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Topic: German nobility

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Swedish nobility

	Worldroots.com
		The German nobility is divided into two major divisions, that of the lower (niedriger Adel) and the high (hoher Adel).
		In the last decades of the German Empire, in imitation of the English system, a few families were ennobled with titles that passed on only to the eldest son, the remainder retaining either their father's former title (which he also still carried) or just untitled nobility.
		Not every German noble family is included, as most often the family concerned must contribute financially to its inclusion, or the family may be too small, poor, or unwilling to warrant repeated updating.
	worldroots.com /brigitte/royal/germannobility.htm (3210 words)

	Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there).
		Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e., legitimate descendants (or all male descendants, in some societies) of nobles are nobles, unless explicitly stripped of the privilege.
		Nobles typically commanded resources, such as food, money, or labor, from common members or nobles of lower rank of their societies, and could exercise religious or political power over them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nobility (1279 words)

	Baltic German - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Baltic Germans (German: Deutsch-Balten, Deutschbalten, sometimes incorrectly Baltendeutsche), were ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea which today forms the countries of Estonia and Latvia.
		Germans, other than the estate-owners, mainly settled in the cities, such as Riga, Reval (Tallinn), Dorpat (Tartu), and Pernau (Pärnu); as late as the mid-19th century the population of many of these municipalities still had a German majority with an Estonian or Latvian minority.
		German cultural autonomy ceased in the 1880s, when Russification replaced German administration and schooling with the usage of the Russian language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Baltic_German (1369 words)

	Baltic Germans in Estonia
		Both Poland and Sweden regarded the German nobility’s councils and guilds as the legitimate representatives of the provinces and recognised the supremacy of the German language and German law.
		In 1710 Tallinn, Riga, Pärnu and the nobility of Estonia and Livonia surrendered voluntarily to Russia.
		Among the nobility, "agrarian liberalism" was born and, at the beginning of the 19th century, all three provinces granted personal freedom to the peasantry.
	www.einst.ee /factsheets/balt_germans (3026 words)

	Nobility (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Nobles typically command resources, such as food, money, or labor, from common members of their societies, and may exercise religious or political power over them.
		Traditional ranks among royalty, peers, and nobles are rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
		Marquess / Margrave, and the German Landgraf & Pfalzgraf, theoretically the ruler¹ of a margravate
	usapedia.com /n/nobility.html (587 words)

	Wikipedia: Nobility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally, knights or nobles were mounted warriors who swore allegiance to their sovereign and promised to fight for him in exchange for allocation of land (usually together with serfs living there).
		Nobility in its most general and strict sense is an acknowledged preeminence that is hereditary, i.e., legitimate descendants (or all male descendants, in some societies) of nobles are nobles, unless explicitly stripped of the privilege.
		Nobles typically commanded resources, such as food, money, or labor, from common members or nobles of lower rank of their societies, and could exercise religious or political power over them.
	en.pediax.org /Nobility (1675 words)

	Confino and Fritzsche/The Work of Memory. Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Noble memory always amounted to an attempt to keep alive in other classes the impression that titles of nobility were "bequeathed from generation to generation with the personal qualities that they represent, so that their contemporary holders can claim as their own the great deeds of those who first attained them."
		The superiority of the nobility had shown itself to be unshakable, in marked contrast to the sansculotte "riffraff" behind the lines and in the navy, who seemed to have risen from the "port bordellos" of the big cities.
		Thus emerged instructive noble self-portraits, in which the nobility's world and everyday lives were given much more attention than the great affairs of state, which tried to explain the "misdevelopment" of recent German noble history through the description of their milieu from the inside.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/confino/ch4.html (7515 words)

	German Noble Descent in American Family Tradition
		In addition, most German noble families were listed in the pertinent issues of the Gotha, which covered contemporary family members and sometimes their lineages back into the past, too.
		Even when it was possible to find the German place of origin and the records showed clearly that the family was not noble, some people maintained their claim by arguing that the wrong family was found, that the records were incorrect, or by using other reasons.
		However, many Americans are likely descended from German noble families through an illegitimate descent of one of the emigrants' ancestors, which occurred many generations ago and may not even have been known to the emigrant himself.
	www.progenealogists.com /germany/articles/gnobility.htm (2551 words)

	History of Germany
		German kings soon added the Middle Kingdom to their realm and adjudged themselves rulers of what would later be called the Holy Roman Empire.
		German strategists felt that a war against these countries had to be waged by 1916 if it were to be won because after that year Russian and French military reforms would be complete, making German victory doubtful.
		Because the German dukes had grown stronger both during and after the Investiture Contest and because royal access to the resources of the church in Germany was much reduced, Frederick was forced to go to Italy to find the finances needed to restore the king's power in Germany.
	home.carolina.rr.com /wormold/germany (4663 words)

	The Constitutional Question in Germany by Frederick Engels
		The three per cent revenues of the nobility went down before the fifteen per cent profit of the bourgeoisie, the three-per-centers resorted to mortgages, to credit banks for the nobility and so on, in order to be able to spend in accordance with their station, and only ruined themselves so much the quicker.
		The nobility is too much in decline, the petty bourgeoisie and peasants are, by their whole position in life, too weak, the workers are still far from sufficiently mature to be able to come forward as the ruling class in Germany.
		The noble in particular, who draws or receives bills on the purchaser or consignee of the corn he has dispatched, is thereby covered, and so are in general all those who have something to sell only once a year and draw the proceeds of that sale in a single transaction.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1847/04/01.htm (6148 words)

	Graf > Graf Eberstein > About German Nobility
		When non-nobles were adopted the family name could be carried by the adoptee, but none of the noble designations of the family (such as a title or the "von").
		If such an adoptee wished to become noble, he or she had to apply to their sovereign for such status in the same manner as any other subject.
		An exemption to this was and is still made by the "legitimatio per matrimonium subsequens", which allowed the legitimation of children born out of wedlock after the marriage of their noble parents.
	www.netaxs.com /~graf/graf/graf_nobility.html (3293 words)

	German Nobility - GenWiki
		The particular title of a person is far less important among the nobility than the age and standing of the family.
		Through most of German history, there was only one of these, the Holy Roman Emperor of the German Nation, lasting from the crowning of Charlemagne in the year 800 through the renunciation of the last emperor, Franz II, in 1806 under the influence of Napoleon, who by then had proclaimed himself Emperor of the French.
		The title of German Emperor was always carried in conjunction with that of King of Prussia, and he was addressed as Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät (Imperial and Royal Majesty).
	wiki-en.genealogy.net /wiki/German_Nobility (3395 words)

	German Noble Descent in American Family Tradition by Friedrich R. Wollmershäuser
		The word "von" (from) in a German record usually denotes the origin of the family, and even when it occurs as a part of a surname, it does not necessarily indicate nobility.
		Besides those cases when a nobleman expressly recognized a child as his natural son or daughter and may have taken care of his or her education, there are no strict rules as to what evidence is demanded to make such a claim of descent credible.
		It can be observed that German genealogists set the threshold for such evidence quite low and acknowledge a noble descent even if the proof seems far-fetched, in order to supply themselves with an access to noble ancestry, and one should not blame Americans for copying this behaviour.
	www.anthonj.de /genealogen/wollmershaeuser/d/vortraege/adel.htm (2629 words)

	Nobility \| English \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see hereditary titles) or for a lifetime.
		Today, in most countries, "noble status" is a purely honorary dignity that confers no legal privileges; an important exception is the United Kingdom, where certain titles (titles of the peerage, until recently guaranteeing a seat in the Upper House of the UK Parliament, hence its name House of Lords), still confer some residual privileges.
		Those who are noble; the collictive body of nobles or titled persons in a stste; the aristocratic and patrician class; the peerage; as, the English nobility.
	www.babylon.com /definition/Nobility (421 words)

	American Kennel Club - German Shepherd Dog
		The German Shepherd Dog is hailed as the world's leading police, guard and military dog, however, this dependable breed is more than its 9-to-5 job.
		The head of the male is distinctly masculine, and that of the bitch distinctly feminine.
		A German Shepherd Dog is a trotting dog, and its structure has been developed to meet the requirements of its work.
	www.akc.org /breeds/german_shepherd_dog (2007 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Martin Luther
		It is in "its form an imitation of Hutten's circular letter to the emperor and German nobility", and the greater part of its contents is an abstract of Hutten's "Vadiscus or Roman Trinity", from his "Lament and Exhortation", and from his letters to the Elector Frederick of Saxony.
		It unfolded the affluence, clarity, and vigour of the German tongue in a manner and with a result that stands almost without a parallel in the history of German literature.
		Luther, "although the mightiest voice that ever spoke in the German language, was a vox et praeteria nihil", for it is admitted that he possessed none of the constructive qualifications of statesmanship, and proverbially lacked the prudential attribute of consistency.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09438b.htm (16884 words)

	Now What? Online--Family Tree Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The bad news is that sometimes family stories of noble ancestry are exaggerated, and many children of nobles came from extramarital unions that aren't recorded in nobility books.
		German nobles were both the rulers over and protectors of their subjects.
		Ernie Thode is the co-author of A Genealogist's Guide to Discovering Your Germanic Ancestors (Betterway Books, $18.99) and the manager of the local history and genealogy department of the Washington County Public Library in Marietta, Ohio.
	www.familytreemagazine.com /nowwhatonline/noble.html (435 words)

	Baltic Studies Newsletter #95-11
		The author claims that her case study of the Baltic German nobility's response to modernity is the first social history of the Baltic German nobility.
		Noticing that the Baltic German nobility, uniquely among Europe's nobilities, maintained until the 1880's its traditional exercise of domination on status alone (Standeherrschaft), she clearly sees that it completely ignored the political, social and economic aspirations of the Estonians and Latvians, the majority populations of the Baltic provinces.
		The author concludes her study by saying: "The Baltic noble illiberal state of mind was a reflection of their essential character of colonialists who never integrated with the native population from whom they differed ethnically, culturally, and linguistically.
	www.balticstudies-aabs.lanet.lv /bsn95/bsn95-11.html (677 words)

	Germany.info : German-Ameicans
		Determined to preserve the remaining German sites in the city, historians set out to revitalize the Sophienburg Museum and Archives, the Ferdinand Lindheimer Home, Conservation Plaza, and the Museum of Texas Handmade Furniture, all of which were of vital import to the German community.
		The town was one of a projected series of German settlements from the Texas coast to the land north of the Llano River, which was the ultimate destination of the German immigrants sent to Texas by the Adelsverein, a group of German nobility.
		But the greatest motivation for German settlers was the firsthand accounts of friends and family members who attested to the quality of their new lives in the state, where land was relatively easy to come by and the German community had firmly established itself.
	www.germany.info /relaunch/info/publications/infocus/german-americans/g-a_in_us.html (2049 words)

	German Nobility
		Generally it is incorrect to translate German noble titles into foreign languages because the meaning is quite different.
		Herzog is deriving from the old Germanic word “herizuogo,” that is, the man who is riding in front of the army or the man who is commander of a tribe.
		It was not necessary that a Graf was of noble birth.
	www.nobility-royalty.com /id75.htm (1205 words)

	Allied German States - Sixth World Wiki
		The Allied German States, AGS or Germany (German: Allianz Deutscher Länder, ADL, Deutschland) is located in the middle of Europe.
		Westphalia is a theocracy controlled by the German Catholic Church that split from the Vatican in 2014.
		Württemberg is a former member state of the short-lived South German League and as a legacy anti-metahuman racism is still widespread, with the exception of giants.
	wiki.dumpshock.com /index.php/Allied_German_States (1819 words)

	ipedia.com: Nobility Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Typically, nobility descends from chivalry in the feudal stage of the develop...
		Typically, nobility descends from chivalry (or warrior class) in the feudal stage of the development of a society.
		In the modern age, the notion of inherited nobility with special rights has become, in the Western World, increasingly impopular.
	www.ipedia.com /nobility.html (455 words)

	Medieval Germany -- The Salian Dynasty: German History
		The German monarch's struggle with the papacy resulted in a war that ravaged German lands from 1077 until the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
		This agreement stipulated that the pope was to appoint high church officials but gave the German king the right to veto the papal choices.
		According to the laws of the German feudal system, the king had no claims on the vassals of the other princes, only on those living within his family's territory.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/history/bl_salian.htm (518 words)

	[No title]
		Over their territory from the Alps to the Adriatic Sea the German Bridge was supposed to be installed, which would help to expand the German territory from the North Sea to the Port of Trieste and thereby open the gate to the South.
		Although being noble, they still remained the feudal lord's servants and immediate property, but they also held positions in administrations and in military organization that figured as seigniory, meaning, the territory over which they were holding jurisdiction.
		Hedwig was given to a Styrian noble, whereas the elder Anna was destined to marry the widower William I, Count of Celje (Cilli).
	www.carantha.net /slovenian_nobility_m.htm (8463 words)

	Medieval Germany -- The Saxon Dynasty: German History
		But he failed to establish the principle of hereditary succession, and the German dukes continued to elect one of their number as king.
		The coronation of Otto was a moment of glory for the German monarchy, but its long-term consequences were not beneficial because as German kings sought to exercise the offices of the empire they became involved in Italian affairs, often to such an extent that they neglected the governing of Germany.
		In addition, the presence of German kings in Italy as emperors soon caused them to come into conflict with the papacy, which did not hesitate to seek allies in Italy or Germany to limit imperial power.
	www.germanculture.com.ua /library/history/bl_saxon.htm (450 words)

	State and Nobility in Early Modern Germany - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This study shows that the nobility was not in crisis at this time.
		Offering a new paradigm for understanding the German nobility, this book argues that the development of the state made proximity to princes the single most decisive factor in determining the fortune of a family.
		The result was a violent competition among the nobility over resources which were crucial to the princes.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521561795&print=y (230 words)

	GVS Consult Inc. \| Buying a Title of Nobility \| German Noble Title
		If you were not born into the noble class, you can acquire a highly prestigious German nobility title by adoption, marriage or, for your firm or product, licensing by a legal title-holder.
		Let us cite German nobility expert Gilbert von Studnitz, a member of one of Germany's most ancient noble families, about the German nobility today: "Since 1919, according to the German republican government, the nobility no longer exists as a legal entity.
		Nevertheless, the titles and noble designations of the nobility have not been abolished and may still be carried.
	www.prestigious-titles.com /nobel.html (537 words)

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