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	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The German colonial empire was an overseas area formed in the late 19th century as part of the Hohenzollern dynasty's German Empire.
		The German states prior to 1870 had retained separate political structures and goals, and German foreign policy up to and including the age of Otto von Bismarck concentrated on resolving the "German question" in Europe and securing German interests on that same continent.
		Many Germans in the late 19th century viewed colonial acquisitions as a true indication of having achieved nationhood, and the demand for prestigious colonies went hand-in-hand with dreams of a High Seas Fleet, which would become reality and be perceived as a threat by the United Kingdom.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=German_colonial_empire (954 words)

	German Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The German Empire is the name conventionally given in English to the German state from the time of the proclamation of Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor (January 18, 1871) to the abdication of Wilhelm II (November 9, 1918).
		Prussia and its provinces in the German Empire.
		German colonial efforts from 1884 brought a relative small overseas empire compared to those of Britain and France, although in the Herero Wars it shared with those empires the phenomenon of armed conflict between natives and colonials.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_Empire (3976 words)

	German colonial empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The German colonial empire was an overseas area formed in the late 19th century as part of the Hohenzollern dynasty's German Empire.
		Ostender-Kompanie of Austrian Empire briefly held territory on the Coromandel Coast and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
		Many Germans in the late 19th century viewed colonial acquisitions as a true indication of having achieved nationhood, and the demand for prestigious colonies went hand-in-hand with dreams of a navy, which would become reality and seriously challenge Britain's maritime supremacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_colonial_empire (665 words)

	German Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Template:History of Germany The term German Empire (the translation from German of Deutsches Reich) commonly refers to Germany from its consolidation as a unified nation-state in January 1871 until the abdication of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II in November 1918.
		German colonial efforts from 1884 brought only a small overseas empire to those of Britain and France although the Herero Wars it shared the with those empires phenomenon of armed conflict between natives and
		German were not only under the repressive watch their landowners but grounded in village and structures that favor solidarity diminishing their revolutionary Thus in the realm of propaganda the Junkers established the generally successful Agrarian League 1894 laying the groundwork for Nazi doctrine.
	www.freeglossary.com /German_Empire (2881 words)

	German Empire at opensource encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term German Empire (the translation from German of Deutsches Reich) commonly refers to Germany, from its consolidation as a unified nation-state in January 1871, until the abdication of Kaiser (Emperor) Wilhelm II in November 1918.
		German colonial efforts from 1884 brought only a small overseas empire compared to those of Britain and France, although in the Herero Wars it shared the with those empires the phenomenon of armed conflict between natives and colonials.
		The unification of German was considered a model for both the successful modernization of Japan and the less successful modernization of China at the beginning of the 20th century.
	www.wiki.tatet.com /German_Empire.html (3111 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		With the dissolution of the German Confederation in 1866 and the founding of the German Empire in 1871, the Reichstag was established as the German parliament in Berlin, and the current parliament building was erected.
		German Empire, is defeated and captured by Louis, Duke of Bavaria, at the battle of Ampfing, near Muhldorf, Bavaria.#Little, Charles E.">
		Frederick, Duke of Austria, contending for the crown of the German Empire, is defeated and captured by Louis, Duke of Bavaria, at the battle of Ampfing, near Muhldorf, Bavaria.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/G/German-Empire.htm (1418 words)

	German colonial empire: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term german empire (deutsches reich) commonly refers to germany, from its consolidation as a unified nation-state on january 18 1871,...
		German east africa was germanys colony in east africa, including what is now burundi, rwanda, and the mainland part of tanzania....
		The herero massacre occurred in 1904-1907 and is considered one of the worst atrocities in german colonial history....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/german_colonial_empire.htm (1783 words)

	German Second Empire - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		German Second Empire (1871-1918), European and colonial Empire ruled by Prussia.
		The German Empire was established at Versailles on January 1,...
		Born in Lesi, Italy, on December 26, 1194, Frederick was the son of Henry VI and grandson of Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /German_Second_Empire.html (146 words)

	An Annotated Bibliography of German Language Sources on the Mariana Islands (Spennemann)
		There is a large body of overviews of the German colonial empire, written for the general public [cf 40, 41, 46, 51, 59] as well as for schools [cf 57].
		The colonial fate of the German people-historically a lesson-politically a mandate].
		The increasing settlement of Germans in the colonies as well as the role of the German schools in shaping the future of the colonies is stressed.
	marshall.csu.edu.au /CNMI/CNMIBIB/Colonial.html (6237 words)

	afrol News - German Wituland, a colonial rarity
		German Wituland escaped this harsh period of military actions and thus only rioted because the Germans were failing to comply with their protectorate treaty and handled the Sultanate over to the British.
		German Wituland is a historic parenthesis at the northern coast of Kenya, not even one third the size of Burundi.
		German colonial enthusiasts were outraged by the treaty; Germany had "given up kingdoms [Uganda, Witu, and Zanzibar] for a bathtub [Heligoland]." Actually, it showed up to be a good deal as Heligoland is the only new German territory that survived the Versailles Treaty of 1919 and still remains part of Germany.
	www.afrol.com /features/10597 (1121 words)

	Jiaozhou Bay - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was in the imperial province of Shang-tung, situated on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in northern China.
		This fleet was supposed to give German interests emphasis during peace (gunboat diplomacy) and to protect the German trade routes and to disturb the hostile ones during war (cruiser war conception).
		When on November 1, 1897 two German missionaries of the Steyler Mission, which was protected by the German Empire since 1890, were murdered in China, Kaiser Wilhelm II used this as a good pretext to occupy the Bay.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Jiaozhou_Bay (1128 words)

	German Colonial History \| German Colonization \| German African Empire \| Questia.com Online Library
		Since the postwar years, the German economy has emphasized management-labor consensus, which, while generally avoiding labor strife, has also created a relatively inflexible labor environment where employers are reluctant to hire more than the minimum required number of skilled workers, since it is difficult to fire them once they are hired.
		In the first division (843) of Charlemagne's empire (see Verdun, Treaty of) the kingdom of the Eastern Franks, under Louis the German, emerged as the nucleus of the German state.
		Germanys colonial history was in several...chapter in the history of the German colonial empire, the...colony, its history shows most...British and German...
	www.questia.com /library/sociology-and-anthropology/systems-of-government/german-colonial-history.jsp (1922 words)

	FRANCIA
		One consequence of the dominance of Latin was the universal use of the Latin alphabet, and the borrowing of Latin vocabuary for vernacular languages from Norwegian to Hungarian.
		After the initial migration of Slavic speakers that pushed Germans behind the Elbe and replaced large areas of indigenous languages in the Balkans, German speakers moved steadily east until World War II, after which the Russians expelled many Germans and returned the boundary to about where it was in the 12th century.
		As neat halves of Charlemange's empire eventually formed, France in the West and Germany in the East, the stage for the greatest battles of modern war in the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries would be set along the seam, from Nieuwpoort (1600) to Ramillies (1706), Waterloo (1815), Verdun (1916), and the Bulge (1944).
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14323 words)

	German Empire 1871-1918 (Germany)
		The King of Prussia was also the German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser); however, those other German states that had survived until 1870 as independent retained some of their former government structure, though subordinated to the overall Reich government.
		The schwarz-weiß-rot (fl-white-red) German imperial flag was adopted by the North German Confederation in 1867, as a combination of the fl-white of Prussia and the red-white of the Hanseatic League [and/or of Brandenburg].
		With the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, [the fl-white-red flag of the North German League] was maintained, Art.
	flagspot.net /flags/de1871.html (1164 words)

	ipedia.com: Empire Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or the Russian Empire.
		Many ancient empires maintained control of their subject peoples by controlling the supply of a vital resource, usually water; historians refer to such régimes as "hydraulic empires." The introduction of a common religion also often strengthened empires, as occurred (pace Edward Gibbon) with the adoption of Christianity under Constantine I of the Roman Empire.
		The former Soviet Union had many of the criteria of an empire, but nevertheless did not claim to be one, nor was it ruled by a traditional hereditary "emperor" (see Soviet Empire).
	www.ipedia.com /empire.html (901 words)

	History in Focus: Empire Review Article on "Rivalry in Southern Africa"
		Contemporaries considered the question of colonies, and of acquiring a German colonial empire, a necessity, as is emphasized by Bernhard von Bülow who maintained that ‘the question is not whether we want to colonize or not, but that we must colonize whether we want to or not’ (p.12).
		Given the nature of German decision-making in Imperial Germany, which was erratic and dependent on the whimsical concerns of personalities in positions of power, the question of motives behind German foreign policy has been a vexing one.
		The problem, as Seligmann emphasizes, with identifying such areas of German concern and interest, is that it is ‘by no means the same as demonstrating that these particular interests motivated the conduct of policy.’ The difficulty for the historian, once again, is to penetrate the complicated decision-making system that existed in Imperial Germany.
	www.history.ac.uk /ihr/Focus/Empire/reviews/mombauer.html (1669 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Germany : the Colonial Empire, 1884-1918
		Colonies were only of secondary interest to Bismarck.
		Unsaturated appetite for more colonial acquisitions and the (imagined) need to secure a harbour between Germany and it's possessions in west Africa (AGADIR 1907, 1911) were among the reasons that led to World War I. The logic of imperialists dominated among Wilhelm II.s advisors, namely ADMIRAL TIRPITZ.
		Germany's colonial administration overall was deficitary, the expenses outnumbering the revenue.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/kaiscol.html (662 words)

	[No title]
		In the two cases cited, the indigenous Africans were rebelling against German political control, and the Germans were imposing their control by armed force.
		On German colonial atrocities, and the comparison of them to the Holocaust, there was about 25 years ago a good deal of scholarly discussion, beginning with Hanna Arendt's book on totalitarianism.
		The comparison with Nazis is not too fruitful (despite the fact that Hermann Goering's father was in charge of Namibia at one time) because the Germans did not systematically plan these atrocities and much of their colonial policy was little different from the British or French, with more emphasis on peasants than settlers.
	www.h-net.org /~german/discuss/colonialism/weikart.txt (794 words)

	(HIS,P) Atlas of Germany's Colonies and Illustrated Yearbook, 1914, edited by P. Sprigade and M. Moisel, Colonial ...
		(Population and residence permission in the German protectorates) 53 pp.
		- German consulates in the countries adjacent to the German colonies.
		An appeal to the German chambers of commerce) 72 pp.
	www.zum.de /psm/imperialismus/kolonialatlas14/atlas4e.php (1107 words)

	H-Net Review: Michelle Moyd on German Women in Cameroon: Travelogues from Colonial Times
		The German colonial experience in Africa and the Pacific continues to attract scholarly inquiry despite the relative brevity of the period of formal German colonialism (1885-1918) and the assumed negligible impact of the colonies on Germany's political and economic development.
		Her focus on German women as colonial participants reminds us that the colonial endeavor was anything but monolithic despite the consistency of perspectives generated by mostly male colonialists in their memoirs and travelogues.
		It was not that German colonialists "knew no better," which implies a kind of haplessness or naivete, but rather that they, like many others, subscribed to racial ideologies of the time and put these ideas into practice in the colonies.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=311961098148232 (2423 words)

	Was Palestine A German Colony? - History Forum
		They built their own special houses based on some type of German architecture but used materials which could be found in the surrounding areas, thus creating uniqu houses thay remain till present day.
		Those Germans were not part of any German colonial force, they came to "Palestine"\"land of Israel" for their own personal reasons, mainly religious, I presume.
		I understand the Germans were in the area that became Palestine because they were allies of the Ottomans.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=3357 (525 words)

	OIL IN IRAQ: THE BYZANTINE BEGINNINGS PART I: THE QUEST FOR OIL - Global Policy Forum - UN Security Council
		Collapse of the Ottoman Empire in early 20th century gave the Western powers the opportunity to seek political influence and commercial benefits in new territory — in Iraq as well as the rest of the Ottoman territory.
		The British and Dutch were attracted to German participation because German banks had obtained a concession from the Ottomans in 1904 — a concession that in fact had been allowed to lapse.
		Among the foreign powers the British, seeing Iraq as a gateway to their Indian colony and oil as lifeblood for their Imperial Navy, were most aggressive in their pursuits in Mesopotamia, aspiring to gain physical control of the oil region.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/oil/2003/0425byzantine.htm (2726 words)

	Former Colonies and other Overseas Territories (Germany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Flag of the Colonial Governors 1898-1919 (Flag of the Governors of German East Africa and Kiaochao / Flagge der Gouverneure für Deutsch-Ostafrika und Kiautschou)
		In Schurdel 1995 there is a short chapter, illustrated with some flags used in the former German colonies.
		A lot of German technical stuff on that can be found for instance in this website, for example the this zipfile with several maps and pictures.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/de_colon.html (932 words)

	Volker Langbehn
		His interests include German Literature from 1700-1820 and from 1890-present, theory of literature; the relationship between psychology and literature, history of aesthetic theory, and cultural criticism.
		In addressing the broad question: What is “German”?, he will show how the question of what constitutes German provides information about the interconnectedness between art and various forms of ethnic nationalism.
		“The German Colonial Empire and Its Visual Representation in Caricatures and Cartoons.” The Image of Power in Literature, Media, and Society, Society for the Interdisciplinary Study of Social Imagery, Colorado Springs, March, 2006.
	www.sfsu.edu /~german/langbehn.html (327 words)

	Germany's Colonial Pasts - University of Nebraska Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Germany’s Colonial Pasts is a wide-ranging study of German colonialism and its legacies.
		Some essays in this volume focus on Germany’s formal colonial empire in Africa and the Pacific between 1884 and 1914, while others present material from earlier or later periods such as German emigration before 1884 and colonial discourse in German-ruled Polish lands.
		Particular areas of emphasis include the relationship of anti-Semitism to colonial racism; respectability, sexuality, and cultural hierarchies in the formal empire; Nazi representations of colonialism; and contemporary perceptions of race.
	unp.unl.edu /bookinfo/4878.html (313 words)

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