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Topic: Geostrophic wind

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	Geostrophic Wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The winds we have been considering on the previous pages on global winds are actually the geostrophic winds.
		The geostrophic winds are largely driven by temperature differences, and thus pressure differences, and are not very much influenced by the surface of the earth.
		Wind directions near the surface will be slightly different from the direction of the geostrophic wind because of the earth's rotation (cf.
	www.windpower.org /en/tour/wres/geostro.htm (240 words)

	J World Articles
		Wind is the horizontal movement of air, with its speed usually measured in knots (Note: in some areas of the world speed is measured in meters per second or kilometers in lieu of knots), and direction always in degrees true.
		Wind speed and direction is shown using arrows with tail feathers that denote speed in five knot increments, with the arrow pointing in the direction of motion.
		A geostrophic wind scale does not take into account friction from land and sea surface, increases or decreases due to water and air temperature differences, or interaction of weather systems within close proximity to each other, so these factors need to be factored in after geostrophic wind is calculated.
	www.jworld-sailing.com /wind.htm (1278 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The geostrophic wind is directed parallel to isobars (lines of constant pressure at a given height).
		The true wind almost always differs from the geostrophic wind due to other forces such as friction from the ground or the centrifugal force from curved fluid flow.
		The geostrophic wind neglects frictional effects, which is usually a good approximation for the synoptic scale instantaneous flow in the midlatitude mid-troposphere.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=geostrophic_flow (563 words)

	WIND
		Also can be a wind shift at the surface or a particular pressure level in which over time the wind shifts in a counterclockwise direction at a point location.
		To remain in geostrophic balance the wind needs to occur in the middle or high latitudes (since Coriolis is strong enough there) and needs to flow at a constant speed and direction (to prevent ageostrophic accelerations and centrifugal accelerations).
		Wind when measured is usually measured as the horizontal component of the wind speed (parallel to Earth's surface).
	www.theweatherprediction.com /wind (1094 words)

	* Geostrophic Wind - (Meteorology): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The geostrophic wind is defined as the wind resulting from the balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force.
		Geostrophic wind - a wind that is affected by coriolis force, blows parallel to isobars and whose strength is related to the pressure gradient (i.e., spacing of the isobars).
		G0370 Geostrophic wind scale Graphical device for determining the geostrophic wind speed from the spacing of the isobars or contours on an atmospheric pressure chart.
	www.en.mimi.hu /meteorology/geostrophic_wind.html (502 words)

	Discussion of Geostrophic Wind Approximation
		The wind directions and magnitudes appear to be in good agreement between the observed data and the approximation.
		The wind directions and magnitudes were mostly in agreement between the observed data and the approximation.
		NOTE: In the future, it may be helpful to have zoomed in sections of the observed geostrophic winds to compare with the approximation, as it was very difficult (and sometimes impossible) to see the wind vectors of the observed winds.
	www.duke.edu /~svd2/Discussion.html (500 words)

	petrolpump.co.in : energy sources, Wind, Trade Winds, Winds by spatial scale, Prevailing winds, Seasonal winds, ...
		Wind is the quasi-horizontal movement of air (as opposed to an air current) caused by a horizontal pressure gradient force.
		Winds can be classified either by their scale, the kinds of forces which cause them (according to the atmospheric equations of motion), or the geographic regions in which they exist.
		The opposite of a katabatic wind is an anabatic wind, or an upward-moving wind.
	www.petrolpump.co.in /energy-sources/wind.htm (2268 words)

	Geostrophic Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Geostrophic flow in the atmosphere is the most applied balanced flow among the five that are defined.
		The geostrophic assumption is good to use in areas where the flow is straight and frictionless, such as in the upper atmosphere.
		Although, the Gradient wind equation does correct for curvature in the flow by incorporating all of the terms in the n equation of motion.
	vortex.plymouth.edu /winds/webpage/geostro.html (360 words)

	Therm_wind (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The basic tenet of the "thermal wind relationship" is that in the presence of a horizontal temperature gradient, the wind speed must increase with increasing height.
		The thermal wind vector points such that cold air is to the left, and warm air is to the right.
		The greater the thickness gradient, the greater is the thermal wind, i.e.
	opwx.db.erau.edu /~mullerb/Therm_wind.html (384 words)

	Thermal wind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a barotropic atmosphere the geostrophic wind is independent of height.
		The name stems from the fact that this wind flows around areas of low (and high) temperature in the same manner as the geostrophic wind flows around areas of low (and high) pressure.
		Because the thermal wind circles the area of low temperature in the same manner as the geostrophic wind flows around a cyclone, namely counter-clockwise in the Northern hemisphere, the thermal wind in the northern hemisphere mid latitudes is westerly (i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Thermal_wind (506 words)

	Wind
		Wind speed is officially reported in knots, nautical miles per hour, apparently because of the connection with air navigation, even though traditional graphical navigational procedures that are facilitated by this unit are probably no longer used.
		The correlation of the wind speed observed with an anemometer to the free wind speed is a difficult subject.
		The winds are the principal evidence of the tropical storm, together with the clouds and rain.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/weather/wind.htm (12831 words)

	Specific Humidity
		The geostrophic wind is what the wind would be if there were no friction, and the winds blew in a straight line, and the isobars were straight lines, and the pressure gradient force exactly balances the Coriolis Force.
		The gradient wind is different from the geostrophic wind because there is an imbalance between the pressure gradient force and the Coriolis Force.
		On a weather map at a constant pressure level, the geostrophic and gradient winds are blowing parallel to the contours of constant height, with low height on the left in the Northern Hemisiphere.
	www.atmo.ttu.edu /leary/notes3.html (2278 words)

	Southern Hemisphere Winds
		Winds exist because of horizontal and vertical pressure gradients so atmospheric motion can be deduced from isobaric surface charts etc. If the horizontal pressure gradient force is exactly balanced in magnitude by Coriolis effect accelerations of the air will be relatively small and a geostrophic wind (Gk.
		The geostrophic wind calculated from the isobar spacing on a surface [mean sea level] synoptic chart is usually a reasonable approximation of the wind speed at about the 3000 feet level.
		In lighter winds the wind shadow of still water at the upwind edge of a small lake or dam is usually apparent.
	www.auf.asn.au /meteorology/section6.html (2305 words)

	7(n) Forces Acting to Create Wind
		Wind speed tends to be at its greatest during the daytime when the greatest spatial extremes in atmospheric temperature and pressure exist.
		Wind speed is the velocity attained by a mass of air traveling horizontally through the atmosphere.
		In this model of wind flow in the Northern Hemisphere, wind begins as a flow of air perpendicular to the isobars (measured in millibars) under the primary influence of the pressure gradient force (PGF).
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7n.html (2338 words)

	AccuHelp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A graphical device used for the determination of the speed of the geostrophic wind from the isobar or contour-line spacing on a synoptic chart.
		The ratios, to the mean wind speed, of the average magnitudes of the component fluctuations of the wind along three mutually perpendicular axes.
		A measure of the intensity of gusts given by the ratio of the total range of wind speed between gusts and the intermediate periods of lighter wind to the mean wind speed, averaged over both gusts and lulls.
	www.accuweather.com /iwxpage/adc/help/wx_glos_g.htm (838 words)

	USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A controversial quantity, known as the wind chill factor, attempts to measure the effect of cold temperatures and wind velocity on the human body.
		One important type of wind pattern is zonal flow, which refers to winds blowing generally west to east across the country that tend to bring calm weather and near normal temperatures.
		One important type of wind pattern is zonal flow, which refers to winds blowing generally west to east across the country that tend to bring calm weather.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wwind0.htm (702 words)

	Geostrophic Winds
		Geostrophic winds occur above the friction layer and develop in response to gradients in atmospheric pressure over large regions of the surface of the earth.
		As an air parcel begins to move, it is deflected by the Coriolis force to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left on the southern hemisphere).
		The result is an unaccelerated horizontal wind blowing parallel to isobars that is called the geostrophic wind.
	www.newmediastudio.org /DataDiscovery/Hurr_ED_Center/Easterly_Waves/Geostrophic_Wind/Geostrophic_Wind.html (536 words)

	Geostrophic Wind - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Geostrophic Wind, wind created when the deflecting force due to the rotation of the Earth (also known as Coriolis force) and the force of air moving...
		In meteorology the term is usually applied to the natural horizontal motion of the atmosphere; motion in a vertical, or nearly...
		Wind Power, energy present in a moving mass of air (wind), harnessed and converted into a useful form of power, usually electricity.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Geostrophic_Wind.html (118 words)

	Western Wind Energy
		The wind rises from the equator and moves north and south in the higher layers of the atmosphere.
		Monsoon winds are accompanied by heavy rains, which are caused by the moist ocean air being diverted upward by mountains, resulting in cooling and condensation.
		The measurement of wind speeds is usually done using a cup anemometer, such as the one in the picture to the left.
	www.westernwindenergy.com /education.php (3015 words)

	Geostrophic Winds in Denmark: a preliminary study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The purpose is to establish long climatological records of the geostrophic wind as a supplement to the records of tens of years of duration of surface observations of wind, temperature, humidity etc., which have been obtained by Risø at many sites in Denmark.
		The curvature of the isobars were determined by using simultaneous pressure measurements at all six sites and the geostrophic and gradient winds were calculated and compared to the geostrophic wind based on three pressure measurements in one particular triangle.
		Combining the geostrophic wind with the surface wind measured at Tystofte in southern Zealand, the two dimensionless constants A and B in the geostrophic drag law were determined as functions of the surface friction velocity.
	www.risoe.dk /rispubl/vea/ris-r-1145.htm (299 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The name stems from the fact that this wind flows around areas of low (and high) temperature in the same manner as the geostrophic wind flows around areas of low (and high) pressure.
		Because the thermal wind circles the area of low temperature in the same manner as the geostrophic wind flows around a cyclone, namely counter-clockwise in the Northern hemisphere, the thermal wind in the northern hemisphere mid latitudes is westerly (i.e.
		The outcome is that a geostrophic wind that advects warm air into a region of colder air causes the wind to turn right (clockwise, veering) with height, while cold air advection into a region of warmer air results in the wind turning left (counter-clockwise, backing).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=thermal_wind (476 words)

	geostrophic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Geostrophic wind is a formed when the pressure gradient force (PGF) and the coriolis force are exactly balanced.
		As soon as this occurs, the wind is termed geostrophic and the wind will blow parallel to the constant geopotential heights (contours) on a horizontal cross-section of the atmosphere.
		Geopotential heights are, in practical purposes, basically equivalent to heights in meters from sea level and are related to the density and temperature of the air.
	www.hprcc.unl.edu /nebraska/stuproj/ametf99/wenzl/geostrophic.html (205 words)

	Weather Forecasting On-Line
		Thermal wind is a theoretical concept that describes the wind shear between two levels in terms of the geostrophic wind at those two levels.
		The farther apart the thickness contours, the weaker the thermal wind and hence the smaller the vertical geostrophic wind shear.
		The thermal wind vector is shown as the wind shear vector between the two layers.
	wxman256.home.att.net /fcst/wf-pt5e.html (870 words)

	Gradient flow
		The gradient wind equation is a representation of the entire n equation of motion.
		The gradient wind is very much like the geostrophic wind, in that it is a frictionless wind which allows for flow that is parallel to the height contours.
		The one difference between the geostrophic wind and the gradient wind is that the gradient wind includes the centrifugal force, thereby allowing curvature in the flow field.
	vortex.plymouth.edu /winds/webpage/gradient.html (495 words)

	Lab6-key
		For the same gradient it is observed that the winds around a high are stronger than a straight line (geostrophic) wind and the winds around a low are weaker than geostrophic.
		Diagram B is the correct vector diagram for the analysis of pressure on this diagram.
		The wind speed would decrease so the wind vector would be depicted as a shorter arrow and the winds would be turned to the left slightly so they cross the isobars as an angel 15 - 30 degrees from parallel.
	www.meso.com /wind-personal/glenn/171/lab06/lab6-key.htm (2612 words)

	Gradient Wind: non-geostrophic winds which blow parallel to isobars
		Geostrophic winds exist in locations where there are no frictional forces and the isobars are striaght.
		This is where the gradient wind differs from the geostrophic winds.
		This means that in a high pressure system or ridge, the gradient wind blows parallel to the isobars faster than geostrophic (supergeostrophic) speed.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/grad.rxml (348 words)

	Geostrophic wind - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The geostrophic wind is defined as the wind resulting from what is called the geostrophic balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force acting on a parcel of air, causing the wind to blow parallel to isobars of pressure in the earth's atmosphere.
		However, this balance is rarely found exactly in nature, due to other forces acting on the wind, such as friction from the ground, or the centrifugal force from curved fluid flow.
		The geostrophic balance helps to explain why low pressure systems spin counterclockwise and high pressure systems spin clockwise in the northern hemisphere (and the opposite in the southern hemisphere).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geostrophic_balance (490 words)

	Wind Speed & Direction Estimate Calculation
		To calculate the maximum, prevailing wind speed and direction, you will want to select two points of reference that when connected by a line, will create a line that is perpendicular to the isobars on a typical surface weather map.
		For the example calculation, suppose you are in San Francisco and you want to estimate the wind speed between you and a weather data buoy 400 miles to the northwest, which happens to create the perpendicular line described in the previous paragraph.
		Since, you already know that the U component of the wind points due west, or at 270 degrees, you simply add the 45 degrees you got previous from angle C to get the final direction the wind is blowing toward.
	www.aprweather.com /pages/wind.htm (1072 words)

	Geostrophic Wind: winds balanced by the Coriolis and Pressure Gradient forces
		However, as that air parcel begins to move, it is deflected by the Coriolis force to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left on the southern hemisphere).
		Winds in nature are rarely exactly geostrophic, but to a good approximation, the winds in the upper troposphere can be close.
		This is because winds are only considered truly geostrophic when the isobars are straight and there are no other forces acting on it -- and these conditions just aren't found too often in nature.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/fw/geos.rxml (203 words)

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