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Topic: Gerd Binning

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	Mag Lab Education - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Gerd Binning
		A native of Germany, the physicist Gerd Binning co-developed the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with Heinrich Rohrer while the pair worked together at the IBM Research Laboratory in Switzerland.
		The invention allowed scientists entry into the atomic world in a way that had never been possible and was a major advance in the field of nanotechnology.
		The first atomic images that Binning and Rohrer produced were of the surface of gold; the invention was made public in 1981.
	www.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/pioneers/binnig.html (885 words)

	Historical Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gerd Binnig was born in Frankfurt, W. Germany on 7/20/47.
		Gerd' interest in physics started at an early age of ten.
		Gerd began losing his interest in physics to his hobby of music.
	www.mse.vt.edu /faculty/hendricks/mse4206/projects98/group01/history.html (324 words)

	ZoomInfo Web Summary: Gerd Binnig (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gerd Binnig is a physicist at IBM's Zurich Research Laboratory.
		Gerd Binnig was born on 20 July 1947 in Frankfurt, Germany.
		Invented by IBM physicists Gerd Binnig and Christoph Gerber with Stanford University electrical engineer Calvin Quate in 1986, atomic-force microscopes run extraordinarily sharp cantilevers up and down surfaces and scan with three-dimensional details, much as a blind person uses his or her fingers to read bumps on a page of Braille.
	www.zoominfo.com /directory/Binnig_Gerd_642112.htm (321 words)

	Gerd Menu
		GERD The goals of treating GERD are to relieve symptoms and to prevent long term Symptoms abusing antacids Treatment and Prevention of Ulcer GERD PPI Therapy More Definition of Ulcer; Description of Ulcer; Causes and AstraZeneca LP.
		Peptic Ulcer Disease Hiatus Hernia GERD Heartburn and Reflux.
		Many ulcer patients experience inflammation and ulcers of the stomach and duodenum laparoscopic gastrectomy gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD pylori; and Appendix Drug Treatment Options for GERD and H. pylori associated Peptic Ulcer Disease.
	www.quotecapital.com /menu/gerd.htm (590 words)

	The Nanomeme Syndrome: Blurring of fact & fiction in the construction of a new science
		In 1981, Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binning, at IBM Zurich research laboratories, invented the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM), which for the first time “looked” at the topography of atoms that cannot be seen.
		(Binning) With this invention, the age of the immaterial was truly inaugurated.
		An IBM team, Henrich Rohrer, Gerd Binning, Christoph Gerber and Eddie Weibel were working on finding pinhole defects in nanometer thin oxide layers that acted as barriers for quantum tunneling for what was known as the Josephson project.
	vv.arts.ucla.edu /publications/publications/02-03/JV_nano/JV_nano_artF5VG.htm (7808 words)

	Nanotechnology: Big Events Happen In Small Worlds
		Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer are both known for their collaborative effort for the invention of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope in the IBM Research Laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland.
		They were awarded half of the 1986 Nobel Prize for physics for their achievement.
		In 1989, Binning published Aus dem Nichts (Out of Nothing), in which he stated that creativity grew from disorder.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/01179/binnig.html (71 words)

	Chapter Resources: All Chapters
		The scanning tunneling microscope is an outgrowth of the 1981 invention of two Swiss-based IBM researchers, Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer.
		Binning and Rohrer used a tiny, needlelike probe so finely milled that its tip was only two or three atoms wide.
		They brought the tip to within forty billionths of an inch of the surface to be scanned and applied a low voltage.
	microbiology.jbpub.com /microfocus.cfm?chapter=2&MFNumber=1 (349 words)

	National Nanotechnology Initiative
		Nanoscale science was enabled by advances in microscopy, most notably the electron, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes, among others.
		The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physics honored three of the inventors of the electron and scanning tunnel microscopes, Ernst Ruska, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.
		The scanning tunneling microscope (STM) is one of a number of instruments that allows scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms and small molecules.
	www.nano.gov /html/facts/home_facts.html (504 words)

	National Center of Competence in Research Nanoscale Science, University of Basel, Switzerland
		In 1981, a group of IBM scientists led by Gerd Binning, Heinrich Rohrer and Christoph Gerber invented the scanning tunneling microscope, which enabled the individual atoms of a surface to be visualized for the first time.
		This microscope is based on principles quite different from those of the light or electron microscopes that were known hitherto.
		Further innovations will come in the next few years and show why nanotechnology is being described today as a key technology of the future.
	www.nccr-nano.org /nccr/about_us/nanoscale_science (1055 words)

	Gerd Leonhard's Blog on The Future of Music, Media & Entertainment: CHANGE
		Boardroom splits, a European Commission competition inquiry and a loss of market share have left the company reeling after its 2004 creation from the merger of Sony’s and Bertelsmann’s record labels.
		Now, though, in Europe at least, Ged Doherty, the chairman and chief executive of Sony BMG Music Entertainment Europe, wants to change the tune, and SonyBMG has a plan to reinvent itself by binning the requirement for demo tapes and boldly setting up online demos for fans as well as executives to judge.
		From Monday the next Arctic Monkeys must upload a video or MP3 audio package to a new SonyBMG website where it will be assessed by label bosses and any musician or fan who chooses to log on at columbiademos.co.uk or rcademos.co.uk.
	www.gerdleonhard.net /change (1248 words)

	15 Oct Nobel History
		Ernst Ruska, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope and the other half, jointly to Dr Gerd Binnig and DR Heinrich Rohrer, IBM Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland, for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope.
		The first researchers to succeed in building a scanning tunneling microscope were Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at the IBM Research Laboratories in Zürich, Switzerland.
		The reason for their success was the exceptional precision of the mechanical design One example of this is that disturbing vibrations from the environment were eliminated by building the microscope upon a heavy permanent magnet floating freely in a dish of superconducting lead.
	www.safran-arts.com /42day/history/nobel/nob1015.html (8570 words)

	Scanning Probe Microscopy
		Scanning probe microscopy had its breakthrough with the development of the scanning-tunneling microscope (STM) by Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binning for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986
		Based on the principle of a piezoelectric scanning of a very sharp probe relative to a sample, several other methods were developed soon.
		The proposed multifunctional tool, based on a combination of scanning probe techniques will provide simultaneous information with a high selectivity for individual transmitters, high temporal resolution of changes in transmitter concentration, and high spatial resolution to distinguish which cells are releasing transmitter molecules, information required for in-situ investigations of complex biological systems and heterogeneous matrices.
	www.brucherseifer.com /html/scanning_probe_microscopy.html (369 words)

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