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	Biological warfare -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		However, the consensus among military analysts is that except in the context of (Terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare) bioterrorism, biological warfare is militarily of little use.
		The main problem is that a biological warfare attack would take days to implement and therefore unlike a (Click link for more info and facts about nuclear) nuclear or (Produced by or used in a reaction involving changes in atoms or molecules) chemical attack would not immediately stop an advancing army.
		As a strategic weapon, biological warfare is again militarily problematic, because unless it is used to poison enemy civillian towns, it is difficult to prevent the attack from spreading to either allies or to the attacker and a biological warfare attack invites immediate massive retaliation, usually in the same form.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bi/biological_warfare.htm (1795 words)

	Muscle & Fitness Australia - GERM WARFARE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The germs commonly found in gyms are generally the same germs found on the doorknobs, sinks and hand rails you come in constant contact with outside the gym, and the majority are quite harmless.
		Germs have several methods of attack, and in most cases, they won't be successful unless you give them an opening.
		The germs picked up by scrape-free bodies and hands most likely won't be able to infect you - unless you rub an exposed infected area on your body with your hands and then you rub your hands on your eyes, nose or mouth.
	www.muscle-fitness.com.au /339.html (1769 words)

	Germ Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		People who play sports are particularly susceptible to infections for various reasons: Germs grow when athletic equipment gets warm and moist; sweating softens the skin's main barrier, the stratum corneum, to the body; and germs enter the body from scrapes, cuts and bruises.
		Athletic equipment is a very good host for germs because of the plastics and foam used in its construction.
		Germs also get under the skin as it gets soft and prune-like from the body's heat and sweat.
	www.fatdog.ca /articles/ottawacitizen2004/germWarfare.php (1647 words)

	Japan's Germ Warfare and the Korean War
		The most heinous act of the Japanese was the participation of former officers of the Unit '731' (germ warfare) of the Imperial Army in the Korean War.
		Germ warfare confessions were made by, among others, Col. Frank H. Schwable, the chief of the First Marine Air Wing, Major Roy Bley, Col. Walker F. Mahurin, a WWII fighter ace and an assistant executive to US Secretary for Air Finletter, and Col. Andrew J.
		Germ warfare in Korea - The disease that broke out among thousands of U.S. troops, killing considerable numbers, was epidemic hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.
	www.kimsoft.com /korea/jp-germ.htm (2198 words)

	germwarfare
		In fact numerous ancient references show germ warfare is far from being a modern development.
		This concerns the mythic origins and the historical practice of biological and chemical warfare in antiquity and is published in the US by Overlook Press and in Great Britain by Duckworth.
		In his book entitled Prehistoric Germ Warfare author Robin Collyns claims that many of our most virulent viruses are in fact the remnants of a biological war that was fought out many thousands of years ago.
	www.nasca.org.uk /Strange_Maps/germwarfare/germwarfare.html (635 words)

	Science News Online - Past Issues - 5/18/96
		Moreover, the secrets of cultivating germs are not secret at all--they are described in scientific literature, Bailey said at a meeting this week on the threat of infectious disease.
		A germ warfare lab is difficult to detect, Bailey said at the meeting, sponsored by the nonprofit National Consortium for Genomic Resources Management and Services in McLean, Va. Through 25 United Nations inspections, Iraq successfully hid five labs that made thousands of liters of the germs that cause anthrax, botulism, and gas gangrene.
		Western nations probably face the greatest risk of germ warfare because their populations are extremely mobile.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arch/5_18_96/fob2.htm (401 words)

	ScienCentral: Germ Warfare in Public
		In order to get a handle on where germs are found and how they spread, researchers collected more than 800 samples from personal items and surfaces found in stores, daycare centers, offices and playgrounds.
		They tested the samples for the presence of bodily fluids containing hemoglobin (which indicates blood), alpha-amylase (which is found in mucus, saliva and urine), urea (also found in urine), and protein (which indicates general hygiene).
		They found that playgrounds were the most likely places to harbor germs, after finding bodily fluids on 44 per cent of the surfaces.
	www.sciencentral.com /articles/view.php3?language=english&type=24119&article_id=218391184&cat=2_3 (725 words)

	GERM WARFARE
		An array of germ warfare weapons were allegedly used against North Korea.
		The Congressional Record reveals that according to the plan for the development of this germ agent, the most important characteristic of the new disease would be "that it might be refractory [resistant] to the immunological and therapeutic processes upon which we depend to maintain our relative freedom from infectious disease".
		Dengue fever variations were the focus of much experimentation at the Army's Biological Warfare test facility at Ft. Dietrick, Maryland prior to the 'ban' on such research in 1972.
	www.mindcontrolforums.com /history-germ-warfare.htm (1789 words)

	Revealed: MoD's germ warfare tests on London (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		They were designed to mimic the behaviour of virulent biological warfare germs without having the same harmful effects.
		The E coli is not the same as the 157 strain responsible for recent deaths in Scotland.
		It was implicated in diseases and at least one death after the United States army released it in San Francisco during similar germ warfare tests.
	www.portal.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1997/02/02/ngerm02.html (484 words)

	Germ Warfare: Breakthroughs in Immunology
		Germ Warfare is about the immune system in infection and disease.
		Germ Warfare is available in the US at all good book stores with a retail price of $14.95, and through Barnes and Noble ($13.45) and Amazon.com, who have stocks available at $11.95.
		Germ Warfare is also currently distributed in Japan, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Korea, Singapore, South Africa and Switzerland.
	www.jcu.edu.au /fmhms/school/pms/CGC/GermWarfareHP.html (609 words)

	germ warfare on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Chinese victims of Japanese germ warfare gather in Shanghai
		Germ Warfare Suit 8 22 0684 Plaintiffs in germ warfare suit want admission from Japan
		CORRECTED Germ Warfare Suit 8 22 0684 CORRECTED: Plaintiffs in germ warfare suit want admission...
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/x/x-germwar.asp (358 words)

	Germ Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		NEW YORK -- The horror of germ weapons is easier to describe, experts say, than to translate into practice.
		They depend primarily on wind for their dispersal, a factor that is hard to predict or control.
		A warning of what a real anthrax attack might do to a city emerged from an accident in 1979 at a Soviet biological warfare plant in a residential neighborhood of Sverdlovsk, now known as Ekaterinburg, some 870 miles east of Moscow.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/germ.htm (1023 words)

	BBC News \| AMERICAS \| Q&A: Germ warfare
		Biological or germ weapons are living organisms adapted for military use and intended to cause diseases or death in human, animal, or plant life.
		The Iraqi army is believed to have used germ and chemical agents 1987-88 during a campaign against the Iraqi Kurds.
		In the 1990s five hidden germ warfare laboratories and stockpiles of anthrax, botulism, and gas gangrene bacteria were discovered in Iraq.
	news.bbc.co.uk /hi/english/world/americas/newsid_1456000/1456414.stm (1044 words)

	Science World: Invisible Death - risk of germ warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Germ warfare hasn't touched U.S. soil yet, though in the last year American citizens with grudges to settle made over 100 false threats to use anthrax, a livestock disease that can be turned into a lethal germ weapon.
		Unlike missiles, germ weapons are relatively cheap to make, easy to obtain, and hard to detect in busy hubs like subways or airports.
		A. In their natural state, most germs are fragile--killed easily by heat, sunlight, and the body's immune system.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1590/is_14_55/ai_55183119 (841 words)

	Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg and William J. Broad, "U.S. Germ Warfare Research Pushes Treaty Limits," New ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Both the mock bomb and the factory were tested with simulants — benign substances with characteristics similar to the germs used in weapons, officials said.
		Much of the initial emphasis was on the germs that enemies might use in an attack, officials said.
		James F. Leonard, head of the delegation that negotiated the germ treaty, said research on microbes or munitions could be justified, depending on the specifics.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /acad/intrel/strategy/germs.htm (2262 words)

	Molecular programming: Germ warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		For most multicellular organisms, the germ cell is the only cell type that passes genetic information to the next generation, and the only cell capable of giving rise to a complete organism.
		A comparison of gene expression in single founder germ cells in mice and adjacent somatic cells with the same ancestry has uncovered a molecular program specifying germ-cell fate.
		A sub-set of cells with high expression of fragilis becomes germ cells, indicated by the onset of stella, a gene known to be exclusive to lineage-restricted germ cells.
	www.nature.com /nature/links/020718/020718-6.html (166 words)

	PlanetPapers - Germ Warfare
		Biological or germ weapons are living organisms used for the military and intended to cause diseases or death in human, animal, or plant life.
		There are a wide range of techniques and agents that can be used in germ warfare.
		Technology with the germ warfare is constantly improving.
	www.planetpapers.com /Assets/5131.php (368 words)

	Germ warfare by Noel O'Hare \| New Zealand Listener
		The risk from surface germs is minimal as long as you wash your hands after using the toilet.
		It is hard to predict exactly which germs are on your toothbrush right now, but staphylococci, coliforms, pseudo-monads, streptococci and at least one fungus, candida, have all been cultured from used toothbrushes."
		Bathroom doorknobs can, of course, harbour germs and though stainless steel looks more hygienic, it is more likely to harbour germs than old-fashioned brass, which has germicidal properties.
	www.listener.co.nz /default,782.sm (806 words)

	frontline: plague war: readings: keeping the lid on germ warfare
		The original release of spores came from a biological warfare research laboratory in the southern suburbs of the city of 1.2 million people on the eastern slopes of the Urals.
		Western intelligence agencies are aware that some work into biological warfare programs continued in the Commonwealth of Independent States until at least 1992 (the Sverdlovsk-17 BW plant was shut down in the same year).
		The DoD concluded recently that the biological warfare threat was one area in which the United States has found itself to be the most vulnerable.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/readings/venter.html (3056 words)

	The Truth About The US Germ Warfare in Korea
		When the Communists announced the first case of germ warfare incident in December 1950, the inspector general of the US Air Force launched an investigation.
		The confessors disclosed where the biological weapons were manufactured (Terre Haute, Indiana), the command structure of the germ warfare (Unit 406 based in Japan), types of germs (the types developed by the Japanese germ warfare units) and details on the bombing tactics.
		They were told that germ warfare was a top secret and that disclosing it to anyone would lead to a court-martial and if convicted, death as the likely penalty.
	www.kimsoft.com /1997/us-germx.htm (943 words)

	Colonial Germ Warfare
		By the seventeenth century European military leaders were becoming conscious of ethics in warfare, and rules to follow in "civilized war" were slowly being developed.
		Elizabeth A. Fenn, professor of history at George Washington University, writes in her article "Biological Warfare in Eighteenth-Century North America: Beyond Jeffery Amherst" that because the Americans were referred to as "savages" Dunkin believed any means was justified to exterminate them.
		Eighteenth-century warfare was increasingly conducted by relatively compact armies with the result of less loss and harassment of civilians.
	www.history.org /Foundation/journal/Spring04/warfare.cfm (2120 words)

	Germ Warfare
		A blood test shows evidence of borrelia, and a short course of oral antibiotics is administered.
		But there are those who don't fit this model: Since borrelia lives in tissues, not blood fluids, the two standard blood tests -- elisa and the Western Blot -- can measure the body's reaction to the germ only by finding antibodies and not the germ itself.
		Too often, there are false positives or negatives; some say the rate of inaccuracy on both tests can be as high as 40 percent.
	www.newyorkmetro.com /nymetro/health/columns/bodypolitic/2225 (980 words)

	Germ Warfare
		Riding the subway during a visit to New York, I noticed the woman next to me busily massaging her hands with a lotion soap guaranteed to kill "99.9 percent of all bacteria!" To her left, a man wiped a subway pole with an antibacterial towelette before grasping it for support.
		More troubling, these chemicals have the potential to kill off sensitive germs that are easily annihilated by the antibiotics — while leaving behind a microecologically open field for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to flourish.
		By the 1890's, with the wider acceptance of the germ theory of disease, doctors admonished patients to wash their hands before eating and after handling food, going to the bathroom, handling money, touching their mouth or nose, changing a baby's diaper, or playing with a pet.
	www.nytimes.com /2003/09/06/opinion/06MARK.html?ex=1378267200&en=946a0df3127dd741&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND (785 words)

	Bush administration torpedoes germ warfare treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In the latest round of the US government vs. the world, the Bush administration announced Thursday that it was rejecting a treaty against biological weapons which has required seven years of international negotiations.
		US officials complained both that the draft protocol was too strict, opening up US biomedical facilities and Pentagon germ warfare labs to foreign espionage, and that it was too loose, leaving room for “cheating” by countries such as Iran and Iraq.
		The same official said the administration had decided that because of the rapid development of biotechnology it was not feasible to verify whether countries were abiding by the germ weapons ban.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2001/jul2001/germ-j28.shtml (1125 words)

	A History of Bio-Chemical Weapons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		prohibits gas and bacteriological warfare; most countries that ratify it prohibit only the first use of such weapons.
		U.N. General Assembly bans use of herbicides (plant killers) and tear gasses in warfare; U.S. one of three opposing votes.
		Bhopal fertilizer plant accident in India kills 2000; shows risks of chemical plants being damaged in warfare.
	www.uvm.edu /~wmiller/biochemwar.html (1232 words)

	A Mother's Perspective: Germ Warfare!
		I began to imagine the creepy crawly germs that the little boy's cough had spewed across the room.
		That one of them was gradually inching its way across the table and onto the red playdough my daughter held tightly in her hands.
		And school means learning and sharing and all the wonderful things that go with it…including the spreading of germs and the unavoidable illnesses that result.
	www.mainstreetmom.com /par_germ.htm (1307 words)

	GERM WARFARE AGAINST AMERICA: PART I - WHAT IS GULF WAR ILLNESS?
		GWI is a communicable, moderately contagious and potentially lethal disease, resulting from a laboratory modified germ warfare agent called Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus).
		GWI is the direct health consequence of prolonged exposure to low (non-lethal at the time of exposure) levels of chemical and biological agents released primarily by direct Iraqi attack via missiles, rockets, artillery, or aircraft munitions, and by fallout from allied bombings of Iraqi chemical warfare munitions facilities during the 38-day war.
		Add a recombinant DNA to the mycoplasma such as the HIV envelope gene, and you've got a very virulent form of disease that is going to be passed easily throughout the population.
	www.gulfwarvets.com /part-1.htm (3941 words)

	Germ Warfare Treaty Founders
		Senior Bush administration officials flatly rejected the isolationist charge, saying that Washington remains firmly committed to the 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, which bans germ warfare, but that the 210-page plan to enforce it was unworkable and risky.
		The United States fears that so-called rogue states may be secretly working on germ warfare and is especially concerned that terrorist groups will turn to the use of biological agents as inexpensive methods of mass destruction.
		The problem with verifying a ban on biological weapons is that making a weapon and making its vaccine or antidote involves the same sorts of materials, research and laboratories, the official said.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines01/0726-02.htm (688 words)

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