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Topic: German federal election, 1998

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	Election Resources on the Internet: Elections to the German Bundestag
		As a result, for the 1953 election the five percent threshold was set at the federal level, and the number of parties represented in the legislature dropped to seven.
		However, from 1998 to 2005 the country was ruled by a coalition of the SPD and Alliance 90/The Greens, with the CDU/CSU, the F.D.P. and the Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) in opposition.
		The Parliament of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) consists of a lower house, the Bundestag, whose members are directly elected by universal adult suffrage, and an upper house, the Bundesrat, composed of representatives appointed by the Länder.
	www.electionresources.org /de (2640 words)

	Introduction to the German Federal Election System
		All Germans are entitled to vote in elections for the German Bundestag who are at least 18 years old on election day, have lived in the electoral area for at least three months, and have not been disqualified by judicial decision.
		The Federal Electoral Law (Article 49), the Election Scrutiny Act of 12 March 1951 and the Law on the Federal Constitutional Court of 3 February 1971 contain detailed provisions governing the prerequisites and procedures for contesting an election.
		General and direct elections by secret ballot were envisaged for the first time in German history in the electoral law of the North German Confederation enacted on 17 April 1867, the electoral law for the Reichstag of 31 May 1869, and the law on elections for the German Reich of 16 April 1871.
	www.iuscomp.org /gla/literature/introbwg.htm (2797 words)

	German federal election, 2005 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		German federal elections took place on September 18, 2005 to elect the members of the 16th German Bundestag, the federal parliament of Germany.
		The Federal Constitutional Court ruled in a similar situation in 1983 that Chancellors may not ask the President for the Bundestag's dissolution merely for the sake of their desire for an early election; they have to have a real problem getting a majority for his legislation.
		Early election polls during summer 2005 from 6 organizations showed a solid lead for the CDU/CSU with a share of the vote ranging between 41% and 43%, and the SPD trailing at between 32% and 34%.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_federal_election,_2005 (3233 words)

	Politics of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Federal Republic of Germany (in German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal representative democracy.
		The first state election the federal election was held in Hesse in February 1999.
		The was interpreted in part as a referendum the federal government's proposed new citizenship law would have eased requirements for long-time foreign to obtain citizenship and permitted them to their original citizenship as well.
	www.freeglossary.com /Germany/Politics (2196 words)

	Behind the Scenes: The AEC's 1998 Federal Election Report
		Federal election 1998 information kits were distributed to all those who attended.
		During the election period a total of 6 380 calls were made to the interpreting service with over half of these callers choosing to speak further to an operator.
		Key election information was also distributed to disability organisations and media throughout the election and an '1800' number was available for electors to ring for information.
	www.aec.gov.au /_content/When/elections/1998/report/campaign.htm (1913 words)

	Electoral System in Germany
		Elections at the federal, Land, and local levels are not held simultaneously, as in the United States, but rather are staggered.
		Voters are most likely to participate in general elections, but even at that level turnout in western Germany fell from 89.1 percent in 1983 to 84.3 percent in 1987, and to 78.5 percent in 1990.
		This was the case in both the 1990 and 1994 federal elections.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/facts/bl_electoral_system.htm (1228 words)

	Politics of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Federal Republic of Germany (in German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a federal representative democracy.
		For example, in the middle of February 2001, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture was renamed to Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture as a consequence of the BSE crisis.
		The SPD in the 1998 election emphasized commitment to reducing persistently high unemployment and appealed to voters' desire for new faces after 16 years of Kohl government.
	www.wordlookup.net /po/politics-of-germany.html (1879 words)

	Germany: Report: Part II: Analytic Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The German Institute of Adult Education (DIE) in particular expresses its concern that achievements are being undermined by a loss of quality and by pressure to curtail or even cancel literacy classes.
		The former President of the Federal Republic of Germany, Roman Herzog, as of his election in 1994, has placed strong emphasis on education policy and reform in numerous public speeches.
		German policy and decision-makers have responded to the Jomtien Action, reviewing their role in the world community of "Education for All", by adapting funding and program guidelines and by addressing the domestic needs of citizens with reading and writing deficiencies.
	www2.unesco.org /wef/countryreports/germany/rapport_2.html (1702 words)

	Ten Facts About the Federal Elections 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Following their unprecedented defeat in the regional election in North Rhine Westphalia in May 2005, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, believing he needed a fresh mandate in order to carry forward his reform package Agenda 2010, announced that he would set the process in motion towards early Federal Elections, to be held in 2005.
		Elections to all representative bodies (Bundestag, Landtag/state parliament, Stadt- or Landrat/municipal or district assembly) are universal, direct, free, equal and secret.
		Voting Abroad: Germans who have the right to vote but live abroad or are outside their home constituency on 18th September 2005 can participate in the general elections through postal ballot.
	www.german-embassy.org.uk /ten_facts_about_the_federal_el.html (941 words)

	Armseliges Deutschland: War Defeat, Reparations, Inflation, and the Year 1923 in German History. By Robert Selig
		Germans could live with a peace based on Wilson's points, because the war had devastated French, not German, soil and the Bolshevik revolution had removed the military threat in the east.
		The German Village is the largest privately funded historic neighborhood in the United States—233 acres of "living" history and a reputed architectural style showcasing carved limestone lintels, clay chimney pots, and slate roofs.
		In comparison, for the "off-year" election in November 1994, turnout by the voting-age population in the United States was 36 percent; turnout for the 1996 presidential election was only 46 percent.
	www.germanlife.com /Archives/1998/9810_01.html (10061 words)

	[No title]
		The 1998 election has been seen as an unmitigated triumph for the SPD, as it out-polled the CDU for only the second time.
		The 1994 election "exposed unmercifully the fragility of the post-Genscher FDP, it's lack of rôle in the new Germany and its weak support, especially in the new Länder." With the exception of a 'blip' of good form in 1996, the FDP has had a string of disastrous results in Land elections since 1992.
		Although the activities of the German far-right are always a subject of much debate, at home and abroad, the 1998 General Elections confirmed the far-right's inability to break through at Federal level, regardless of what happens at state and local level.
	members.tripod.com /~gi0rtn/essays/german2.html (3048 words)

	German federal election, 1998 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1998, a German federal election was conducted on September 27, 1998, to elect members to the 14th Bundestag (lower house) of Germany.
		The 1998 federal election took place against the background of high unemployment in Germany, with the Federal Labor Office registering 4 million unemployed inhabitants.
		This was the first Red-Green coalition ever at the federal level, and Joschka Fischer became minister of foreign affairs as the highest Green in the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_federal_election,_1998 (835 words)

	PoliticalMoneyLine
		On December 21st the organization called Draft Obama registered with the Federal Election Commission as a political committee supporting only one candidate and is not an authorized committee.
		Although she won the Special Election to fill the seat for the remainder of the 109th Congress, she did not win the General Election to be the Representative for TX-22 in the 110th Congress starting in January.
		Congressional candidates participating in the November 7, 2006 general election have raised $1.14 billion and spent $965.7 million in the current two-year period, according to a compilation by the Federal Election Commission (FEC) from financial reports through October 18, 2006.
	www.fecinfo.com (8518 words)

	CNN - German state election likely to pick Kohl's challenger - Mar. 1, 1998
		Gerhard Schroeder, a Social Democrat, hopes to be re-elected and gain his party's nomination to challenge the 67-year-old Kohl and end his 16 years of conservative rule.
		In the run-up to Sunday's vote, Kohl has made an unprecedented 11 campaign appearances in Lower Saxony to support the local CDU candidate Christian Wulff, in the hope of damaging Schroeder.
		In the general elections, Kohl would rather face Lafontaine instead of Schroeder, because he is considered more of a traditional left-leaning Socialist and would therefore be easier to beat than the more business-friendly Schroeder.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/9803/01/germany.elex/index.html (549 words)

	Schröder, Gerhard @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		On 17 Apr 1998 Schröder was nominated as candidate for the office of Federal Chancellor at the SPD National Party Conference in Leipzig.
		The Social Democrats won a decisive victory in federal elections on 27 Sep 1998 to the 14th Bundestag.
		On 27 Oct 1998 Schröder was elected Federal Chancellor and formed a coalition government with the Greens.
	www.archontology.org /nations/german/germ_govt2/schroeder.php (458 words)

	German elections: Right wing defeated - but only a short honeymoon for Schröder
		It was the most interesting and thrilling election night ever in German "post war" history as it took hours until there was certainty on all TV channels that Schröder's coalition of Social Democrats and Greens could secure enough seats to continue for another parliamentary term.
		The experience of 1999 shows how quickly election victories can be thrown way; it was only the corruption scandal around ex-chancellor Kohl and his CDU party that saved Schröder at the time.
		Elections in Germany: Landslide Defeat for Kohl - Victory for the Left by Hans-Gerd Öfinger.
	www.marxist.com /Europe/germany_elections2002_results.html (1425 words)

	1998 Elections in Detail
		The SPD became the strongest political power for a second time in a German federal election, however, more than anything else, this election was lost by Kohl and the CDU.
		That the former federal government lost more in the East than in the West is not only attributable to the specific economic situation arising from the unification process.
		The differences in voting behavior between the sexes in this election are minor, a fact which is applicable for the CDU, SPD and the Greens as well as the FDP and PDS.
	itrs.scu.edu /elections/page28.htm (1564 words)

	Social Studies Data
		Election and political topics include respondents' party preferences and voting behavior in the last election, level of sympathy for other parties, satisfaction with the federal administrations, and opinions about opposition parties.
		Data on economic topics cover respondents' opinions on the economic situation of the Federal Republic and presumed further development, their own economic situations and expected development, and how the German economy compar ed with neighboring western European countries.
		Variables on German unification cover respondents' attitudes toward the unification of the two German states, increased world political responsibility of a united Germany, and asylum seekers and immigrants to Germany in general.
	www.grinnell.edu /academic/data/politicalscience/german (335 words)

	[No title]
		The Federal Republic of Germany is located in Western Europe, bordered to the west by the Netherlands, Belgium and France. On its eastern border lie Poland, the Czech Republic and Austria. Germany is home to over 83,000,000 people, roughly 90% of whom are of German heritage.
		Federal President is elected by a special body called the Federal Convention. The Federal Convention is composed of the Bundestag, or House of Representatives, and delegates elected by the parliaments of each Land. Once elected, the
		The German Parliament consists of two houses, the Bundestag and the Bundesrat. ; The two houses of Parliament, along with the Federal President, the Federal Government and the Federal Constitutional Court, represent the permanent constitutional bodies of the Federal Republic of Germany.
	law.cua.edu /ComparativeLaw/Germany/Germany.htm (858 words)

	freedominfo.org: country pages - germany
		First proposed by the governing coalition in 1998, it was not until December 2004 that the freedom of information bill was read in the Bundestag for the first time.
		The Act to Regulate Access to Federal Government Information was adopted in June 2005 and went into force on 1 January 2006.
		(6) The German practice was found several times by the European Court of Justice to not be adequate under the EU 1990 Directive.
	freedominfo.org /countries/germany.htm (2831 words)

	CNN.com - World - Election Watch
		Germany's bicameral legislature is composed of the Federal Assembly and the Federal Council.
		The Federal Council, the Bundesrat, consists of 69 members appointed by the Land (federal state) governments.
		The September 1998 election was the third federal election since the October 1990 reunification of the former German Democratic Republic with the Federal Republic of Germany.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/europe/germany.html (99 words)

	German Elections
		After the long Bundestag campaign came to a close on election night Sunday (September 27), after Helmut Kohl conceded the election to Gerhard Schröder, Germany’s major parties were at work first thing Monday morning preparing for the transfer of power.
		Acknowledging that many Germans are worried by the prospect of the D-Mark’s demise, the chancellor argued that the currency union is a crucial part of Germany’s efforts to meet the economic challenges it faces.
		Predicting that the Social Democrats’ success in blocking the coalition’s tax reform plan will cost them the election next year, Schäuble told the conference delegates that the CDU should be ready to present the plan for parliamentary approval when the new Bundestag is convened.
	faculty.washington.edu /~krumme/german/elections.html (1365 words)

	Davids Medienkritik: Davids Final Word: Pre-Election Facts, Notes and Impressions
		I would like to express several thoughts on the federal elections on September 18, especially for our American readers, who are perhaps not so familiar with the details of German politics and German election law.
		Importantly, the German election law strives for a proportional representation of the parties (proportional to their election results) in parliament while the Anglo-Saxon - through the majority rule in the individual electoral districts - is based on the "winner takes it all" principle.
		The German model is "more fair" for the parties because it also takes into consideration the results of the losers, or in other words the smaller parties, but the result then usually fails to produce a clear majority for one party in parliament.
	medienkritik.typepad.com /blog/2005/09/german_election.html (3614 words)

	Davids Medienkritik: 2005 German National Election: Unexpected Results
		It looks like the German elections have ended with Angela Merkel's CDU fairing much worse than predicted...it looks like she will be able to claim the Chancellorship but only via [Read More]
		Germans have a century-long tradition of believing what their newspapers and fashionable writers tell them.
		And with the exceptional election result for the FDP, it is unlikely that anyone else in the party would dare to challenge their leader on that.
	medienkritik.typepad.com /blog/2005/09/2005_german_nat.html (7824 words)

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