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Topic: Geosynchronous transfer orbit

Related Topics

Geostationary transfer orbit

Hohmann transfer orbit

Delta IV

Geosynchronous orbit

Geosynchronous satellite

Gravitational slingshot

Continental Airlines

Country

1970s

	Cape Canaveral LC36
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 63 deg E in 1982-1990; 66 deg E in 1991-1996; 33 deg E in 1996; 72 deg E in 1997-* Last known longitude (3 September 2001) 16.28 deg E drifting at 6.707 deg W per day.
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 24 deg W in 1985-1990; 174 deg E in 1990-1994; 66 deg E in 1994-1995; 57 deg E in 1995-1996; 33 deg E in 1996-1999 Last known longitude (5 September 2001) 135.23 deg W drifting at 7.152 deg W per day.
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 27 deg W in 1985-1990; 63 deg E in 1990-1992; 177 deg E in 1992-1994; 180 deg E in 1994-1997; 29 deg W in 1998-1999 Last known longitude (4 September 2001) 29.54 deg W drifting at 0.005 deg W per day.
	www.astronautix.com /sites/capllc36.htm (12345 words)

	Hohmann Transfer
		To be in a geosynchronous orbit, the satellite must move to an equatorial orbit (inclination = 0 degrees) with an altitude of 38,000+ km.
		Since the point in an orbit where the engines are fired automatically becomes a point in the new orbit (or the burn point becomes the intersection of the old and new orbits), this firing must occur where the current orbit and the desired orbit intersect.
		Velocity in inclined orbit: 7.726 km/sec at 28.5 degrees to equator.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/rocket_sci/satellites/hohmann.html (852 words)

	Geostationary transfer orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Assuming a typical Ariane 5 GTO with a semimajor axis of 24,582 km, the perigee velocity of a GTO is 9.88 km/s while the apogee velocity is at 1.64 km/s.
		Once in the GTO, it is usually the satellite itself that performs the conversion to geostationary orbit by firing a rocket at a tangent to the GTO at the apogee.
		The reason for this is that the GTO is an orbit cycling between a perigee tangent to LEO and an apogee tangent to a geostationary orbit.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geosynchronous_transfer_orbit (691 words)

	Intelsat
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 60 deg E in 1984-1985; 66 deg E in 1985-1991; 57 deg E in 1991-1995; 47 deg E in 1995-1996 Last known longitude (28 August 2001) 140.34 deg E drifting at 2.062 deg W per day.
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 37 deg W in 1989-1990; 24 deg W in 1990-1991; 55 deg E in 1991; 60 deg E in 1992; 63 deg E in 1992-1997; 62 deg E in 1997-1999 Last known longitude (29 August 2001) 62.02 deg E drifting at 0.018 deg W per day.
		Positioned in geosynchronous orbit at 47 deg E in 1997; 62 deg E in 1997; 64 deg E in 1997-1998; 31 deg W in 1998-1999 Last known longitude (5 September 2001) 31.47 deg W drifting at 0.013 deg W per day.
	www.astronautix.com /project/intelsat.htm (3423 words)

	Artemis Project: Option for Staging in Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		GTO has some advantages for unmanned spacecraft that can be packaged into a single launch, but it would pose some interesting problems for the manned flights as we currently have them envisioned.
		Orbital inclination is the angle between the plane of an orbit and the plane of Earth's equator.
		We can go up to orbits as high as 360 nautical miles (depending on solar activity and other vagaries of Nature) and still stay out of the radiation zone, but any higher than that puts us into an environment which is inimical to life.
	www.asi.org.cob-web.org:8888 /adb/04/01/01/01/gto-staging.html (833 words)

	Orbit -- from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
		For an elliptical orbit in the two-body problem with mass of the central body much greater than mass of the orbiting body
		The total energy of an orbiting body is the sum of the kinetic energy K and the gravitational potential energy U,
		E may be evaluated at the pericenter of the particle's orbit, where
	scienceworld.wolfram.com /physics/Orbit.html (148 words)

	Orbit Determination and Satellite Navigation
		Orbits derived from these data were compared to orbits derived from the accurate but substantially more expensive Doppler scheme.
		The on-orbit results confirmed the earlier simulation analyses: with some additional processing, GPS measurements from an inexpensive commercial receiver could be used to produce precision orbits.
		For example, geosynchronous spacecraft have historically been controlled from ground stations, as have most other spacecraft; however, a geosynchronous satellite has little or no relative motion with respect to Earth's surface, making the problem of geosynchronous orbit determination somewhat more difficult.
	www.aero.org /publications/crosslink/summer2002/04.html (3467 words)

	Press Release
		The satellite will be commissioned into service after the completion of orbit raising operations and positioning it in its designated orbital slot of 74 East longitude as well as the in-orbit testing of all the onboard systems.
		The propellant carried by METSAT is mainly required to raise the satellite from the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit to its final Geostationary orbit.
		Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) of 250 km X 36,000 km, 18 deg inclination with respect to the equator
	www.isro.org /pslvc4.htm (1255 words)

	Geosynchronous Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Geosynchronous (adj.): geo-, earth and synchronous, going on at the same rate and exactly together.
		The time it takes for a satellite to orbit the earth is called its period.
		The Shuttle's orbit is always inclined to the equator by at least 28.5 degrees.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /academy/rocket_sci/satellites/geo-high.html (173 words)

	Basics of Space Flight Section I. The Environment of Space
		To attain geosynchronous (and also geostationary) Earth orbits, a spacecraft is first launched into an elliptical orbit with an apoapsis altitude in the neighborhood of 37,000 km.
		It is possible to choose the parameters of a spacecraft's orbit to take advantage of some or all of these gravitational influences to induce precession, which causes a useful motion of the orbital plane.
		A walking orbit whose parameters are chosen such that the orbital plane precesses with nearly the same period as the planet's solar orbit period is called a sun synchronous orbit.
	www2.jpl.nasa.gov /basics/bsf5-1.html (1166 words)

	Launch Vehicles
		The Atlas II family is capable of lifting payloads ranging in mass from 6,200 lb (2,812 kg) to 8,200 lb (3,719 kg) to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO).
		The Proton K launch vehicle is used as a three-stage vehicle primarily to launch large space station type payloads into low earth orbit and in its four-stage configurations to launch spacecraft into high-energy (geosynchronous transfer, geosynchronous and interplanetary) trajectories.
		In the case of a spacecraft embarking on a Hohmann interplanetary transfer orbit, recall the Earth's orbital speed represents the speed at aphelion or perihelion of the transfer orbit, and the spacecraft's velocity merely needs to be increased or decreased in the tangential direction to achieve the desired transfer orbit.
	jersey.uoregon.edu /~js/space/lectures/lec19.html (3334 words)

	Telstar 302 Communications Satellite - Bell Laboratories - Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The primary mission contraints involved in the deployment of a geostationary communications satellite is placing the vehicle at the target longitude in a geosynchronous orbit while minimizing mission DV.
		The Shuttle's low-earth parking orbit was at 160 nautical miles altitude, inclined at 28.5 deg.
		At the apogee of the GTO, the solid rocket apogee kick motor (AKM) was fired to circularize the orbit at geosynchronous (GEO) altitude and to make the required plane change from 28.5 deg to the nominal 0 deg inclination of GEO.
	www.tsgc.utexas.edu /archive/characterizations/telstar.html (481 words)

	S.P.Korolev RSC Energia - SEA LAUNCH SYSTEM
		For the first time in a commercial launch, a capability was demonstrated to put more than 6 ton SC into a geotransfer orbit owing to special engineering measures implemented by RSC Energia to further improve the unique performance of the upper stage.
		The Intelsat Americas-8 satellite was inserted into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit with high accuracy.
		The GALAXY 16 communications satellite was placed into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit.
	www.energia.ru /english/energia/sea-launch/chron.html (874 words)

	AeroAstro Patents (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The excess space and weight capacity that is typical of a launch of large satellites to high-energy orbits, such as a geosynchronous orbit, is used to deploy small satellites at a substantially lower-energy orbit, such as a low-earth orbit.
		Depending upon the particular configuration, upon achieving the low-earth orbit, the orbit transfer vehicle either releases the payload satellite, or remains attached to the payload satellite to provide support services, such as power, communications, and navigation, to the payload satellite.
		Upon entering the low-energy orbit, the payload satellite is released from the orbit-transfer vehicle.
	www.aeroastro.com.cob-web.org:8888 /patents.htm (1518 words)

	EDUSAT Placed in Near-Geosynchronous Orbit; Antennas Deployed
		It may be noted that EDUSAT was launched by GSLV on September 20, 2004 into a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) of 180 km perigee (nearest point to Earth) and 36,000 km apogee (farthest point to Earth) with an orbital inclination of 19.3 degree with respect to the equatorial plane.
		Subsequently, LAM was fired in three stages to take EDUSAT to its present near geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of almost zero degree with respect to the equator.
		After orbit raising operations, it now has 300 kg of propellants remaining which is sufficient to maintain the satellite in its orbit and control its orientation during its design life of 7 years.
	www.isro.org /pressrelease/Sep26_2004.htm (573 words)

	India: Aerospace Sources >Spaceflight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The orbit is slightly lower than a true GTO, having the following parameters: inclination 19.3 degrees, orbital period 557.6 minutes, perigee 168km and apogee 31,961km.
		The payload capacity of the ASLV is approximately 150 kg to an orbit of 400 km with a 47 degree inclination.The first launch of the ASLV on 24 March 1987 failed when the bottom stage of the core vehicle did not ignite after booster burn-out.
		However, instead of obtaining a circular orbit near 400 km, the ASLV only achieved a short-lived orbit of 256 km by 435 km, not unlike the degraded performance of the SLV-3 launch of 31 May 1981.
	www.aeroinfo.org.in /india/spaceflight.html (476 words)

	Who is the father of Indian space programme?
		The Rs 150-crore rocket was planned as the first in a series of rockets that were to be launched as part of the Rs 1,405-crore GSLV project.
		MetSat, India's first exclusive meteorological satellite, was successfully put into a geosynchronous transfer orbit in 2002.
		Aryabhatta was launched in orbit in April 1975.
	www.rediff.com /money/2003/oct/16quiz.htm (721 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Israeli satellite rides Russian Soyuz into space - 27/12/03
		It was the first Starsem mission to geosynchronous transfer orbit, and follows previous flights of Globalstar mobile telephone satellites, European Cluster 2 science satellites and the Mars Express spacecraft this past June.
		It is bound for circular geostationary orbit 36,000 km above the equator where it will be positioned at 4 degrees West, co-locating with the AMOS 1 spacecraft deployed in 1996 by an Ariane 4 rocket.
		AMOS 2 was supposed to launch aboard a European Ariane 5 rocket from South America, but it was transferred to the Soyuz due to scheduling conflicts in the Arianespace manifest.
	www.cndyorks.gn.apc.org /yspace/articles/israeli_soyuz_launch.htm (499 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The distance moved on the surface of the Earth is less during one orbit, decreasing the cross-range requirement.
		APPENDIX For a circular orbit of altitude h above the Earth's surface the orbital velocity is v_o = R sqrt(g/(R+h)) where g = 9.80665 m/s (the acceleration of gravity at the Earth's surface) R = 6,367.5 km (the radius of the Earth) For an altitude h = 200 km, we obtain v_o = 7781 m/s.
		To reach geo-synchronous transfer orbit with an apogee altitude of h_a = 35,762 km and a perigee altitude of h_p = 200 km the perigee velocity is v_p = 10,114 m/s.
	www.sworld.com.au /steven/space/ssto.txt (3003 words)

	P3-D Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		After the launch, P3-D is in the transfer orbit for geosynchronous orbits.
		After a period of two years, whilst the apogee drifts to the northern hemisphere, the ATOS motor will change the orbit to a final inclination of 63,4 degrees.
		After that time, the ATOS motor can be used for small changes of the orbit.
	www.amsat.org /amsat/sats/phase3d/orbit.html (200 words)

	SPACE.com -- Proton Rocket Successfully Launches U.S. Communications Satellite
		The second maneuver reached an elliptical intermediate orbit of roughly 258 by 5,000 km inclined 50.3 degrees to the equator.
		The third and fourth burns, which were separated by a few minutes in which the Breeze M shed its drained auxiliary fuel tank, raised the orbit to approximately 395 by 35,819 km with an inclination of 49.1 degrees.
		The Breeze M upper stage and attached DIRECTV 8 spacecraft are on a suborbital trajectory in preparation for the first of five planned firings by the upper stage to reach geosynchronous transfer orbit over the next 9 hours.
	www.space.com /missionlaunches/sfn_050521_proton_dtv8.html (2249 words)

	The Hindu : GSLV launch successful, satellite in orbit
		When the GSLV, with its 1,540 kg payload GSAT-1 ``obeyed' instructions to inject the satellite in a GTO, east of Indonesia, it elevated India to a select club of nations capable of handling cryogenic stages and launching heavier satellites.
		The satellite's orbit will be circularised by firing its propulsion systems into an orbit of 36,000 km by 36,000 km.
		Seventeen minutes after lift-off, the grim but formal atmosphere inside the mission control centre at the SHAR came down crashing; the pin-drop silence punctured occasionally by anxious radio- crackles gave way to joyous shrieks as scientists, technicians and engineers greeted each other with bear-hugs, handshakes and back-slappings.
	www.hinduonnet.com /thehindu/2001/04/19/stories/01190002.htm (414 words)

	India Uses PSLV to Launch Metsat 1 Into Geostationary Orbit
		The satellite will enter into service after the completion of orbit raising operations and positioning it in its orbital slot of 74°E. This is the first use of the PSLV to launch a spacecraft into geosynchronous orbit.
		The propellant carried by Metsat is mainly required to raise the satellite from the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit to its final geostationary orbit, using its onboard Liquid Apogee Motor.
		Major changes made to PSLV to allow injection of the spacecraft into GTO include improvements in the performance of the third stage solid propellant motor by optimizing the motor case and propellant loading.
	www.spaceandtech.com /digest/flash2002/flash2002-077.shtml (541 words)

	The Flight to Orbit--November 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The SOV will be an entirely reusable, single-stage-to-orbit spacecraft "which could go to Medium [Earth Orbit] or geosynchronous orbit," he said.
		The SMV would be a smaller vehicle capable of performing "any number of missions," he added, from spot surveillance of a touchy region to refueling or repairing a satellite to orbiting a specialized, short-lived "smallsat" for a special mission.
		Also being looked at as an SOV payload is the Orbital Transfer Vehicle-a satellite that would perform a "tug" mission, moving satellites to higher or lower orbits or bringing them to an SOV or SMV for repair or refueling.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Nov1998/1198orbit_print.html (2668 words)

	Sea Launch Past Launches Thuraya (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Zenit-3SL rocket, with equivalent performance of 5250 kg, delivered the Thuraya-1 satellite to a Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit one hour, 59 minutes and 7 seconds after liftoff.
		Designed for a 12-year lifespan, the satellite is now positioned in Geosynchronous Orbit, 35,786 km (22,236 miles) above the Earth, at 44 degrees East Longitude and inclined at 6.3 degrees.
		It is among the post powerful satellites orbited to date, with 13.5 kilowatts.
	www.sea-launch.com.cob-web.org:8888 /past_thuraya.html (710 words)

	The High Altitude Satellite Observers Home Page (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.unc.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are many thousands of satellites in higher altitude orbits, but few observers actively observe these objects often beleiving that these objects are too faint to be easily observable with a small telescope or binoculars.
		However, there are dozens of satellites in high altitude orbits ranging up to 36,000km altitude that are potential visible to observers using small telescopes (smaller than 6" diameter), binoculars and even the naked eye.
		Hence I have considered any satellite that spends an appreciable part of its orbit beyond 1500km to be "high altitude", since there are few satellites beyond this altitude until we reach the medium earth orbits of GPS and Glonass satellites and those in geosynchronous orbit.
	members.aol.com.cob-web.org:8888 /_ht_a/hattonjasonp/hasohp/HIGH-ALT.HTML (405 words)

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