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Topic: German federal election, 1990

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	Germany - MSN Encarta
		German voters have two votes: one to directly select a candidate for their district, and the other to select a particular party.
		German courts at the state level form separate hierarchies depending on the kind of law that they administer: civil, criminal, administrative, social insurance, financial, or labor law.
		After the defeat of the German forces in World War II, major efforts were undertaken to reduce the militaristic spirit of the German armed forces.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576917_9/Germany.html (2022 words)

	Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the German Bundestag
		As a result, for the 1953 election the five percent threshold was set at the federal level, and the number of parties represented in the legislature dropped to seven.
		The Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) consists of a lower house, the Bundestag, whose members are directly elected by universal adult suffrage, and an upper house, the Bundesrat, composed of representatives appointed by the Länder.
		Prior to the German reunification of 1990 (in which the Länder of the German Democratic Republic were incorporated into the FRG), there were 496 seats in the chamber: for the post-reunification legislative elections held in 1990, 160 seats were added to represent the new Länder and Berlin, for a total of 656 seats.
	www.electionresources.org /de (2640 words)

	Politics of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Federal Republic of Germany (in German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal representative democracy.
		The first state election the federal election was held in Hesse in February 1999.
		The was interpreted in part as a referendum the federal government's proposed new citizenship law would have eased requirements for long-time foreign to obtain citizenship and permitted them to their original citizenship as well.
	www.freeglossary.com /Germany/Politics (2196 words)

	Electoral System in Germany
		Elections at the federal, Land, and local levels are not held simultaneously, as in the United States, but rather are staggered.
		Voters are most likely to participate in general elections, but even at that level turnout in western Germany fell from 89.1 percent in 1983 to 84.3 percent in 1987, and to 78.5 percent in 1990.
		This was the case in both the 1990 and 1994 federal elections.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/facts/bl_electoral_system.htm (1228 words)

	Germany's Expellees and Border Changes - An Endless Dilemma? Look into one of the least-known chapters of World War II ...
		Last fall one German motorist was even shot and killed in a scuffle with Czech cops in the town of Pribram because he had left his car in a no-parking zone.
		Actual expulsion and deportation of Germans from central Poland and the new territories started in April 1945, and from Czechoslovakia in May. All told, some 7.5 million from today's Poland and the Russian part of East Prussia were affected by flight and expulsion, of whom an estimated 1.4 million died or were killed en route.
		The ethnic Germans of the former Soviet Union are descendants of colonists invited there in the 18th century by Czarina Catherine the Great, herself a German princess who didn't speak a word of Russian when she arrived to marry Peter III, whom she arranged to have murdered so that she could sit on the throne.
	www.germanlife.com /Archives/1995/9506_01.html (3789 words)

	Germany - The Greens
		The success of the Greens at the federal level--which continued in the 1987 national election with the party winning 8.3 percent of the vote--led to a "greening" of the established parties, with environmental awareness increasing across the political spectrum.
		The West German Greens chose not to form an electoral alliance with their eastern counterparts, Alliance 90 (Bündnis 90), prior to the 1990 elections because of their opposition to union.
		The devastating loss for the West German Greens in the 1990 election brought the conflict between Realos and Fundis to a head, with the pragmatic wing emerging as victor.
	countrystudies.us /germany/163.htm (906 words)

	Münsterland: A Land of Moated Castles. Visit the watery splendor of centuries past . By John Dornberg
		It was a German army outpost in the last weeks of World War II and was 70 percent destroyed by Allied air and artillery bombardment in 1945.
		Reparations vs. a viable German economy, Socialism vs. capitalism and free enterprise, one-party state vs. a multi-party democracy: it is easy to claim with hindsight that the leaders in Washington should have known that those principles were incompatible.
		The German population came to acknowledge the military's presence as an immutable evil.
	www.germanlife.com /Archives/1996/9608_01.html (8302 words)

	Germany History \| iExplore.com
		It is often said that the Germanic tribes destroyed the Roman Empire, but the Visigoths, Ostrogoths and Franks who settled in Western Europe after the deposition of the Emperor Romulus in AD 476 were anxious to perpetuate some parts of a system which they both admired and found administratively convenient.
		German unification continued apace throughout the century, the most influential figure in the process being Count (later Prince) Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor under Emperor Wilhelm I. Various wars, both offensive and defensive, were fought with other European states, of which the most notable was the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71).
		The Federal Republic was established in September 1949, under the supervision of the three Western allied powers – the USA, the UK and France.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Germany/History (2369 words)

	Introduction to Germany
		The population in both the old and new federal states began to decline in the 1970s because the birthrate was falling.
		The primary duty of the five federal courts (the Federal Court of Justice, the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Finance Court, the Federal Labour Court and the Federal Social Court) is to ensure uniform administration of justice.
		The Federal Constitutional Court differs from all other bodies of the judiciary insofar as it is an autonomous court of the Federation that is independent of all other constitutional bodies and is in itself a constitutional body with supreme authority.
	www.american.edu /initeb/es0939a/germany.htm (1549 words)

	Ten Facts About the Federal Elections 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Following their unprecedented defeat in the regional election in North Rhine Westphalia in May 2005, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, believing he needed a fresh mandate in order to carry forward his reform package Agenda 2010, announced that he would set the process in motion towards early Federal Elections, to be held in 2005.
		Elections to all representative bodies (Bundestag, Landtag/state parliament, Stadt- or Landrat/municipal or district assembly) are universal, direct, free, equal and secret.
		Voting Abroad: Germans who have the right to vote but live abroad or are outside their home constituency on 18th September 2005 can participate in the general elections through postal ballot.
	www.german-embassy.org.uk /ten_facts_about_the_federal_el.html (941 words)

	1994 Elections in Detail
		In the 1990 national election, the CDU, for example, was widely supported by blue collar workers in east Germany, while the SPD could not muster similar support from its traditional ally.
		In the 1990 election, the case was clear: the SPD lost because the Social Democrats had taken a unpopular stand on the most important political issue of the day, the unification of east and west Germany.
		While in 1990 the Liberals were elected with 7.8 % of the first vote, in the 1994 election this figure dwindled to 3.3 %.
	itrs.scu.edu /elections/page27.htm (4453 words)

	Germany
		The ZDF (Second German Television) was founded by the federal states in 1963 as the long-promised se-cond national network.
		According to a decision by the federal governments programming had to be planned in coope-ration with the ARD with the aim of presenting contrasting elements on the two channels.
		Politics was approached from another direction when the election campaign in 1976 was used to develop new formats for the presentation of political items and television discussions bet-ween the main candidates were established.
	www.museum.tv /archives/etv/G/htmlG/germany/germany.htm (2454 words)

	East German Claims
		Therefore it is strongly advisable that claim be specified as precisely and as early as possible, because a filing which does not exactly identify the property may not be communicated to the current owner; Unfortunately, the duty, to become informed of claims and to refrain from dispositions does not effectively bar dispositions.
		The German claims law also has been amended to insure that property taken from January 1933 to May 1945 and which was later taken a second time by the Soviets from 1945 to 1949, must be returned to the original owner.
		German law applies, for example where the original owner was a German citizen, EGBGB (Law for the Application of the Civil Code), Art.
	www.german-claims.com /articlelj2.htm (1499 words)

	A short history of Germany
		After the decline of the Roman Empire the germanic tribe of the Franks becomes dominant in the region.
		After Germany's unconditional surrender in 1945, the German Empire is dissolved and the United States, the United Kingdom, the USSR and, later, France occupy the country and assume responsibility for its administration.
		In the USSR occupation zone the German Democratic Republic is established.
	www.electionworld.org /history/germany.htm (1416 words)

	Politics of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Federal Republic of Germany (in German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal representative democracy.
		For example, in the middle of February 2001, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture was renamed to Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture as a consequence of the BSE crisis.
		The result was interpreted in part as a referendum on the federal government's proposed new citizenship law, which would have eased requirements for long-time foreign residents to obtain citizenship, and permitted them to retain their original citizenship as well.
	www.wordlookup.net /po/politics-of-germany.html (1879 words)

	The Economics of the Unification of Germany
		Had East Germany (the German Democratic Republic) been a rational democratic state with a modern economic system there would have been no significant difference between living standards there and those in West Germany (the Federal German Republic).
		July 1990: Economic and currency union established between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
		September 1990: The Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Treaty on Good-Neighborliness, Partnership and Cooperation.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/germanunif.htm (868 words)

	German federal election, 1990 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 12th German federal election, 1990 was conducted on December 2, 1990, to elect members to the Bundestag (lower house) of Germany.
		This was the first election conducted after German Reunification, and a large number of seats were added to represent the Eastern states without reducing the number of Western members.
		All change figures are relative to the pre-existing West German Bundestag.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_federal_election,_1990 (164 words)

	Erhard, Ludwig @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		Elected to the Bundestag as a candidate of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Erhard became federal economics minister (20 Sep 1949 - 16 Oct 1963) in the governments of Konrad Adenauer.
		His government was troubled by tepid foreign relations and a budget deficit, but after the elections to the 5th Bundestag (1965), Erhard was reelected as the Federal Chancellor and formed his second government with participation of the Free Democrats, who preserved their posts.
		On 23 Mar 1966 Erhard was elected federal chairman of the CDU.
	www.archontology.org /nations/german/germ_govt2/erhard.php (733 words)

	German Federal Data Protection Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The communication from the Federal Commissioner to the data subject must not allow any conclusions to be drawn as to the knowledge at the disposal of the controller of the data file, unless the latter consents to more extensive information being provided.
		The Federal Commissioner shall be provided with the personnel and material resources necessary for the performance of his duties; these resources shall be shown in a separate chapter of the budget of the Federal Minister of the Interior.
		The Federal President shall dismiss the Federal Commissioner at the latter's request or on a proposal by the Federal Government when there are grounds which, in the case of an established judge, justify dismissal from service.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~kobsa/privacy/German.htm (11417 words)

	History of West Germany (1949 - 1990) - Federal Republic of Germany, FRG, BRD
		West Germany was the informal name for the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1990, during which years the Federal Republic did not yet include the territories of the German Democratic Republic, called "Middle Germany" in the West but known as "East Germany" outside Germany.
		The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces.
		November 1989, the unification was quickly arranged: formally, the Federal Republic of Germany grew by annexing the territory of the former German Democratic Republic.
	www.germannotes.com /hist_west_overview.shtml (1358 words)

	City Mayors: Local government in Germany
		The German President is elected for five years by the Bundesversammlung, the special federal assembly convened of members of the federal parliament (Bundestag) and an equal number of representatives from the German states.
		Germany is a federal parliamentary democracy, made up of 16 federal states (Länder), this having increased with the 1990 unification of East and West Germany with the demise of the former German Democratic Republic (DDR) in 1989.
		The Federation and the Länder put certain tasks to the municipalities – they are also supposed to allocate the corresponding funding with it which, in reality, is not always the case.
	www.citymayors.com /government/germany_government.html (1976 words)

	German Law
		The German government is parliamentary and based on a democratic constitution that emphasizes the protection of individual liberty and division of powers in a federal structure.
		Germany has an independent federal judiciary consisting of a constitutional court, a high court of justice, and courts with jurisdiction in administrative, financial, labor, and social matters.
		The highest court is the Federal Constitutional Court, which ensures a uniform interpretation of constitutional provisions and protects the fundamental rights of the individual citizen as defined in the Basic Law.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/ger.htm (375 words)

	freedominfo.org: country pages - germany
		The Act to Regulate Access to Federal Government Information was adopted in June 2005 and went into force on 1 January 2006.
		(6) The German practice was found several times by the European Court of Justice to not be adequate under the EU 1990 Directive.
		They will have to adapt their internal procedures and organisational structures in such a way that, after the law has entered into force, they are able to give applicants access to information within the one-month-period of time as stipulated by law.
	freedominfo.org /countries/germany.htm (2831 words)

	Schröder, Gerhard @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		His growth as a SPD executive continued as he was named chairman of the SPD Executive for the District of Hanover (1983-1993), a member of the SPD federal board (from 1986), and a member of the SPD presidium (from 1989).
		On 17 Apr 1998 Schröder was nominated as candidate for the office of Federal Chancellor at the SPD National Party Conference in Leipzig.
		The Social Democrats won a decisive victory in federal elections on 27 Sep 1998 to the 14th Bundestag.
	www.archontology.org /nations/german/germ_govt2/schroeder.php (458 words)

	CNN.com - World - Election Watch
		Germany's bicameral legislature is composed of the Federal Assembly and the Federal Council.
		The Federal Council, the Bundesrat, consists of 69 members appointed by the Land (federal state) governments.
		The September 1998 election was the third federal election since the October 1990 reunification of the former German Democratic Republic with the Federal Republic of Germany.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/europe/germany.html (99 words)

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