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Topic: Gerard Kuiper

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	Kuiper Belt Objects
		A year later astronomer Gerard Kuiper suggested that some comet-like debris from the formation of the solar system should also be just beyond Neptune.
		Kuiper's hypothesis was reinforced in the early 1980s when computer simulations of the solar system's formation predicted that a disk of debris should naturally form around the edge of the solar system.
		The Orbit of 1998 WW31 in the Kuiper Belt
	www.solarviews.com /eng/kuiper.htm (1006 words)

	Gerard Kuiper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Kuiper, the son of a tailor in a rural village in North Holland, had an early interest in astronomy.
		Kuiper spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, but moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1960 to found the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona.
		Besides the Kuiper belt, Asteroid 1776 Kuiper, the Kuiper crater on the Moon, craters on Mars and Mercury, and the now-decommissioned Kuiper Airborne Observatory were named after him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gerard_Kuiper (468 words)

	The Kuiper Belt
		Gerard Kuiper, in whose honor the region is named, suggested in 1951 that the Kuiper Belt might be the source of short-period comets.
		Kuiper Belt Objects are just part of larger group of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) that orbit further from the Sun than Neptune.
		Before the Kuiper Belt was found, he said that some comets probably came from the Kuiper Belt.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /comets/Kuiper_belt.html (1358 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Space :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Kuiper Airborne Observatory was dedicated in May of 1975 in honor of a man who many today regard as the father of modern planetary science.
		Kuiper used it extensively for spectroscopy of the Sun, stars, and planets, discovering things about them that could not be found from ground-based observatories.
		Kuiper was a demanding individual whose routine included hard work and long hours for not only himself, but his students and co-workers.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /lfs/kuiper-bio.html (571 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Kuiper's professors described him as a "bright, brash researcher zealously dedicated to observational work." Kuiper's incoming graduate "class," such as it was, consisted of just two students, GPK and Bart J. Bok.
		Kuiper, by contrast, might have meant to start out in solar system astronomy, but so little was known reliably that he found himself studying binary stars as, he hoped, an analogy to planetary formation.
		Kuiper's doctoral thesis, mentored by Hertzsprung and the great polymath astronomer Jan Oort (who was later to "discover" the Oort Cloud), focused on the statistics of binary stars.
	athene.as.arizona.edu /~lclose/teaching/a204/moon/Astron99.27.3.40.txt (2707 words)

	Gerard Kuiper
		Gerard Peter Kuiper, born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper (1905 - 1973) was an American astronomer, born in the Netherlands.
		Kuiper has discovered a number of satellites (moons) of the planets in the solar system, and suggested the existence of a belt outside Neptune's orbit, now named the Kuiper belt.
		In the 1960s, Kuiper also helped identifying landing sites on the moon for the Apollo program.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ge/Gerard_Kuiper.html (64 words)

	Kuiper, Gerard Peter. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Kuiper is considered to be the father of modern planetary science for his wide ranging studies of the solar system.
		He proposed (1951) the existence of a disk-shaped region of minor planets outside the orbit of Neptune (now called the Kuiper belt) as a source for short-period comets—those making complete orbits around the sun in less than 200 years (see also Oort, Jan Hendrik).
		Kuiper was the editor of two encyclopedic works, The Solar System (4 vol., 1953–58) and Stars and Stellar Systems (9 vol., 1960–68).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ku/KuiperGer.html (231 words)

	[No title]
		Kuiper's professors described him as a "bright, brash researcher zealously dedicated to observational work." Kuiper's incoming graduate "class," such as it was, consisted of just two students, GPK and Bart J. Bok.
		Kuiper, by contrast, might have meant to start out in solar system astronomy, but so little was known reliably that he found himself studying binary stars as, he hoped, an analogy to planetary formation.
		Kuiper's doctoral thesis, mentored by Hertzsprung and the great polymath astronomer Jan Oort (who was later to "discover" the Oort Cloud), focused on the statistics of binary stars.
	atropos.as.arizona.edu /aiz/teaching/a204/moon/Astron99.27.3.40.txt (2707 words)

	Gerard Kuiper information - Search.com
		Gerard Peter Kuiper (/ˈkaɪpə˞/), born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper (/kœypəʁ/) (December 7, 1905 – December 23, 1973) was a Dutch-American astronomer.
		Kuiper was a professor at the University of Arizona.
		Asteroid 1776 Kuiper and Kuiper crater on the Moon, the Kuiper belt, as well as craters on Mars and Mercury are named after him.
	www.search.com /reference/Gerard_Kuiper (239 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		Gerard Peter Kuiper was born on December 7, 1905, in Harenkarspel, The Netherlands.
		To make up for this, Kuiper and his colleagues suggested that the mass of the cloud from which the planets were formed was much greater than the present mass of the planets.
		Kuiper's spectroscopic studies of the planets Uranus and Neptune led to the discovery of features afterwards named "Kuiper bands", found at wavelengths of 7,500 Å, which have been identified and indicate the presence of methane.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/kuiper.htm (523 words)

	Kuiper, Gerard Peter (1905-1973)
		His observations led him to conclude in 1935 that the average separation between the components of binary stars was about 20 AU, which is similar to the distance of the gas giants from the Sun.
		Kuiper's spectroscopic studies led to the discovery of the atmosphere of Titan (1944) and features, afterward known as Kuiper bands, in the spectra of Uranus and Neptune, due to methane.
		Kuiper, Gerard P. The Atmospheres of the Earth and Planets, rev. ed.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/K/KuiperGP.html (217 words)

	Zoom Astronomy Glossary: K
		The Kuiper belt may be the source of the short-period comets (like Halley's comet).
		The Kuiper belt was named for the Dutch-American astronomer Gerard P. Kuiper, who predicted its existence in 1951.
		KUIPER, G. Gerard Peter Kuiper (1905-1973) was a Dutch-American astronomer who predicted the existence of the Kuiper belt in 1951.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/astronomy/glossary/indexk.shtml (1112 words)

	Comets' kuiper belt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		he Kuiper Belt is named after Gerard Kuiper who suggested in 1951 that some comets, which pass by the sun periodically (short-period comets), and approach the Sun from within the same plane as that of the other planets, may originate in a region closer to the solar system than the Oort Cloud is.
		Observations show that these objects are mostly confined within a thick band around the ecliptic, occupying a ring surrounding the sun in the range situated from 35 to 100 AU from the Sun.
		First, it is likely that the Kuiper Belt objects are extremely primitive remnants from the early accretional phases of the solar system.
	spaceguard.esa.int /NScience/neo/neo-what/com-kuiper.htm (564 words)

	Why Kuiper Belt? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gerard Kuiper (it is pronounced like "Viper" although a lot of people try it as "Coyper") was a scientist interested in the solar system at a time when this interest was even less fashionable than it is today.
		The problem with Kuiper Belt is that Kuiper did not, by any objective reading, really predict the object to which his name is given.
		Kuiper's paper refers to a primordial set of bodies that he supposed were scattered out to the Oort Cloud by massive Pluto, so that if taken at face value his paper predicts there should be nothing where we now see Kuiper Belt Objects.
	www.ifa.hawaii.edu /faculty/jewitt/kb/gerard.html (451 words)

	Johannes Kepler, Gerard Peter Kuiper: famous astronomers quizzes
		Gerard Peter Kuiper accurately measured the diameter of Plutos moon.
		Gerard Peter Kuiper accurately measured the diameter of one of Neptunes moons.
		Gerard Peter Kuiper accurately measured the diameter of one of Jupiters moons.
	www.galileo-galilei.org /astronomers/johannes-kepler.html (220 words)

	Gerard Kuiper
		Gerard Kuiper was an American astronomer who lived between 1905-1973.
		Kuiper developed a new technique for looking at the sky from high altitude, and discovered Nereid, a moon of Neptune, and Miranda, a moon of Uranus.
		Kuiper suggested that there was a belt of comet-like debris at the edge of our solar system, a theory that was proven true 20 years after his death.
	www.windows.ucar.edu /tour/link=/people/today/kuiper.html&edu=high (161 words)

	Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) 2005 News Release
		Among Kuiper's students were such notable 20th century planetary scientists as Carl Sagan, William Hartmann, Toby Owen, Tom Gehrels and New Horizons Science Team Co-Investigator Dr. Dale Cruikshank of the NASA Ames Research Center in California.
		The exploration of the Kuiper Belt in general, and the Pluto system in particular, was ranked as the highest priority new start for a NASA planetary mission in this decade by the National Research Council.
		Editors: More information on the life and accomplishments of Dr. Gerard Kuiper is available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_P._Kuiper; information on the Kuiper Belt is at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt; information on the New Horizons mission is at http://pluto.jhuapl.edu.
	www.swri.org /9what/releases/2005/Kuiper.htm (658 words)

	ESA - Space Science - 7 December
		Kuiper became one of the greatest 20th century astronomers and is widely considered the father of planetary science.
		Among Kuiper's students were such notable 20th century planetary scientists as Carl Sagan and Toby Owen.
		During his career, Kuiper studied all the known planets, asteroids and the stars and nebulae of the Milky Way.
	www.esa.int /esaSC/SEMQ0BXLDMD_index_0.html (297 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Space :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Kuiper Airborne Observatory was dedicated in May of 1975 in honor of a man who many today regard as the father of modern planetary science.
		Kuiper used it extensively for spectroscopy of the Sun, stars, and planets, discovering things about them that could not be found from ground-based observatories.
		Kuiper was a demanding individual whose routine included hard work and long hours for not only himself, but his students and co-workers.
	www.quest.arc.nasa.gov /lfs/kuiper-bio.html (571 words)

	Gerard Kuiper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Kuiper had a major impact on the space work he did.
		These green spots, Kuiper believed, were low-order plants that "act like sponges and suck up water vapor present in the air", such as mosses and lichens.
		Gerard Kuiper served as a chief scientist for the Ranger spacecraft crash-landing probes of the moon.
	www.elwood.k12.nf.ca /sciencepages/bingleh/webpage/gerard.htm (361 words)

	Gerard Kuiper Summary
		Kuiper spent most of his career at the University of Chicago, but moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1960 to found the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona.
		In 1959, Kuiper won the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship of the American Astronomical Society.
		The Kuiper Prize, named in his honor, is the most distinguished award given by the American Astronomical Society Division of Planetary Sciences, an international society of professional planetary scientists.
	www.bookrags.com /Gerard_Kuiper (717 words)

	The Kuiper Belt - Crystalinks
		In the process, Neptune swept up, or gravitationally ejected all the bodies closer to the Sun than about 40 AU (the inner edge of the region occupied by cubewanos), apart from those which fortuitously were in a 2:3 orbital resonance.
		The present Kuiper Belt members are thought to have largely formed in their present position, although a significant fraction may have originated in the vicinity of Jupiter, and been ejected by it to the far regions of the Solar system.
		In 1951 Gerard Kuiper suggested that the belt was the source of short period comets (those having an orbital period of less than 200 years).
	www.crystalinks.com /kuiperbelt.html (212 words)

	Astronomy, History Of \| Macmillan Space Sciences
		Gerard Peter Kuiper was the father of modern planetary astronomy.
		While in his native country, Kuiper made important contributions to the study of binary stars, which led to work on planetary system formation after he moved to the United States.
		Gerard Peter Kuiper, astronomer and professor at Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, explaining his theory that there is a disk of comets beyond Neptune's orbit.
	www.bookrags.com /research/kuiper-gerard-peter-spsc-02/astronomy-history-of-spsc-02.html (344 words)

	The Kuiper Belt and Outer-Outer Solar System (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Gerard Kuiper postulated the existence of a reservoir of planetary material just outside the orbits of Neptune and Pluto and essentially confined to the plane of the solar system, i.e., Jupiter's orbital plane [ Kuiper, 1951].
		Given their estimate of the size of 250 km (based on an albedo of 0.04 which is typical of a comet nucleus), it was clearly a significant achievement because of the very slow proper motion and the dimness of the reflected light with a red magnitude of 22.8.
		Jewitt and Luu reported a second Kuiper object, 1993 FW in a footnote to their cited paper and have discovered several more since then.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/muhlem01/node6.html (229 words)

	DPS Prizes: Kuiper Prize (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Gerard P. Kuiper Prize (hereafter referred to as the Kuiper Prize), was established by the DPS to recognize and honor outstanding contributors to planetary science.
		The Kuiper Prize will consist of a certificate and a citation, accompanied (except for a posthumous recipient) by a cash award, in an amount to be determined by the DPS Committee.
		The recipient of the Kuiper Prize, if able, will be invited to present a lecture on a subject of his or her choosing.
	www.aas.org /dps/prizes_kuiper.html (347 words)

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