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	List of German monarchs - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Albert I (House of Habsburg), anti-king 1298, king 1298-1308
		Wenceslaus of Bohemia (House of Luxemburg), king 1378-1400
		Ruprecht of Palatinate (House of Wittelsbach), king 1400-1410
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_German_Kings_and_Emperors (736 words)

	Holy Roman Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pope's crowning of Charlemagne as Augustus in 800 formed the example that later kings would follow: it was the result of Charlemagne having defended the pope against the rebellious inhabitants of Rome, which initiated the notion of the Reich being the protector of the church.
		German kings had been elected since time immemorial: in the 9th century by the leaders of the five most important tribes (the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Swabians and Thuringians), later by the main lay and clerical dukes of the kingdom, finally only by the so-called Kurfürsten (electing dukes, electors).
		The difficulties in electing the king eventually led to the emergence of a fixed college of electors, the Kurfürsten, whose composition and procedures were set forth in the Golden Bull of 1356.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire (4996 words)

	Arnulf of Carinthia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arnulf of Carinthia (German Arnulf von Kärnten, Slovenian Arnulf Koroški) (850 – December 8, 899) was one of the last ruling members of the Carolingian house in the Eastern part of the Frankish Kingdom, which had been split in the Treaty of Verdun in 843.
		Arnulf was the illegitimate son of the Bavarian king Carloman and his concubine, Liutswind (Litwinde, Litwindie) (of Bavaria), of Carinthian origin, daughter of Count Ernst.
		Arnulf invaded Italy in 896 and was crowned Emperor by the Pope Formosus (pope 891-896).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia (354 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Henry IV
		German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry III and Agnes of Poitou, b.
		This hapless king was truly the idol of his people because of his pride as a ruler, his earnest defence of the dignity of the empire and his benevolent care for the peace of the empire and the welfare of the common people.
		The king bestowed the duchy on Guelph IV, son of Azzo of Este.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07230a.htm (2123 words)

	RUPERT (GERMAN KING) - LoveToKnow Article on RUPERT (GERMAN KING) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		But this appointment, though welcome to the army, was obnoxious to the kings counsellors, who resented the princes independence of their control, to some of the nobility over whose titles to consideration he had ridden roughshod, and to some of the officers whose indiscipline and rapacity were likely to be repressed with a heavy hand.
		The king's enemies were now no longer the Presbyterians and the majority of the English people but the stern Independent community, with whose aims and aspirations he could not have any sympathy whatever.
		RUPERT (1352-1410), German king, and, as Rupert III., elector palatine of the Rhine, was a son of the elector Rupert II.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RU/RUPERT_GERMAN_KING_.htm (2105 words)

	German King Tiger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		German military success at the beginning of the Second World War was known as "Blitzkriegs" (meaning lightning wars), and demonstrated the effective use of armored vehicles in thoroughly planned operations.
		It soon became apparent that the Types III and IV German tanks were inferior in performance to the T-34, which had excellent mobility, armor plate and a powerful 76.2mm main gun.
		Although the King Tiger was an unrivaled weapons system, owing to its advanced technology and sophistication, less than 500 total were produced, including the Henschel versions, and available for combat at any given time.
	www.falconbbs.com /kingtiger.htm (469 words)

	Encyclopedia: King's German Legion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Many former Hannoverian officers and soldiers fled the French occupation to Britain, as King George III of the United Kingdom was also Elector of Hannover.
		George III (George William Frederick) (4 June 1738 â€“ 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain, and King of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801, and thereafter King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.
		Pomerania (Polish: Pomorze, German: Pommern and Pommerellen, Pomeranian (Kashubian): PÃ²mÃ²rze and PÃ²mÃ²rskÃ´, Latin: Pomerania, Pomorania) is a geographical and historical region in northern Poland and Germany on the south coasts of the Baltic Sea between and on both sides of the Vistula and Oder (Odra) rivers...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/King%27s-German-Legion (1151 words)

	RUDOLPH I. - LoveToKnow Article on RUDOLPH I. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		king of Bohemia, a candidate for the throne, was almost alone in his opposition.
		Wenceslaus was betrothed to a daughter of the German king, who made a triumphal entry into Vienna.
		In 1291 he attempted to secure the election of his son Albert as German king; but the princes refused on the pretext of their inability to support two kings, but perhaps because they feared the increasing power of the Habsburgs.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RU/RUDOLPH_I_.htm (1086 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Henry V
		German King and Roman Emperor, son of Henry IV; b.
		The Burgundian archbishop, Guido of Vienne, declared investiture a heresy and excommunicated the king.
		Accordingly, the German sovereign was furthermore to abandon the symbolical ring and crosier at an investiture; but he retained the right to confer their temporal possessions on the ecclesiastical princes by investing them with a sceptre, and this was to be done before the bishop-elect received the papal consecration.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07232a.htm (1460 words)

	Germany - The Saxon Dynasty, 919-1024
		The coronation of Otto was a moment of glory for the German monarchy, but its long-term consequences were not beneficial because as German kings sought to exercise the offices of the empire they became involved in Italian affairs, often to such an extent that they neglected the governing of Germany.
		In addition, the presence of German kings in Italy as emperors soon caused them to come into conflict with the papacy, which did not hesitate to seek allies in Italy or Germany to limit imperial power.
		The German monarch's struggle with the papacy resulted in a war that ravaged German lands from 1077 until the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-4858.html (932 words)

	Germanic History
		Up to the last century, it was a widely held belief that German history began in the year A.D. That was when Arminius, a prince of a Germanic tribe called the Cherusci, vanquished three Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest (southeast of modern-day Bielefeld).
		Germanic languages are still spoken today in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Belgium, South Africa, and the English-speaking countries.
		The Frisians are the descendants of a Germanic tribe on the North Sea coast (between the Lower Rhine and the Ems River) and have preserved numerous traditions in addition to their own distinct language.
	www.rollintl.com /roll/germanics.htm (2447 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Frederick I
		The German people loved their king, who soon after his coronation visited the various parts of his realm and manfully exerted himself to establish internal peace.
		The king, a deeply religious man, was, indeed, convinced that the secular and ecclesiastical power should co-operate with each other, but he made it clear that even the pope should respect in him the imperial lord.
		Some of the German clergy, moreover, had espoused the cause of Alexander III, and Frederick was unable to overcome their opposition.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06252b.htm (2336 words)

	Chapter Excerpt: The Royals by Kitty Kelley (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		King George V was disturbed as he watched his subjects stone butchers with German names and burn the homes of people who owned dachshunds.
		The British press dutifully reported that the King had renounced his German name and all German titles for himself and all other descendants of Queen Victoria and that henceforth he and his issue were to be referred to as the House of Windsor.
		As uneducated as the King was, George V won wide respect from his subjects for his conscientious performance of royal duties and for his numerous military uniforms and the obvious pleasure he took in wearing them in royal parades.
	www.twbookmark.com /books/94/0446605786/chapter_excerpt372.html (3081 words)

	Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		1194–1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220–50) and German king (1212–20), king of Sicily (1197–1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229–50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.
		When Henry died (1197), his brother, Philip of Swabia, was unable to hold the German magnates to this election, but in Sicily Constance secured Frederick’s investiture as king from Pope Innocent III.
		In his Sicilian kingdom, which included S Italy, he pursued the reverse of his German policy; he suppressed the barons, transported the Saracens to a colony on the mainland, recovered alienated lands, and began his legislative reforms.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fr/Fred2HRE.html (1213 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - King Carol I
		King Carol I (1839-1914) was Romania's strongly pro-German King when war broke out in August 1914; despite his sympathies to the German Kaiser he was unable to constitutionally bring Romania into the war.
		Born on 20 April 1839 in Sigmaringen, King Carol I - actual name Karl Eitel Friedrich - was educated at Dresden and Bonn (as the German Prince Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen) and served in the Prussian war of 1864 against Denmark.
		Carol was finally crowned king of Romania in the wake of Romania's independence from Ottoman rule in May 1881.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/carol.htm (359 words)

	WILLIAM, GERMAN KING - LoveToKnow Article on WILLIAM, GERMAN KING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		William was one of the ablest of a race rich in great men, and had he lived he would probably have left his mark upon history.
		He was educated at Mantes and at the university of Paris, afterwards becoming chaplain to the French king Philip Augustus, who employed him on diplomatic errands, and entrusted him with the education of his natural son, Pierre Chariot.
		In both works William speaks in very laudatory terms of the king; but his writings are valuable because he had personal knowledge of many of the facts which he relates.
	44.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WI/WILLIAM_GERMAN_KING.htm (2144 words)

	Otto II -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		German king from 961 and Holy Roman emperor from 967, sole ruler from 973, son of Otto I and his second wife, Adelaide.
		German king and Holy Roman emperor, candidate of the German anti-Hohenstaufen faction, who, after rivalling against two Hohenstaufen kings, was finally deposed.
		German physicist, engineer, and natural philosopher Otto von Guericke invented the first air pump and used it to study the phenomenon of vacuum and the role of air in combustion and respiration.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9057679?tocId=9057679 (744 words)

	Germany during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This king also traditionally acquired the title of King of Italy, by which was meant northern Italy, the old Lombard kingdom.
		In practice, so long as the current king had a son, the title passed uncontested, but no family was able to produce a consistent line of heirs.
		The situation was further complicated by the interference of the papacy in German affairs.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Europe/germany/01.shtml (814 words)

	Maximilian I, 1459-1519, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Maximilian’s marriage (1477) to Mary of Burgundy involved him in defense of her inheritance—including Burgundy, the Netherland provinces, and Luxembourg—against the designs of King Louis XI of France.
		In 1486 he was elected king of the Romans (i.e., emperor-elect) and assumed an increasing share of the imperial duties until his father’s death.
		The double marriage of Maximilian’s grandson and granddaughter to the daughter and son of King Uladislaus II of Hungary (1516) ultimately assured Hapsburg succession to the Hungarian and Bohemian thrones and ascendancy in central Europe.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Maxi1HRE.html (694 words)

	AllRefer.com - Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Frederick II, Holy Roman emperor and German king, German History, Biographies
		Frederick II 1194–1250, Holy Roman emperor (1220–50) and German king (1212–20), king of Sicily (1197–1250), and king of Jerusalem (1229–50), son of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI and of Constance, heiress of Sicily.
		Henry VI, Holy Roman emperor and German king
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Fred2HRE.html (183 words)

	Henry IV, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		1050–1106, Holy Roman emperor (1084–1105) and German king (1056–1105), son and successor of Henry III.
		During his minority the papacy, the German nobles, and the high ecclesiastics greatly increased their power at the expense of the imperial authority.
		A powerful coalition of German nobles, including the rebellious Saxons, agreed (Oct., 1076) not to recognize the king unless he obtained absolution by February; his fitness to rule was to be decided at a diet to be held at Augsburg under the chairmanship of the pope.
	www.bartleby.com /65/he/Henry4HRE.html (684 words)

	King's German Legion -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When (French general who became emperor of the French (1769-1821)) Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803 the Kurfürstentum (A port city in northwestern Germany) Hannover (Electorate of Hannover) was disbanded and its army dissolved.
		The same year, Major (Click link for more info and facts about Colin Halkett) Colin Halkett and Colonel von der Decken were issued warrants to raise a corps of (Click link for more info and facts about light infantry) light infantry, to be named "The King's German Regiment".
		The number of officers and enlisted men grew over time to around 14,000, but during the 13 years of its existence, about 28,000 men served in the Legion.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/k/ki/kings_german_legion.htm (331 words)

	Henry II, Holy Roman emperor and German king. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		When Otto III died without an heir, Henry, who was Otto’s second cousin and the great-grandson of Henry I, was elected German king.
		In 1004 he entered Italy and at Pavia was crowned king of the rebellious Lombards by the bishops.
		Italian resistance appeared to be broken when Pavia was destroyed in a conflict between the citizens and Henry’s German followers, but his supremacy was still uncertain when he went north to meet Boleslaus I of Poland.
	www.bartleby.com /65/he/Henry2HRE.html (328 words)

	AllRefer.com - Frederick III, Holy Roman emperor and German king (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		He became head of the house of Hapsburg at the death (1439) of his distant cousin Albert II, whom he was elected (1440) to succeed as German king.
		In 1473 at an interview at Trier with Charles the Bold of Burgundy, Frederick attempted to arrange the marriage of his son, later King Maximilian I, to Charles's daughter Mary of Burgundy.
		In 1486, Maximilian was elected king of the Romans, or German king, and after 1490, Frederick resigned most of his duties to his son.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/F/Fred3HRE.html (598 words)

	German King Tiger tank - development history and photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		German heavy tank development began as early as 1937 with the German Armaments Ministry issuing a specification for a new heavy tank to Daimler-Benz, Henschel, MAN and Porsche.
		The King Tiger was a case of too late and too few in number to make a difference in the outcome of the war.
		For the German forces, it was the hallmark of German armored might and restored morale even in the last days of the war.
	www.worldwar2aces.com (2329 words)

	AllRefer.com - Henry VI, Holy Roman emperor and German king (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Henry VI 1165–97, Holy Roman emperor (1191–97) and German king (1190–97), son and successor of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I (Frederick Barbarossa).
		He was crowned German king at Aachen in 1169 and king of Italy at Milan in 1186 after his marriage to Constance, heiress presumptive to the throne of Sicily.
		Henry secured a powerful bargaining weapon when he obtained custody (1193) of King Richard I of England, brother-in-law and ally of the Guelph leader, Henry the Lion.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Henry6HRE.html (527 words)

	AllRefer.com - Henry VII, Holy Roman emperor and German king (German History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		A minor count of the house of Luxembourg, Henry was elected German king on the death of King Albert I after the electors had set aside the two main contenders, Albert's eldest son, Frederick of Austria, and the French prince Charles of Valois.
		Pope Clement V and, among others, Dante welcomed his rule as a means of ending the by now almost meaningless strife of the Guelphs and Ghibellines.
		Leaving Rome, he besieged Florence, but without success; in 1313, having allied himself with King Frederick II of Sicily, he pronounced the ban of the empire against King Robert of Naples, who opposed Henry's policy in Italy.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/H/Henry7HRE.html (483 words)

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