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| | Nineteenth Century Geometry |
 | | As a result of this, the neighborhood relations among points in projective space and on projective planes differ drastically from those familiar from standard geometry, and are highly counterintuitive. |
 | | No real-valued function of point pairs, defined on all projective space, can be an invariant of the projective group, but there is a function of collinear point quadruples, called the cross-ratio, which is such an invariant. |
 | | The distance between two points in space can be ascertained with a rod, or a tape, or by optical means, and the result depends essentially on the physical behavior of the instruments used. |
| plato.stanford.edu /entries/geometry-19th (4771 words) |
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