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Topic: German federal election, 2002

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	Introduction to the German Federal Election System
		All Germans are entitled to vote in elections for the German Bundestag who are at least 18 years old on election day, have lived in the electoral area for at least three months, and have not been disqualified by judicial decision.
		The Federal Electoral Law (Article 49), the Election Scrutiny Act of 12 March 1951 and the Law on the Federal Constitutional Court of 3 February 1971 contain detailed provisions governing the prerequisites and procedures for contesting an election.
		General and direct elections by secret ballot were envisaged for the first time in German history in the electoral law of the North German Confederation enacted on 17 April 1867, the electoral law for the Reichstag of 31 May 1869, and the law on elections for the German Reich of 16 April 1871.
	www.iuscomp.org /gla/literature/introbwg.htm (2797 words)

	Ten Facts About the Federal Elections 2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Following their unprecedented defeat in the regional election in North Rhine Westphalia in May 2005, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, believing he needed a fresh mandate in order to carry forward his reform package Agenda 2010, announced that he would set the process in motion towards early Federal Elections, to be held in 2005.
		Elections to all representative bodies (Bundestag, Landtag/state parliament, Stadt- or Landrat/municipal or district assembly) are universal, direct, free, equal and secret.
		After the general elections, the Chancellor is elected by an absolute majority of the members of the Bundestag.
	www.german-embassy.org.uk /ten_facts_about_the_federal_el.html (941 words)

	Social Democratic Party of Germany - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The leader of the Prussian government in Berlin, socialist Otto Braun was ousted by military coup on July 20, 1932 and the party was banned by the Nazis in 1933.
		In the September 2002 elections, the SPD reached 38.5% of the national vote, barely ahead of the CDU/CSU, and was again able to form a government with the help of the Green Party.
		The European elections of 2004 were a disaster for the SPD, marking its worst result in a nationwide election after World War II with only 21.5% of the vote.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/SPD (1093 words)

	German Election: A Clear Rejection Of Right-Wing Policies By Peter Schwarz
		Federal Chancellor Gerhard Schröder had arranged the early election in order to create a stable parliamentary majority for the implementation of his thoroughly unpopular program of welfare cuts—the Agenda 2010.
		The election result has resulted in a parliamentary majority which is even more precarious, and has made clear that the prevailing policy of “free market” reforms is rejected by the majority of the population.
		This was already foreshadowed on the evening of the election when—for the first time in the history of the German Federal Republic—two candidates, Angela Merkel (CDU) and the incumbent chancellor, Schröder (SPD), both claimed victory and both said they were determined to assume the post of chancellor in the new government.
	www.countercurrents.org /germany-shwarz210905.htm (1452 words)

	German federal election, 2005 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		German federal elections took place on September 18, 2005 to elect the members of the 16th German Bundestag, the federal parliament of Germany.
		The Federal Constitutional Court ruled in a similar situation in 1983 that Chancellors may not ask the President for the Bundestag's dissolution merely for the sake of their desire for an early election; they have to have a real problem getting a majority for his legislation.
		Early election polls during summer 2005 from 6 organizations showed a solid lead for the CDU/CSU with a share of the vote ranging between 41% and 43%, and the SPD trailing at between 32% and 34%.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_federal_election,_2005 (3204 words)

	German federal election, 2002 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 15th German federal election, 2002 was conducted on September 22, 2002, to elect members to the Bundestag (lower house) of Germany.
		Although the opposition gained seats, and the result was in doubt for most of the election night, the governing coalition retained a narrow majority.
		In particular, the SPD was able to partially offset declines in their vote share in the West with an increase in the East, with the PDS falling below both the 5% threshold and the 3-seat threshold.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_federal_election,_2002 (222 words)

	Antisemitism And Racism
		On 11 July 2003 the German Bundesrat ratified a treaty (Staatsvertrag) on cultural and social cooperation, signed on 27 January 2003 (the 58th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz) by the Federal Republic and the Central Council of Jews in Germany.
		Möllemann was forced to resign from the FDP on 2 December 2002, after being accused of reviving antisemitism as a weapon in the campaign for the federal election in September.
		German Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer assured the international community and in particular the Jewish community in Germany that his nation would stand as a leader in the fight against rising global antisemitism, while continuing its “wholehearted commitment” to the security and permanence of the State of Israel.
	www.tau.ac.il /Anti-Semitism/asw2002-3/germany.htm (4816 words)

	Germany Leads New Security Council Members Facing Iraq Decisions - Security Council - Global Policy Forum
		German Ambassador to the U.N. Hanns Schumacher called the General Assembly's vote a "big mark of confidence in the Federal Republic" of Germany.
		German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder, in the week's leading up to his ruling coalition's narrow victory in Sunday's parliamentary election, declared his opposition to any German support - financial or military - for what he considers a U.S. "adventure" in Iraq.
		The German position also annoyed many of its European Union partners, who were seeking to remain open-minded on the Iraq issue.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/membship/election/2002/germany.htm (551 words)

	West European Politics - Abstracts
		The study of comparative federalism is often hampered by the diverse range of federal institutional arrangements in practice, as well as the ambiguity surrounding the concept of federalism.
		One of the questions at the approach to the 2002 election, therefore, was whether the habit of voting for peaceful alternation had now established itself as part of the German political culture, in place of the older convention that democracy involved the re-election of the incumbent.
		Because voters use EP elections as markers for the electoral prospects of national governing parties, the later an EP election follows a national general election, the greater the impact of the EP election on the governing parties' fortunes in the subsequent national election.
	www.tandf.co.uk /Journals/archive/fwep-abs.asp (17489 words)

	Top20Germany.com - Your Top20 Guide to Germany!
		The Federal Republic of Germany is a member state of the United Nations, NATO, the G8 and the G4 nations, and is a founding member of what is now the European Union.
		In the two extraordinary elections of 1932, the Nazis got 37.2% and 33.0%, the communists got 17% in the latter election - half of the parliament were actually anti-democrats, and this does not yet include the smaller parties.
		9% of the population is not ethnically German.
	top20germany.com (4938 words)

	November 2002 - Library of Congress Information Bulletin
		The conference was co-hosted by the American Institute for Contemporary German Studies of Johns Hopkins University and the Center for German and European Studies of the University of California, Berkeley.
		He was sharply critical, however, of the German government's refusal to support military intervention in Iraq, even under a U.N. mandate, and of Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's use of this issue to gain support in the federal election campaign.
		However, he also noted that there was strong opposition among the German public and its political leadership to a war in Iraq and stated that there was little chance of obtaining, absent unambiguous proof of a link between Iraq and a real terrorist act, the parliamentary mandate necessary to go to war.
	www.loc.gov /loc/lcib/0211/relations.html (1159 words)

	About the USA > U.S. Government > Elections
		On election day -- the first Tuesday following the first Monday in November of an election year -- every citizen of legal age who has taken the steps necessary in his or her state to meet the voting requirements (such as registering to vote) has an opportunity to vote.
		The political parties (or independent candidates) in each state submit to the chief election official a list of electors pledged to their candidate for president and equal in number to the state's electoral vote.
		Following election day, on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, these electors assemble in their state capitals, cast their ballots, and officially select the next president.
	usa.usembassy.de /government-elections.htm (866 words)

	Elections in Germany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Elections in Germany gives information on election and election results in Germany, including elections to the Federal Diet (the lower house of the federal parliament), the Landtage of the various states, and local elections.
		The Federal Diet (Bundestag) nominally has 598 members, elected for a four year term, 299 members elected in single-seat constituencies according to first-past-the-post, while a further 299 members are allocated from statewide party lists to achieve a proportional distribution in the legislature, conducted according to a system of proportional representation called the additional member system.
		German nationals over the age of 18 are eligible to vote, including most Germans resident outside Germany, and eligibility for candidacy is essentially the same as eligibility to vote.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Elections_in_Germany (642 words)

	Qwika - similar:Helmut_Kohl
		Gerhard Stoltenberg (September 29, 1928 - November 23, 2001) was a German politician (CDU) and minister in the cabinets of Ludwig Erhard, Kurt Georg Kiesinger and Helmut Kohl.
		Willy Brandt (December 18, 1913 – October 8, 1992) was a German politician and Chancellor of Germany from 1969 to 1974.
		Jospin was the French Socialist Party candidate for President of France in the elections of 1995 and 2002.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Helmut_Kohl (1390 words)

	CNN.com - World News: Election Watch
		The Federal Convention includes all members of the Federal Assembly and an equal number of delegates elected by the state parliaments.
		In the Federal Assembly (Bundestag), 603 members are elected by popular vote under a combined system of direct and proportional representation to serve four-year terms.
		Each voter casts two votes in the Bundestag elections: the first vote (Erststimme) is to directly elect a candidate in a particular constituency and the second vote (Zweitstimme) determines the proportional representation of parties across the core 598 seats in the Bundestag.
	cnnstudentnews.cnn.com /WORLD/election.watch/europe/germany3.html (307 words)

	CNN.com - Deal announced on election reform - Oct. 4, 2002
		Lawmakers announced a deal Friday on a bill to overhaul the nation's election system, making it, in the words of one Republican, "easier to vote and harder to cheat" and providing $3.9 billion to states to help update equipment and train poll workers.
		The legislation, expected to win easy approval in both the House and Senate, was prompted by the furor over the disputed 2000 presidential election, when Democrats said thousands of ballots in some Florida counties had been improperly counted or not counted at all.
		The election was decided when the Supreme Court effectively closed the door to Al Gore's demand for further recounts.
	edition.cnn.com /2002/ALLPOLITICS/10/04/election.reforms (682 words)

	German elections: Right wing defeated - but only a short honeymoon for Schröder
		It was the most interesting and thrilling election night ever in German "post war" history as it took hours until there was certainty on all TV channels that Schröder's coalition of Social Democrats and Greens could secure enough seats to continue for another parliamentary term.
		Up until August almost everybody in the country would have expected Stoiber to win the election and the SPD to get a hammering, and many party and union activists were reluctant to do anything in the campaign.
		Elections in Germany: Landslide Defeat for Kohl - Victory for the Left by Hans-Gerd Öfinger.
	www.marxist.com /Europe/germany_elections2002_results.html (1425 words)

	Bundestag — Infoplease.com
		The upper house of the parliament, the Bundesrat [federal council] cannot be dissolved, represents the states (Länder), and receives all government draft legislation before the Bundestag.
		He served in the German Army, and was a prisoner of...
		The relationship between government and opposition in the Bundestag and House of Commons in the run-up to the Maastricht Treaty.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0809438.html (278 words)

	German federal election, 1998 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1998, a German federal election was conducted on September 27, 1998, to elect members to the 14th Bundestag (lower house) of Germany.
		The 1998 federal election took place against the background of high unemployment in Germany, with the Federal Labor Office registering 4 million unemployed inhabitants.
		This was the first Red-Green coalition ever at the federal level, and Joschka Fischer became minister of foreign affairs as the highest Green in the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_federal_election,_1998 (835 words)

	Early elections in Germany – a reflection of a deep crisis
		Whilst German employer federations were by and large quite happy with Schröder and his SPD-Green coalition government, even the tame union leaders of the DGB were forced to take to the streets last year on April 3 as 500,000 trade unionists demonstrated against the dismantling of the welfare state.
		It is true that against all odds and against all expectations Schröder narrowly won in 2002 (with the SPD winning by just 6000 votes) on the basis of his opposition to the war in Iraq and the floods in East Germany, which strengthened a general mood of solidarity and highlighted environmental issues.
		If it had not been for the early election, there would be an open rebellion in the party by now and it would be difficult to predict the outcome of these internal battles.
	www.marxist.com /Europe/germany-early-elections260505.htm (1354 words)

	German jobless rate slows - Mar. 6, 2002
		The jobless number rose by a lower-than-expected 1,000 last month to a seasonally adjusted 3.979 million from 3.978 million in January, the Federal Labour Office said on Wednesday.
		The unemployment rate was unchanged at 9.6 percent in February.
		The German Finance Ministry said last month that it expected the economy to grow by 3 percent next year for the first time since 2000.
	money.cnn.com /2002/03/06/international/germany/index.htm (532 words)

	Qwika - similar:Angela_Merkel
		The emblem of the Free German Youth The revived FDJ uses a modified version of the emblem Fdjlogo.jpg The Free German Youth (Freie Deutsche Jugend or FDJ) was the official youth movement of the German Democratic Republic.
		The Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) took place on October 3, 1990, when the areas of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, in English commonly called "East Germany") were incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, in English commonly called "West Germany").
		It means that the Bundeskanzler (Federal Chancellor, head of government) may only be removed from office by majority vote of Parliament (the Bundestag) if a successor is elected into office at the same time.
	www.qwika.com /rels/Angela_Merkel (1418 words)

	German Government Facts
		Cabinet or Bundesminister (Federal Ministers) appointed by the president on the recommendation of the chancellor
		Johannes RAU elected president; percent of Federal Convention vote - 57.6%; Gerhard SCHROEDER elected chancellor; percent of Federal Assembly - 52.7%
		Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)
	itrs.scu.edu /elections/page4.htm (130 words)

	2.5 The Role of New ICTs in the German Federal Election of 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		2.5 The Role of New ICTs in the German Federal Election of 2002
		In this project the question is pursued which relevance the internet has for political parties in a national election campaign.
		Comparing the German case study to earlier research in the UK and Australia, the question is asked: do country-specific contexts make a difference?
	www.mzes.uni-mannheim.de /res_prog_02/fp_2002-2_5-2.html (142 words)

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