satellite acceptance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		This phase, which begins with the separation of the satellite from the rocket and its placement in the geostationary transfer orbit, is fraught with risk.
		Transferring the satellite to its operational (or geostationary) orbit after the apogee boost motor is ignited, sometimes successively
		The apogee boost motor of Gstar 3 failed to ignite, and the satellite was inoperable throughout its geostationary transfer orbit.
	www.ffsa.fr /webffsa/transports.nsf/htmlUS/espace2cUS (366 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Delta III rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Delta III has the capability to deliver 8,400 pounds (3,800 kilograms) of cargo to geostationary transfer orbit, twice the payload of the Delta II.
		The Orion 3 satellite (Hughes HS601 model) was stranded in a useless orbit.
		Final orbit was slightly low (20,600 km instead of 26,000), but was within margins and considered a success.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Delta-III-rocket (1119 words)

	HOHMANN TRANSFER ORBIT
		In the case of inter-orbit transfers, the most common example of a Hohmann transfer is the geostationary transfer orbit.
		Small amounts of thrust at either end of the trip are all that are needed to arrange the transfer.
		A set of orbits known as the Interplanetary Superhighway has been recently discovered which is slower but even lower-energy than Hohmann transfer orbits.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/Ho/Hohmann+Transfer+Orbit.html (489 words)

	transfer orbit
		Elliptical path followed by a spacecraft moving from one orbit to another, designed to save fuel although at the expense of a longer journey time.
		Geostationary transfer orbit is the highly elliptical path followed by satellites to be placed in geostationary orbit around the Earth (an orbit coincident with Earth's rotation).
		A small rocket is fired at the transfer orbit's apogee to place the satellite in geostationary orbit.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0010414.html (221 words)

	Liftoff for Ariane 5 ECA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The 50.5-metre tall launcher was carrying the Spaceway 2 telecommunication satellite for the American operator DIRECTV and the Telkom 2 telecommunication satellite for the Indonesian operator PT.
		With a mass of over 6100 kg, Spaceway 2 is one of the largest telecom satellites ever launched into geostationary orbit.
		Injection into the target geostationary transfer orbit of the two satellites was achieved with very high precision.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-11/esa-lfa111705.php (172 words)

	Transfer Orbit Services (TOS) - Telesat Satellite Operations \| Solutions \| Telesat
		Transfer Orbit is defined as a set of intermediate orbits with the goal of achieving a geosynchronous orbit for the satellite.
		During transfer orbit, a network of tracking stations is required to provide continuous RF contact with the spacecraft.
		Telesat is a market leader in the provision of Transfer Orbit Services (TOS) to the satellite industry providing services in C, Ku and BSS frequency bands.
	www.telesat.ca /international/operations/transfer-orbit-services.htm (209 words)

	AllRefer.com - transfer orbit Information
		A spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO) can change to a higher orbit in the same plane with minimum fuel expenditure by utilizing the Hohmann transfer orbit.
		The transfer orbit used by a spacecraft when travelling from Earth to Mars.
		Such transfer orbits are too costly in energy to be used to visit the outer planets.
	www.allrefer.com /transfer-orbit (341 words)

	Earth Satellites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		These orbit near the top of the atmosphere (100-200 miles high) with a period of about 90 minutes.
		Orbiting about 23,000 miles above the equator with a period of exactly one day, these satellites appear fixed to someone on the earth.
		The orbits of the planets have the same physics as earth satellites.
	vathena.arc.nasa.gov /curric/orbit.html (323 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The orbit used for transfer to geostationary orbit is named appropriately enough a "geostationary transfer orbit".
		It is an elliptical orbit with one edge of the ellipse at low earth orbit and the other at geostationary orbit.
		It takes much less energy to get to a geostationary transfer orbit than it does to get to a geostationary orbit, hence the payloads that can be launched to a geostationary orbit are much smaller than those that can be launched to a geostationary transfer orbit.
	thewebfairy.com /nerdcities/OtherThreads/delta.htm (313 words)

	The STRV 1B Radiation Environment Monitor
		The geostationary transfer orbit is an eccentric orbit whose altitude ranges from 300 km altitude to about 36 000 km.
		This orbit is extremely interesting for measuring the Earth's radiation environment, since it provides full exposure to the trapped radiation belts and well as cosmic rays and solar energetic particles.
		Using the calibration data, in orbit data and modelling, it is possible to derive detector response functions which should allow the extraction of data on particle type, energy and flux.
	esapub.esrin.esa.it /pff/pffv4n4/ppfwelnr4.htm (887 words)

	Zenit-3SL
		The satellite used its R-4D apogee engine to enter geostationary orbit at 81.6 deg W. Finally stationed at 101 deg W. Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 81 deg W in 1999.
		A second burn of the DM at 2324 to 2330 UTC put Galaxy 3C in a 358 x 41440 km x 0.02 deg transfer orbit This was a record low inclination for a geostationary transfer orbit.
		Placed in geosynchronous orbit but reports indicated there were problems deploying one of the solar panels.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/zenit3sl.htm (2465 words)

	ESA Portal - Ariane 5 ECA: record payload into geo-transfer orbit
		The 50.5-metre tall launch vehicle was carrying the Satmex 6 telecommunications satellite for the Mexican operator Satelites Mexicanos SA de CV and the Thaicom 5 telecommunications satellite for Thailand's Shin Satellite Public Company Limited.
		By this time the launch vehicle upper composite had attained a velocity of approximately 9400 metres per second (almost 33 900 km/h) and the conditions for geostationary transfer orbit injection had been achieved.
		Injection into the target geostationary transfer orbit for the two spacecrafts was achieved with very high precision.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMR4P9ATME_index_0.html (205 words)

	CZ-3A
		The first test launch of a DFH-3 by a CZ-3A launch vehicle was successful in attaining the proper transfer orbit, but during the subsequent manoeuvres to achieve geostationary orbit, the DFH-3 failed due to a malfunction of the satellite on-board propulsion system.
		The satellite was placed in an initial 195 x 41889 km x 25.0 deg orbit geostationary transfer orbit before entering its final geosynchornous orbit at around 0500 GMT on November 6.
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 80 deg E in 2001 As of 5 September 2001 located at 80.39 deg E drifting at 0.002 deg E per day.
	www.astronautix.com /lvs/cz3a.htm (951 words)

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