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	Gardner, Gerald B.
		Gerald Brousseau Gardner, an English hereditary Witch and allegedly responsible for reviving Witchcraft in the modern Western world, was born in Blundellands, near Liverpool, England, on June 13, 1884.
		Gardner's grandfather marred a woman who was supposedly a Witch and some of his distant relatives assumedly possessed psychical abilities.
		Gerald was the second of three sons, and suffered severely with asthma when young.
	www.themystica.com /mystica/articles/g/gardner_gerald_b.html (1516 words)

	BIOGRAPHY: Gerald Gardner (1884-1964) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gardner was the middle of three sons, but was kept distanced from his two brothers as he suffered severely with bouts of asthma.
		Gardner also had a keen interest in all things occult and was particularly drawn to ritual knives and daggers, especially the Malay “Kris” (a dagger with a wavy blade).
		Gardner’s collection of artifacts and materials were not as extensive as Williamson’s, and he found that he hadn’t enough objects to fill all the cases.
	www.sibyllinewicca.org /voices/bio-gardner.htm (2774 words)

	Gerald Gardner Books
		Gardner traces the origins of the Craft and describes the activities of contemporary covens in England.
		Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964), "The Grand Old Man of Witchcraft" is universally credited with being the father of the modem witchcraft revival.
		Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884-1964) is universally credited with being the father of the modem witchcraft revival.
	www.tylwythteg.com /bookstore/gardner.html (511 words)

	Gerald Gardner - The Dirty Old Man Behind Wicca
		Gardner also claimed to be a member of the Scottish Rite but since you have to be a Master Mason to be initiated into the Scottish Rites, obviously this is just another lie.
		Gardner also claimed to have recieved his Doctor of Philosophy in Singapore and a Doctore of Literature in Toulouse but as it turns out these are merely more lies.
		Gardner also joined a naturalist/nudist group before he invented Wicca and was kicked out of it for reasons unknown.
	www.angelfire.com /wi2/thetruthaboutwicca/geraldgardner.html (789 words)

	Blue Moon: Gerald Gardner
		Gardner had a keen interest in magic, and at various tiomes in his life was involved in Freemasonry, spiritualism, Buddhism, and other magical practices.
		After retiring in Malaysia, Gardner returned to England and settled in the New Forrest area of Hampshire, one of the oldest forests in England, Gardner began to explore its history.
		Gerald Gardner remains to this day an important figure in Paganism and perhaps the most famed of all Pagans.
	www.angelfire.com /weird/bluemoon/gardner.html (1633 words)

	CAM - Circle of the African Moon - Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival (Book) Review
		Gardner was initiated into the Craft at Mill House, which belonged to Dorothy Clutterbuck.
		Heselton suspects that Gardner's problem (as well as them not telling him everything) was that the concept of "beliefs" may not have been meaningful to them..
		He knew Gardner well, and it is possible that there was, through that link, some participation by the Witches in aspects of the war effort.
	www.cam.za.net /reviews/books/wiccanroots.html (1073 words)

	Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspriation - Alex Sumner (Reviewer)
		Gerald Brosseau Gardner (1884 - 1964) was probably the most influential figure in the Wicca movement in the twentieth century.
		Gardner, on his retirement, returned to England in 1936, and made contact with a number of colourful characters, who though unconnected were all involved with “alternative lifestyles”.
		Gardner as a man, did have his faults: for example, despite the fact that he enjoyed a successful career, he was still ashamed of his lack of any formal education.
	www.jwmt.org /v1n6/gardner.html (2020 words)

	Owldaughter - Reviews: Wiccan Roots
		As a formal research into the foundations of Wicca, as seen through Gerald Gardner's practice and life in the 1930s and 1940s, the bulk of Wiccan Roots is based on speculation and inference, and as such does not deserve the high academic praise it has garnered since its release in 2000.
		Heselton also explores in detail Gardner's other pursuits such as the Crotona Fellowship, community theatre, Rosicrucians, and so forth; but ultimately, all his conclusions regarding the foundations of Wicca are based on inference and coincidence.
		In short, this is a weak addition to the body of material on Gardner's life and works, and unless the reader is obsessively concerned with the New Forest social circles in which Gardner functioned previous to his involvement with Wicca, not worth the money.
	www.owldaughter.org /reviews/wiccanroots.html (940 words)

	Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration Review (The Cauldron: A Pagan Forum)
		The new book is a detailed look at Gerald B. Gardner and his contacts and interactions with various members of England's naturist, occult, and esoteric communities from the time of his retirement from the British Colonial Service in 1936 until his death.
		In many respects it recapitulates much of the material contained in Gerald Gardner: Witch (formally attributed to Jack Bracelin, but which seems to have actually been written by Idries Shah,) but with the addition of information which was not available in 1960 when the earlier book was published.
		Heselton's credit, in the portion of the book dealing with Gardner's relationship with Aleister Crowley he does manage to advance a plausible theory which resolves a number of the objections to the controversial "Charter," in which Crowley supposedly granted to Gardner the authority to re-establish the OTO in Britain.
	www.ecauldron.com /bkggatcoi.php (1033 words)

	A Biography of Gerald Brosseau Gardner
		In 1951 Gerald Gardner told the journalist Allen Andrews, or at any rate allowed him to receive the impression that he had been created a Doctor of Philosophy in Singapore and a Doctore of Literature in Toulouse.
		However, Gardner admits his sources in many cases, and Doreen confirms them in others, so I think it is safe to presume that the rituals and philosophy used by Wicca descends from the traditions of Freemasonry and Ceremonial magic, rather than from a single common source.
		Julia Phillips [1991] has reconstructed a "family tree" for Gerald Gardner; although I haven't seen it, from her words, I've pieced together this basic map.
	www.bcholmes.org /wicca/gardner.html (983 words)

	Books of Gerald Gardner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gerald Gardner was the central figure in the Wiccan renaissance of the 1950s and 1960s.
		Gardner sold copies of this book at his Witchcraft Museum on the Isle of Man. The fictional setting was necessitated by the harsh laws against witchcraft which were still on the books as of 1949, and (reputedly) secrecy requirements placed on him by the traditionalist coven which he had joined.
		After the repeal of the witchcraft laws in England in 1951, Gardner finally convinced his traditionalist coven to allow him to publish some of the details of their previously secret beliefs and practices.
	www.sacred-texts.com /pag/gardner.htm (250 words)

	Gerald Gardner - The History of Wicca (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The most exhaustive research has been preformed by Philip Heselton whose books, Wiccan Roots: Gerald Gardner and the Modern Witchcraft Revival and Gerald Gardner and The Cauldron of Inspiration, are widely available.
		I feel that, with the help of researchers and advocates like Philip Heselton, awareness of the historical influence of Britain's earliest Gardnerian covens and their significance to the entirety of Wicca has been increased.
		The mission of this site is to provide biographical information and resources on Gerald Gardner and to continue to serve to raise awareness of Wicca's modern history in general and Gardner's historical influence in specific.
	www.geraldgardner.com (167 words)

	Wicca? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, his research proved that this is not the case." In fact, Gerald Gardner (1884-1964) is the inventor of the cult of Wicca.
		DV: I think old Gerald cooked it up in one of his rituals, and people took it terribly literally.
		Gardner became difficult to work with, his egotism and publicity seeking tried the patience of his
	members.aol.com /darkmistress1/page68.html (899 words)

	ABC News: Nev. Controller Convicted on One Count (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gentile also criticized Gerald Gardner, chief deputy of special prosecutions and public integrity for Attorney General Brian Sandoval, for pressing the case and ignoring what he termed the employees' obvious bias against their former boss.
		The defense move came after Gardner confirmed what Augustine has repeatedly denied that she proposed resigning earlier this year to end the attorney general's probe into the campaign activity involving her staff and office equipment.
		Gardner told senators that the proposal was made last February or March by another Augustine attorney, John Arrascada, prior to Augustine being fined by the Ethics Commission for the illegal activity.
	abcnews.go.com /US/wireStory?id=303225 (793 words)

	Encyclopedia: Gerald Gardner
		Dafo is the magical name (an occultists pseudonym) for an otherwise anonymous woman that researchers such as Ronald Hutton and Philip Heselton have come to view as an important contributer to the development of Gardnerian Witchcraft, and therefore Wicca.
		Doreen Valiente (1922 - 1999) was a co-creator of Wicca, together with Gerald Gardner.
		Gerald Gardner's work has been continued by Ray Buckland who set up his headquarters on Long Island in New York.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Gerald-Gardner (922 words)

	Gerald Gardner's Library
		As we all know, Dr. Gardner was probably the pivotal figure of modern witchcraft, and this list will give readers a chance to find out what books may have influenced his life and teachings.
		Gardner may have given them to others before he died or in his will.
		Since Gardner was a friend of Murray's and a supporter of her theory of the origins of European Witchcraft, one would expected Gardner to have acquired her books.
	www.newwiccanchurch.net /gglibrary (343 words)

	PaganRootsCouncil
		Just beyond the standard debates that encompass the life of this enigmatic figure there exists an unexplored landscape that is Gerald Gardner as a person with thoughts, emotions, fears, and ambitions.
		Within the research that gives us Gardner as a human being also exists the answers to the larger questions that are of utmost concern.
		I've been collecting information on Gardner since 1997, and I am about to embark on a period of intense study and writing that should hopefully yield a number of well-documented essays that I intend to publish here in PDF format.
	groups.msn.com /PaganRootsCouncil/geraldgardner.msnw (666 words)

	Freemasonry: Midwife to an Occult Empire
		Gerald Brosseau Gardner (June 13, 1884 - February 12, 1964) was a Freemason, an English hereditary Witch and largely responsible for reviving Witchcraft in the modern Western world.
		Gardner claimed to trace his roots to a Witch named Grissell Gardner who had been burned at the stake in 1610 at Newburgh.
		Gardner suffered severely with asthma from an early age and required a nurse to attend to his needs.
	www.conspiracyarchive.com /NWO/Freemasonry.htm (6179 words)

	Gerald Brosseau Gardner
		Shortly before Crowley’s death on December 1, 1947, Gardner purchased from him a charter for an Ordo Templi Orientis camp, which he later unsuccessfully attempted to start.
		Gardner is claimed by Idries Shah to have been made a freemason in "Sphinx Lodge 113", Irish Constitution, Colombo, Ceylon.
		Not to be confused with the editor of Bibliotheca Rosicruciana, Frederick Leigh Gardner (1857-1930), who was a freemason.
	freemasonry.bcy.ca /biography/esoterica/gardner_g/gardner_g.html (414 words)

	Gerald Gardner - The History of Wicca
		A great introduction to Gerald Gardner and Wicca's history, this lecture manages to be concise and accessible while still being detailed.
		With this narrative as a vantage point, it will be possible to distinguish some of the aspects of Gardner's religious, social, and intellectual life that entered and transformed Wicca during the religion's birth into the public world.
		The essay suggests that Wicca has a duel heritage--one is the literal history involving Gardner's popularization and the other is the heritage that Wiccans have adopted from the many sources that were synthesized to create the tradition.
	www.geraldgardner.com /essays.php (1020 words)

	Wicca Gerald Gardner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gerald, although her opinion of both him and the Wicca was rather poor.
		...Contrary to the statements of Gerald Gardner,Wicca was NOT a religion at all.....anonymous until the coming of Gerald Gardner (Adler, 45-46).
		Gerald Gardner was initiated into the New Forest...
	www.americanwicca.com /wicca-gerald-gardner.html (235 words)

	NWC Article: Gerald Gardner, Old Words and the Old Laws
		Gardner himself, who was anything but secretive at times, cannot be considered a completely reliable source: Despite his casting of Witchcraft Today and The Meaning of Witchcraft as anthropological studies, there is good reason to believe Gardner’s priority was his vision of reviving the Craft, rather than providing a scientifically accurate depiction of it.
		It would pointless to claim that Gerald Gardner did not write "The Old Laws" because he could not have used the archaic language correctly unless it is shown that that language was used correctly.
		Gardner claims that he received the third, "The Legend of the Descent of the Goddess," from the New Forest coven, but he admits that it might have been written relatively recently.
	www.newwiccanchurch.net /articles/ggowol.htm (9646 words)

	History of Wicca in England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gardner was given his OTO degree and Charter by Aleister Crowley, to whom he was introduced in 1946 by Arnold Crowther.
		This is also the main reason for Gerald's Law which states that the HPS will, "...gracefully retire in favour of a younger woman, should the coven so decide in council." Needless to say, Doreen was not impressed, and she and Ned left the coven under very acrimonious circumstances.
		Gardner may have been an utter fraud; he may have actually received a "Traditional" initiation; or, as a number of people have suggested, he may have created the Wicca as a result of a genuine religious experience, drawing upon his extensive literary and magical knowledge to create, or help create, the rites and philosophy.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~sjgavula/wiccahist.html (7049 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Books: Witchcraft Today (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Although some of what was written by Gardner has been discredited, this is still a worthwhile book to have in your collection.
		It is interesting to see how Gardners ideas have shaped modern Wiccan thinking and practice and how it has changed from his time.
		Gerald Gardner is the founder of what he believed to be an old tradition.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0806525932 (989 words)

	Gerald Gardner
		The founder of modern Wicca and allegedly himself the descendent of at least one hereditary witch, Gerald Gardner claimed to have learned The Craft from a hereditary witch by the name of Dorothy Clutterbuck.
		Although it is commonly believed that Gardener did indeed associate with practicing witches, it is also acknowledged that his ritual and other material was cobbled together from various occult sources including Freemasonry and the work of Aleister Crowley.
		Gardner also relied heavily on Sir James Frazer's descriptions of pagan rituals in The Golden Bough.
	www.nndb.com /people/922/000099625 (106 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Religion and Spirituality: Pagan: Wicca: Traditions: Gardnerian: Gardner, Gerald B. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gardner, Gerald B. - A short biography of the founder of Gardnerian Wicca, the man largely responsible for the modern Witchcraft revival.
		Gerald Brosseau Gardner - A short biography of Gardner and the beliefs he founded, by George Knowles.
		Gerald Gardner - A short biography of Gerald Gardner and his work with modern Wicca.
	dmoz.org /Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Pagan/Wicca/Traditions/Gardnerian/Gardner,_Gerald_B. (232 words)

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