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| | Party Politics Vol. 1, Issue 2, p. 171 |
 | | Sometimes parties initiate a policy facelift by changing or repackaging their policies, altering their identity by moving to the left, or getting tough on crime, or embracing family values, or championing nationalism, or stressing some other policy shift. |
 | | The manifesto project data for eight parties in Britain, Germany and the USA were analyzed to determine how much parties changed their emphasis on particular issues in their manifestos between elections held from the 1950s to the 1980s. |
 | | While election defeat is surely not a sufficient cause for party change, and may stop short of being necessary for at least some types and levels of change, this study provides new evidence of an important role for poor electoral performance in explaining when and why parties change. |
| www.partypolitics.org /volume01/v01i2p171.htm (529 words) |
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