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Topic: German dialect

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Second Germanic sound shift

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	German language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		German is spoken primarily in Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, in two-thirds of Switzerland, in two-thirds of the South Tyrol province of Italy (in German, Südtirol), in the small East Cantons of Belgium, and in some border villages of the South Jutland County (in German, Nordschleswig, in Danish, Sønderjylland) of Denmark.
		German used to be the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe.
		German is a member of the western branch of the Germanic family of languages, which in turn is part of the Indo-European language family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_language (4161 words)

	Alemannic German - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alemannic German (Alemannisch) is a group of dialects of the Upper German branch of the Germanic language family.
		Since the Standard German is used in writing, and orally in formal contexts, throughout the Alemannic speaking regions (with the exception of the Alsace), Alemannic is not considered a language separate from German, even by its speakers.
		The conjugation of the verb to be in Alemannic dialects
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alemannic_German (806 words)

	MSN Encarta - German Language
		German belongs to the Netherlandic-German group within the western branch of the Germanic languages, a subfamily of the Indo-European languages.
		Another characteristic of German, as well as of all the Germanic languages, is that the principal accent falls regularly upon the first syllable of a word; in verbal combinations, however, the root syllable, not the prefix, is stressed.
		German is an inflected language, with three genders, four cases, and a strong and weak declension of qualifying adjectives.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761567950/German_Language.html (639 words)

	Linguistic Atlas of Kansas German Dialects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The various German dialects found in the state of Kansas predominantly reflect the massive influx of German-speaking settlers from German-speaking Europe and Russia who inhabited the state during the period from the mid-1850s to the 1880s.
		Dialects that hail from Upper German dialect regions are found in both northeastern and west central Kansas.
		The Volga German dialects represent a German language speech enclave which separated from the main body of German dialects and established itself along the southern Volga River in the districts of Samara and Saratov during the reign of Catherine the Great in the second half of the eighteenth century.
	www.ku.edu /~germanic/lakgdhomepage/about.htm (1254 words)

	german
		Germans contributed substantially to its growth: By 1841, 28 percent of the total population was German; 10 years earlier the figure was only 5 percent, By 1850, when Cincinnati was known as the "Queen City of the West," the German community (including those born in America) made up half its population.
		German involvement in the labor movement did not sit well with nativists, who, in the last decades of the 19th century, were again seeking support for anti-immigration laws.
		German Americans, the societies members insisted, were neither "mongrels with a divided allegiance" nor "hyphenates." In keeping with this goal, they named their organization after Baron Friedrich von Steuben, a hero of the War of Independence.
	www.theseverts.net /German.htm (13046 words)

	Syllabus for German Immigrant Culture in America: Lesson 4
		The so-called Amana German dialect is spoken in a group of several villages where members of a German religious sect settled in the 19th century.
		Pennsylvania German and the Swiss German of New Glarus, WI, are both Upper German dialects, while the German at Dubuque, IA and the Mennonite dialect of Manitoba are Low German.
		While non-standard dialects tended to form stable speech communities in rural areas, the situation was different for the mass of German immigrants who established ethnic enclaves in American cities during the 19th and 20th centuries.
	www.ulib.iupui.edu /kade/merrill/lesson4.html (1120 words)

	German language and Germany by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		German is used as the official language of Germany and of Austria.
		German is also spoken in dialect form throughout Luxembourg and by much of the population of the regions of eastern France formerly known as Alsace and Lorraine.
		German colonial establishments in Africa (German Southwest Africa [now Namibia] and Cameroon), the islands of the Western Pacific, and China (the Shandung Peninsula) were lost by 1919, following the German defeat in World War I. Hitler’s defeat in World War II put paid to a transitory military occupation of North Africa.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/german.htm (1482 words)

	American in the Mid-Atlantic
		Pennsylvania German, or Pennsylvania Dutch, as it is sometimes called, (though it is a dialect of German and not of Dutch), is the most well-known of the immigrant languages, because of the number of speakers as well as the fact that it is still spoken in the present day.
		Pennsylvania Dutch: A Dialect of South German with an Infusion of English by S. Haldeman (1872) is an early and thorough scholarly treatment of the dialect as it was spoken in the late 19th century.
		Reed, Carroll E. The Pennsylvania German dialect spoken in the counties of Lehigh and Berks.
	www.evolpub.com /Americandialects/MidAtlminlang.html (521 words)

	skew * four * Pennsylvania Dutch (Deitsch) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		German families lived in this area literally for centuries without assimilating into the "American" culture, even to the extent of learning English.
		There was no need; as of 1924, almost two-thirds of the local inhabitants spoke the Pennsylvania German dialect, known as Deitsch, and one-third used it constantly (1).
		Business is rarely transacted in the dialect now; certain words and phrases, however, persist in everyday use and have even spread to people who don't have a Pennsylvania-German heritage.
	skew.ot.com /four/deitsch.html (1772 words)

	DIALECTS AND HIGH GERMAN
		In the Upper German area they were shifted, depending on position within a given word, as follows: p to pf, ff; t to s, ss, z, tz; k to ch.
		Middle German participated to a somewhat lesser degree: a Frankfurter likes his "äppelwoi" (Apple wine), not "Apfelwei(n)." The line separating Upper and Middle German is also referred to as the "Appel/Apfel" line.
		The state of German's dialects was the topic of discussion among the more than 500 linguists from 26 nations who turned out recently (March 12-14) for the Institute for the German Language's annual meeting, held this year in Mannheim (Baden-Württemberg).
	www.serve.com /shea/germusa/dialects.htm (1186 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Template:Language German (called Deutsch in German; in German the term germanisch is equivalent to English Germanic), is a member of the western group of Germanic languages and is one of the world's major languages.
		The dialects subject to the second Germanic sound shift (High German dialects as opposed to Low German dialects) during medieval times are regarded as part of the modern German language.
		Until early 20th century, German was mostly printed in flletter typefaces (mostly in fraktur, but also in Schwabacher) and written in corresponding handwriting (e.g.
	german_language.iqexpand.com (2442 words)

	Pennsylvania German, so-called "Pennsylvania Dutch" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Pennsylvania German (so-called "Pennsylvania Dutch") is a true dialect of the German language.
		It is not a broken or corrupted form of German; nor is it a creole (a composite language), or a pigin (a language for convenience of trade).
		The Pennsylvania Germans are so named because most of them came from German-speaking regions, and most settled in Pennsylvania (although their area of settlement spilled over slightly into adjacent states).
	alpha.fdu.edu /~boyer/PaDeitsch.html (240 words)

	Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society
		Introduction, history of Low German, origins of Netherlandic Mennonites and their language, language of Mennonites in Prussia/Russia/America, status of Low German today; bibliography, index; based on scholarly research; presented in a form accessible to general public.
		Dialect grammar and reader, usually including two parts for each chapter with English translations opposite reading selections, noun purals and verb parts within chapter vocabularies, English loan words, appendix of patterns.
		Descriptive, first-ever, dual-language dialect dictionary; Lehigh-Northampton Co. variant is dominant but book includes significant differences from other area such as Lancaster-York, Schuylkill-Dauphin; integrates Lambert's dictionary; primarily Buffington-Barba spelling; capitalizes nouns; prounication guide; past tenses of verbs; nouns with articles and plurals; documents regional variations in prounication and usage; 21,000+ words.
	www.lmhs.org /booksale/bkstore/dialect (1774 words)

	Evolution American Dialect Books
		Included in the volume is a history of how a dialect of German came to be spoken in Pennsylvania, the phonology of the dialect, a vocabulary of peculiar words, syntax, and comparisons to other German dialects.
		It is a true testament to the diversity of the American language, and to a dialect that despite all odds is continuing to forge its own path as a unique and vibrant form of expression.
		This book is especially valuable because it presents, for the first time ever, a complete spelling system for the dialect, allowing authors and playwrights to easily and accurately write the sound of the city into their work.
	www.evolpub.com /Americandialects/MidAtlbooks.html (650 words)

	Questions And Answers About German Dialects
		The South is the region where the Second Sound Shift (see the separate article on the history of German) is fully in effect for the local dialect, and the North where it is not in effect at all, whereas in the Centre, it is partially in effect (in the East more than in the West).
		In Germany and Austria, local languages are treated as dialects: they are never written or used in radio or TV broadcasts with the exception of folkloristic programmes, and their usage is restricted to situations where both speakers agree on using the dialect.
		Of the remaining dialects, those of Switzerland, of Southern Bavaria and Austria, and of the West bank of the Rhine are particularly difficult to understand outside the regions where they are spoken whereas the Central and Eastern German dialects have much better chances to be understood everywhere.
	www.lrz-muenchen.de /~hr/lang/dt-dial.html (3276 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1295: Dialect
		Dialect is a term with relative or relational implications.
		I suspect that while the northern German dialect and the Swiss one may be mutually unintelligible, Standard High German is intelligible to speakers of both.
		Danish and German are not mutually intelligible, even though some of us have learnt German in school, and on both sides of the border many people understand and even speak the other language.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-1295.html (461 words)

	Medieval Naming Guides: German
		German today is a common language spoken in Germany and Austria, with dialects in neighboring countries.
		The primary division was between Low German, spoken in the north, and High German, spoken in the south, with an intermediate band which used Middle German.
		A map of the primary German dialect regions is available with a concise description of the main dialects.
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/german.shtml (452 words)

	Kerchner Genealogy Home Page
		The third theory is that the name is a misspelling of the Pennsylvania German dialect word for church and church worker.
		In German, the root name Kirsch is pronounced "Kirss" with the 'ss' sound at the end pronounced 'sh', as in the word she.
		Being raised with very little Pennsylvania German language spoken in our home, and being under the influence of an English only education, I have been guilty of this mispronunciation and thus frequently have to correct people in the way they spell our name, i.e., telling them there is no 's' in our name.
	www.kerchner.com /kerchner.htm (10695 words)

	GeoNative - South Tirol - Gottschee - Walser - Cimbrian - German minorities in the Alps
		The Walser German are a tiny minority living in Italy mainly in the Valle d'Aosta and Piemonte regions speaking a high German dialect related with the one spoken in the Swiss canton of Valais (and hence absolutely not the same as South Tyrolean!).
		In Aosta there are two dialects, that of Gressonei, called Tits, with 578 speakers (66% of population of the town), and the Töitsu dialect of Eisseme, with 292 speakers (80% of the population of the town).
		The Mócheno German speakers (some 1,900) live in three towns of Fersina Valley (Trentino), and are the southernmost German community of Italy.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/9479/tirol.html (763 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on WILAMOWICEAN.
		Speaking of German dialects, are you aware of the Asterix Mundart (the page focuses on Austrian dialects, but the series has other dialects in it) series in German?
		The latter is a form of Low German and might be the main dialect group it belongs to.
		There he writes that the dialect is "an archiac form of Silezian-German, directly originating from Middle High-German." Apparently, the people from Wilamowice only thought that they are descendent from Flemish settlers, but it's not clear from linguistic point of view.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1833 (1456 words)

	Black Dutch
		The forms of High German are German [High Saxon, Alemanni, High Frankish, Swabian, Bavarian, Austrian, Luxembourgese, Alsatian, Styrian], Swiss German, and Yiddish.
		Belgium is trilingual, the northern part speaks Flemish (Vlaams, a dialect of Dutch), the southern part speaks Waloon (Valone, a dialect of French), and the eastern edge speaks German (Luxembourgese).
		The origin of their dark coloration is ancient, from the Roman army in the third and fourth centuries, C.E. The Roman army of this time period was mostly made up of German mercenary soldiers, but along the German border, the Romans preferred to station non-Germans.
	www.geocities.com /mikenassau/BlackDutch.htm (1912 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:gsw
		All speakers are actively or passively bilingual in Standard German.
		Standard German is the language of instruction in school.
		Standard German is taught in some primary schools, and used in local newspapers.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=gsw (311 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1307: Dialect
		I suspect that while the northern German dialect and the Swiss one may be
		I'd say that the reason why Northern German dialect speakers as well as Swiss German speakers understand Standard German is exactly the same as the reason why quite a lot of Danes understand Standard High German: they have been exposed to it in school.
		And Ole should not underestimate the difference between Swiss and Standard German: it is greater than the difference between Danish a, say, _any_ kind of Norwegian.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-1307.html (517 words)

	Professor Earl C. Haag's PA German Dialect
		Pennsilfaanisch Deitsch, Pennsylvania German or Pennsylvania Dutch in English, is a dialect of High German that is related to dialects spoken in the ancestral home of the Pennsylvania Germans in the Rhineland-Palatinate and also contains some elements of other southwestern German and Swiss dialects.
		No one is quite certain when the various dialects spoken in Europe coalesced into what we now know as Pennsylvania German, but the first self-conscious attempts at writing in the dialect occur in the 1830s and '40s.
		While many 19th and early 20th century writers predicted the end of the language in a generation or two, Pennsylvania German was commonly used in everyday speech in rural southeastern Pennsylvania into the 1950s.
	www.pgs.org /dialect.asp (390 words)

	Pennsylvania Dutch History Pathfinder
		To begin your research, think about the scope and size of your research project, and begin by exploring the Pennsylvania Dutch in Encyclopedias and Dictionaries to get a basic understanding of the culture and historical context.
		It includes Pennsylvania Dutch (German) entries in the “Immigration of Non-English Stock” section, and explores the founding of the German Reformed Church in its “Religion” section.
		This book is part of the World Folklore series and offers insight into the history of the Pennsylvania Dutch, including their immigration, family and home life, dialect, and occupations in addition to spotlighting the folk art traditions made popular by the culture.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~nme26/padutch.htm (1033 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ulrich of Richenthal
		Ulrich followed the council, the great events that took place in it, the festivities, and all the celebrations of which his native town was the theatre.
		He wrote in the German dialect of Constance an exact and careful account of all, introducing much statistical matter.
		This chronicle is preserved in several manuscripts, of which one at St. Petersburg is in Latin.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15124b.htm (230 words)

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