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Topic: German expulsions

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World War II evacuation and expulsion

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	Erika Steinbach - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Erika Steinbach (born July 25, 1943 as Erika Hermann) is a German conservative politician who has been representing the CDU and the state of Hesse as a member of the Parliament of Germany, the Bundestag, since 1990.
		As she was the daughter of a German soldier only stationed in the occupied Poland during the war, and escaped during an evacuation performed by German rather than Polish or Soviet authorities, Steinbach's status as an expellee, and allegedly hence her suitability to head the Federation of Expellees, has been questioned.
		One of her main aims is to build a controversial monumental Centre Against Expulsions (German: Zentrum gegen Vertreibungen) in Berlin, theoretically devoted to the victims of forced population migrations in Europe, but in reality mostly to the Germans subject to the expulsion of Germans after World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Erika_Steinbach (877 words)

	Expulsion of Germans,genocide against germans,world war II crimes by allies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Obviously Kennan'sMemoirs are not devoted to the Expulsion of the Germans, but he does have several pages in which he describes it from the perspective of an American official at the American embassy in Moscow.
		As far as the decisions with regard to the Expulsion of the Germans, those were taken as early as at the Teheran Conference, and confirmed, or actually expanded, at the Yalta Conference, and finally at the Potsdam Conference, where they were more or less articulated in ARTICLE 13 of the Potsdam Protocol.
		For this contribution of the German expellees to peace in Europe, earlier this year the German American National Congress (DANK) passed a resolution to nominate the Union of Expellees for the Nobel Peace Prize, thus joining the earlier initiative of parliament members of several nations from the European Parliament.
	www.meaus.com /Expulsion_of_Germans.html (2539 words)

	Freenations
		Germanized Zamojszczyzna meant the "Cleansing of alien tribal elements not having any mixture of German blood" had to be carried out and people expelled (Poles to Siberia, Jews to Madagascar and for the Czechs the destination was the coast of the Arctic Sea).
		Germans acted according to one scheme: at night or in the early morning groups of army, police or SS surrounded villages and threatened people they would be executed unless they left their homes.
		Germans are morally and in international law responsible for the subsequent events - including the justifiable expulsion after the war of Germans who had colluded with the Nazis.
	home.freeuk.net /freenations/voices-sprync.html (1234 words)

	ODER-NEISSE LINE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Potentially relevant factors to post-war Polish-German borders were German annexations in 1939 that exceeded German borders from 1914 and the decision of the Soviet Union to annex areas east of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Line or Curzon_Line, already approved by the Western Allies.
		In 1952, recognition of the Oder-Neisse line as a permanent boundary was one of the conditions for the Soviet Union to agree to a reunified Germany.
		The West German attitude changed with the policy of ''Ostpolitik'' led by Willy_Brandt; in 1970 West Germany signed treaties with Poland and the Soviet Union recognizing the Oder-Neisse line as a factual border of Poland, thus making family visits by the displaced eastern Germans to their former homelands possible.
	www.gottagetflowers.com /Oder-Neisse_line (1646 words)

	Freenations
		Freenations recently published the translation of President Rau's speech to the Association of German Expellees.
		At present the German Minister of the Interior is trying to create unity over some contested details which have previously obstructed the building of the Centre.
		In contrast Kvasnievski called attention to the previously uncontested legality of the Potsdam Treaty and related agreements, on which the resettlement of Germans were based.
	www.freenations.freeuk.com /gc-51.html (335 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Europe \| WWII expulsions spectre lives on
		The expulsion of Germans was agreed by Churchill, Truman and Stalin
		This clean sweep, or the forced removal of millions of ethnic Germans from the liberated countries of eastern Europe in the immediate aftermath of war, was meant to spell the end of strife.
		"The centre against expulsion would be a place dedicated to truth, not to the perversion of history and the corruption of facts," she said, noting that the centre would finally endow the expelled and their families with a sense of identity.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/3528506.stm (736 words)

	BBC NEWS \| World \| Europe \| Czechs' hidden revenge against Germans
		To the Germans, their expulsion was a war crime, an early case of violent, ethnic cleansing.
		What cannot be disputed is the brutality of the expulsions, especially during the chaotic transition from war to approximate peace.
		Bernd Posselt argues that "the expulsion of millions of innocent people was unjust and this ideology of ethnic cleansing cannot be part of the European order of tomorrow".
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/2536261.stm (858 words)

	MORE
		The German papers hardly gave front-page coverage to this meeting between Schröder and Miller (which took place at the conference center attached to the Schalke stadium in Gelsenkirchen, in the Ruhr area - Schalke are a famous German first-division football team, by the way).
		The "expulsions" in question here are naturally German expulsions, specifically the expulsions of Germans from Eastern Europe, back to the truncated territory of post-World War II Germany.
		Still, the Germans are nothing if not a people that knows how to persevere, and, as Die Welt recently reported (Despite Criticism: The Expellees Insist Upon the Center in Berlin) those representing the German Expellee organizations and their families have not given up.
	www.eurosavant.com /more.php?id=129_0_1_0_M (1410 words)

	University of Leeds - Department of German
		All members of the German Department are active in a wide range of research fields covering the literature, culture and society of the German-speaking countries.
		The Department of German at Leeds has established a strong reputation as a center for research in a variety of areas of German studies.
		The Department of German is currently involved in a number of collaborative research projects, all of which have been facilitated by external grants and involve international teams of scholars.
	www.leeds.ac.uk /german/research.htm (476 words)

	Review of Nationale Frage und Vertreibung in der Tschechoslowakei und Ungarn 1938-1948: Aktuelle Forschungen
		The expulsion of the Germans from Poland was also connected to the westward movement of this country.
		Toth concludes that the main motivation for the expulsion of the Germans in spring 1945 was not their collective punishment but the needs of the land reform and of Hungarian refugees.
		The expulsion of the Germans gave the Hungarian government the possibility to pursue a redistributive policy that may be regarded as a step toward socialism.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /GENOCIDE/reviewstr5.htm (2309 words)

	Köhler Seeks to Soothe WWII Controversy \| Germany \| Deutsche Welle \| 30.08.2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The German president added that the expulsion of millions of Germans in 1945 was a result of German injustice.
		As German conservative chancellor candidate Angela Merkel met Polish leaders in Warsaw Tuesday, a debate about a controversial center against war-time expulsions to be built in Berlin is entering yet another round.
		Business links between German border towns and their new EU neighbors in Poland should be flourishing but the discrepencies in pay and production costs are causing jitters in places like Frankfurt an der Oder.
	www.dw-3d.de /dw/article/0,1564,1695181,00.html (732 words)

	Member Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term Vertreibung meaning expulsion gained horrific meaning for millions of German citizens in what was then Germany and ethnic Germans in other European countries as well, totaling approximately 15 Million from East Central Europe.
		Amazingly there are some Germans, who despite the greatest hardships, nevertheless managed to stay in the homeland in East Prussia, when it was by the Potsdam Agreement given into Polish Administration.
		The expulsion of Germans and Ethnic Germans, which was a supposed “revenge” that the Soviet Union Russians, the Poles and the Czech took, started actually already long before that.
	pages.zdnet.com /vfl99/id3.html (1020 words)

	Group honors Germans who died during expulsions [Free Republic]
		De Zayas was one of the (early) investigators of the German expulsions.
		German foreign minister is Ioshka Fisher, who was cleansed from Hungary.), also absense of "opressed minorities" of either kind greatly improved state-to-state relationships.
		The problem is however that the German public were faced with the fact that the only opposition to Hitler's party in the early thirties were the Communists, the likes of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a39b4227474fe.htm (3464 words)

	Oder-Neisse line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		These changes were accompanied by the expulsion of millions of German residents, and their eventual replacement by Poles from other parts of Poland, particularly the section of eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union.
		At the Potsdam Conference the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union decided to put the German territories east of the Oder-Neisse line (Communist propaganda in Poland referred to as "Western Territories" or "Regained Territories") under Polish administrative control.
		It was then expected that a final peace treaty would follow quickly and would either confirm the border or determine the exact border; it was also agreed that Germans remaining in Poland should be transferred to Germany (German expulsions).
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/pet-loss-pet.html (874 words)

	Interviews - "What have we done to ourselves?" - Interview given on 28 August 2003 by Federal Foreign Minister Fischer ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		And it ended with the destruction of ancient German cities, the loss of homelands and the destruction of the long-established German minority communities in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe.
		It is after all not the case that any of the generation that experienced expulsion or any of their descendants - millions of Silesians, Sudeten Germans, and the ethnic Germans from Hungary, Romania or East Prussia - wants to return.
		If we as a nation want to remember the expulsions, it cannot be done by creating a memorial to the expellees, it must be a project that explores the theme of German self-destruction.
	www.auswaertiges-amt.de /www/en/archiv_print?archiv_id=4795 (1552 words)

	The Prague Post Online
		Unlike the majority of the public, who in poll after poll stand by the expulsions, Mandler, a highly respected figure in Czech society, states that the sooner his countrymen admit the unjustness of the expulsions, the better off Czech-German relations will be.
		Certainly the fate of the expellees — many were in internment camps for several years, wore armbands identifying them as traitors, were beaten repeatedly with the encouragement of local authorities and died by the thousands from starvation — is still not fully appreciated by the majority of Czech society, expellee advocates argue.
		In 1946, 20,000 ethnic Germans were forced to walk to the Austrian border from Brno, a distance of 49 kilometers (30.5 miles), without food or water under the threat of whips, rifle butts and rabid crowds.
	www.praguepost.com /P03/2005/Art/0616/news7.php (1149 words)

	Journal of Social History: Vertriebene in Deutschland. Interdisziplinare Ergebnisse und Forschungsperspektiven. . - ...
		Meanwhile, West Germans' desire to be seen as victims of the Soviets, rather than perpetrators against the Jews and other Nazi victims, skewed discussions of the origins of the expulsions.
		From the start, Germans debated integration (where the expellees retained a traditional regional identity based on their original "homeland" in the East but became fully a part of West or East German society) versus assimilation (where the expellees abandoned any separate identity and became just like other West or East Germans).
		Embarrassingly, their sponsor, the Soviets, had also sponsored the expulsions, and East German communists were consciously trying to create a totally new society anyway, not recreate the past lives of expellees in a new country.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_3_36/ai_99699521 (1087 words)

	STATISTICS OF POLAND'S GENOCIDE AND MASS MURDER: ADDENDA
		but this was after mass expulsions of Germans had already taken place, and the census was done when both the Soviets and Poles desired to minimize the count of remaining Germans, and thus foreign objections to their expulsion.
		These expulsions were carried out with Red Army support and muscle, and gradually became more regularized, sometimes in the style of the infamous Soviet deportations of their Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, Ingushi, and other national groups to Siberia or other inhospitable areas.
		As the early disorganized expulsions from Poland and other countries disgorged Germans into the American and British occupation zones of Germany, the Western Allies became increasingly concerned about the inhumane nature of the expulsions and the impact on their zones of this influx of expellees.
	www.hawaii.edu /powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM (6228 words)

	Revisionist Bibliography -- 1981
		Good summary from the German viewpoint by one of the ablest of modern German historians, and a specialist on ths period.
		The courageous British leftist publisher explains why he refuses to "hate" Germany and the Germans, and decries the "savage appeal to primitive blood lust and a base propaganda of hatred and revenge" which are the hallmarks of Vansittartism.
		The Expulsion of the German Population from the Territories East of the Oder-Neisse Line.
	www.ihr.org /books/stimely/stimely.shtml (14640 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Lies the Germans Tell Themselves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		...Finally, among the Germans later expelled from the east were many officers and members of the Gestapo, the SS, the Wehrmacht, and other administrators of the Final Solution, as well as tens of thousands of German farmers who had been avid employers of the slaves conscripted from the local Slavic populations...
		...Ethnic Germans were, after all, hardly the only people undergoing expulsion in the postwar period: a quarter of Poland’s population was forced to evacuate territory that had been incorporated into the USSR by Stalin...
		...Written by an American leftist named Norman Finkelstein and published in German translation in 1999, this book contended that Holocaust reparations were a fraud perpetrated on German taxpayers by avaricious Jewish organizations, out to enrich their coffers and furnish aid and comfort to the state of Israel in its campaign to oppress Palestinian Arabs...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V117I1P45-1.htm (3099 words)

	The Sudentendeutsche Landsmannschaft
		One of the most significant results of this policy was to make the Sudeten Germans staunch anti-communists.13 Prague in turn has viewed the SL as a revanchist organization with pan-germanic aims.14 Needless to say, both sides believed the existence of the other precluded the achievement of their own foreign policy goals.
		One Sudeten German leader voicing the latter opinion explained that the SL "(does) not want to be a mere cultural society, or an auxiliary wing of political parties, but an ethnic organization with responsibilities and aspirations unique for all times."8l However, his was a dissenting voice amidst a growing acceptance of a conciliatory line.
		As a measure of Sudeten German vitality, the rally reveals an almost uninterrupted well-being since the first one took place in 1950.82 Because this event provides a common thread in the SL chronology, it constitutes an appropriate transition from the first to the second period of SL history.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v07/v07p261_Oppenheimer.html (5377 words)

	Axis History Forum :: View topic - German Air War in Poland 1939: War Crime? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		If Nazis haven't started the expulsions and murdering milions of Poles, bombing Polish cities in 1939 (starting with Wielun, undefended city, bombed in morning 1939, where main target was hospital because of large red cross which was ideal target for Luftwaffe), then it would not be any expulsions.
		German reconnaissance planes detected the polish units and they were attacked by Stukas and bombers.
		But methods used by Poles during expulsion, with some notable exception, cannot be compared to methods used by Germans (We weren't for example kidnapping German children to see whether they had Slavic features).
	forum.axishistory.com /viewtopic.php?t=51772 (2994 words)

	H-Net Review: Eagle Glassheim on Verfolgung 1945: Die Stellung der Deutschen in Böhmen, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The expulsions--both wild and organized--of Sudeten Germans have long been a popular topic among German historians, many of them expellees or their descendents, and the subject is finding increasing interest among Czechs.
		Moreover, while Communists may have gained supporters through their uncompromising stance against Germans in 1945 and 1946, most Germans were gone by early 1947, over a year before the Communists ended Czechoslovakia's post-war democracy.[5] Though Stanek convincingly explains how and why the expulsions took place, their connection to Communist ascendancy in Czechoslovakia requires further research.
		Stanek himself calls for new research on several fronts relating to the expulsions, including careful local studies of massacres of Germans in 1945, the relationship of official and unofficial persecution of Germans, and the fate of German property after the war.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=292271038792017 (1287 words)

	MINELRES: RFE/RL: Poland: The idea of a museum of German expellees revives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Meckel pointed out that the city could be a perfect location for the center as its German citizens were deported during World War II and then Wroclaw was repopulated by Poles from Poland's former eastern territories, mainly Lwow (Lviv in today's Ukraine).
		Moreover, the Germans, with their undoubtedly rich culture, arguably would have stayed in Poland had it not been for World War II unleashed by the Third Reich in order to, among other goals pursued by the Nazis, deprive Poland of its own culture.
		The opposition to building the center in Berlin does not reflect a "distrust towards the German nation," as is argued by Herbert Hupka, a veteran activist among the expelled Germans.
	lists.delfi.lv /pipermail/minelres/2003-August/002908.html (647 words)

	expulsion-by-czechs-1945 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Obviously Kennan's Memoirs are not devoted to the Expulsion of the Germans, but he does have several pages in which he describes it from the perspective of an American official at the American embassy in Moscow.
		by the Poles of Germans and by the Czechs of Germans.
		I wanted to quote from this document, which is also on one of the placards.
	www.meaus.com /expulsion-by-czechs-1945.htm (2544 words)

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