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	Emissaries of Good Will -- Young Germans Participate in a Unique Project. By Ruth Rovner
		The spark that ignited the revolution was the news of unrest in Paris, where Louis Philippe was forced to abdicate on February 24.
		The German Artisan and Trade Congress in Frankfurt (July 15 to August 18) was united in its opposition to free trade, cherished by the liberal bourgeoisie, but broke apart on July 20 when masters refused journeymen equal voting rights.
		Anxious to end the revolution lest it get out of hand—the memory of the Jacobean terreur in France in 1792 was never far from their minds—the assembly failed both to mobilize the masses for the coming counter-revolution and to create an institutional framework for an independent policy of its own.
	www.germanlife.com /Archives/1998/9802_01.html (6502 words)

	German Revolution of 1848 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The revolution of 1848 in Germany was a critical subject to historians from the German Democratic Republic.
		GDR historians explained the defeat of the revolution by the disintegration of the union between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie in Germany which occurred from the summer of 1848 to the fall of 1849.
		The third lesson of the revolution was the inability of the bourgeoisie to surmount their desire to dominate and exploit the proletariat, for the revolution had clearly demonstrated the existence of that central source of tension in a mature capitalist society, the conflict of interest between bourgeoisie and proletariat.
	www.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/dh/germrev.htm (1296 words)

	German Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The German Revolution (also known as November Revolution) is a series of events that occurred before and after the end of World War I in 1918-1919, culminating in the overthrow of the Kaiser and the establishment of the politically fragile Weimar Republic.
		The German army and Freikorps started to besiege the city, while the communists were executing 'class enemies.' Bloody war broke out in the streets and the German army and Freikorps were victorious.
		The German Revolution laid the foundations for the Weimar Republic, which ended with the Nazis' ascension to power.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-German_Revolution (705 words)

	German Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It occurred as military defeat appeared imminent and culminated in the abdication of the Kaiser and the establishment of the politically fragile Weimar Republic.
		However, unlike the Russian Revolution, attempts by communists to carry over the revolution against the monarchy into a revolution against capitalism, were ultimately unsuccessful, although their success appeared possible at several points.
		It was of great importance that the Imperial Government and the German Army managed to shirk their responsibilities at the very beginning and to put the blame for the defeat on the new democratic government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/German_Revolution (10846 words)

	The German Revolution of 1918 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The revolution that occurred in Germany in 1918-1919 was not really a revolution-at least not in the traditional sense of the French Revolution of 1789 and the Russian Revolution of 1917, or even the German Revolution of 1848.
		Perhaps, by calling it the "German Revolution," we imply that things are conceived and done differently in Germany.
		The conditions which gave birth to revolution in November 1918 were unlike those of 1789 in France, and although somewhat similar to those in Russia in 1917, they were still not quite the same.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/18rev1918.html (2998 words)

	German American Corner: Unity and Justice and Freedom: The Revolution of 1848
		The German rulers were frightened enough to grant concessions: they promised liberal constitutions, appointed liberals to ministries, promised freedom of the press, the freedom to hold meetings and a German national parliament.
		The revolution's point of crisis was reached when the bourgeoisie saw its economic and social position threatened by the increasing demands of the proletariat and placed itself under the "protective" hand of the reactionary authorities.
		The revolution of 1848/49 remains a pivotal moment in German history and it is far from forgotten.
	www.germanheritage.com /Essays/1848/unity_and_justice_and_freedom.html (2004 words)

	C.4. From Victory to Defeat and Revolution: 1918
		Many Germans did not realize that the Entente slowed down the negotiations for a truce; they believed their own government was continuing to prolong the war to postpone reform.
		The German admirals had not bothered to inform the Kaiser and the chancellor of their enterprise, which was born out of a crazy military code of honor.
		Increasingly, radical German socialists, who had split off from the SPD, won a large audience for their claims that peace was hindered by the aggressive war aims of the German industrial bourgeoisie and that only a socialist revolution would put an end to the war.
	www.colby.edu /personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyC4.html (3603 words)

	Immigration... German: Immigration Patterns
		German Americans were employed in many urban craft trades, especially baking, carpentry, and the needle trades.
		In particular, supporters of the German Revolution of 1848--sometimes called "Forty-Eighters"--brought their tradition of vigorous public debate and social activism to bear on the issues facing the U.S., including land reform, abolition, workers' rights, and women's suffrage.
		German newspapers were available in most American cities, from California to Texas to Massachusetts, and German-language traveling speakers, theatrical performers, and popular songs all helped keep German Americans in touch with their cultural heritage.
	memory.loc.gov /learn/features/immig/alt/german6.html (282 words)

	The Comintern and German communism (by L. Proyect)
		German workers traditionally had a very strong identification with their unions, even more so than with their party, and this move alienated many of them.
		A subcommittee was established to supervise the German revolution.
		The triumvirate decided to use the German events as a bludgeon against Trotsky, since Karl Radek, his close ally, was the chief architect of the failed German revolution.
	www.columbia.edu /~lnp3/mydocs/organization/comintern_and_germany.htm (10373 words)

	The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
		Historians generally agree on the term Deutsche Revolution (German Revolution) or Märzrevolution (March Revolution) for the events of March 1848 through 1849.
		Many Germans who had hoped for the success of the German Revolution were unwilling to return to a life under the restored authoritarian regimes and chose emigration--mostly to the United States.
		Germans had learned the lessons that idealism is not enough to succeed in politics, that they had to organize as pressure groups to achieve their political objectives--political parties formed as a result.
	www.serve.com /shea/germusa/perspekt.htm (3985 words)

	First World War.com - Primary Documents - President Friedrich Ebert's Address to the German Assembly, 7 February 1919
		Following the German revolution in November 1918 - which saw the forced abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II - a fresh constitution was drawn up and a new assembly established; the latter first met on 6 February 1919.
		We have lost the war; this is not the consequence of the revolution.
		The revolution declines the responsibility for the misery into which the evils of the old autocracy, and the arrogance of the military threw the German people.
	www.firstworldwar.com /source/germanassembly_ebert1.htm (2164 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Germany : Revolution 1848-1849
		While during the years of RESTAURATION, the German Federation was a rather insignificant organization and real political significance lay with it's individual member states, this suddenly changed during the Revolution of 1848.
		A German NATIONAL CONVENT was elected, which met in the PAULSKIRCHE in Frankfurt (called the parliament of professors).
		Revolution in the German States, pp.722-725; The Frankfurt Parliament, pp.733-737, from : John Merriman, A History of Modern Europe, NY : W.W. Norton 1996
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/ger1848.html (794 words)

	German Immigration
		Later the Germans purchased land along the left bank of the Mohawk in New York and established villages such as Mannheim, Oppenheim and Herkimer.
		In November 1887, eight German anarchists were indicted for the Haymarket Bombing, Later, four of these men, August Spies, Adolph Fisher, Louis Lingg and George Engel, were sentenced to death for the crime.
		German music was banned, German editors and orchestra leaders were mobbed, German fried potatoes were swept from the table or renamed.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAEgermany.htm (3334 words)

	GERMANY
		The ethnogenesis of the Germanic tribes is assumed to have occurred during the Pre-Roman Iron Age in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, from the first century BC expanding south, east and west, coming into contact with Celtic tribes of Gaul and Iranian, Baltic and Slavic tribes in Eastern Europe.
		The states were also shaped by the Industrial Revolution, which was the initial step of the growing industrialisation in Europe and contributed to a wave of poverty, causing social uprisings.
		This was exacerbated by a wide-spread right-wing (monarchist, völkische, and Nazi) Dolchstoßlegende, a political myth which claimed the German Revolution was the main reason why Germany had lost the war, decried the Revolutionists as traitors (Novemberverbrecher = November criminals) and the political system born of the Revolution as illegitimate.
	www.solarnavigator.net /geography/germany.htm (5101 words)

	German Revolution 1918 \| libcom.org
		A short biography of German communist Max Hoelz, known as the Red Robin Hood for his daring acts expropriating from the rich to distribute to workers and the unemployed.
		Otto Ruhle's activity in the German Labour Movement was related to the work of small and restricted minorities within and outside of the official labour organisations.
		A short biography of German revolutionary Gustav Landauer, who was killed in the crushing of the German Revolution.
	libcom.org /tags/german-revolution-1918 (272 words)

	German Revolution
		The German Revolution began on 29th October 1918, when sailors at Kiel refused to obey orders and engage in battle with the British Navy.
		Eisner made it clear that this revolution was different from the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia and announced that all private property would be protected by the new government.
		Such was the gratitude of the new homeland to the German soldiers who had bled and died for it in millions.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /GERrevolution.htm (769 words)

	1998 SGAS Symposium: The German 1848 Revolution
		The German Turnverein: German Turners and the 1848 Revolution.
		Encylopedia of Revolutions of 1848: numerous biographies, discussion of events, essays.
		Revolution, Revolution: Gedichte und Dokumente zu den Jahren 1848/49.
	www.serve.com /shea/germusa/1848.htm (520 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Germany : the German Revolution, 1918-1919
		At that time large units of the German Army were disbanded (the army was to be reduced to 100.000 men); many of them joined the FREE CORPS, essentially soldiers without uniform.
		Remembering the bloody suppression of the German Revolution, both social democrats and communists kept party militias to defend their respective districts in town (workers usually lived together in the same area).
		Rosa Luxemburg, 1986, in German with English subtitles, focusses on the biography of R.L. Berlin, Synfonie einer Stadt, 1927, German with English subtitles; filmed as a "melody of images', the director sympathized with the spartakists.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/germany/turmgermrev.html (745 words)

	1848 german revolution - Frankfurt Vorparlament
		Early in 1848 several outbreaks of revolution had caused the French King Louis Phillippe to abdicate (25th February) and Metternich, the chief minister of the Habsburg Monarchy and architect of a system of restored monarchical government in Europe since before the fall of Napoleon (1815), had been driven into exile.
		The explicit purpose of your assembly is to put a German people's association [Volksbund] in the place of the existing federation of princes, to bring the German nation to real unity, to strengthen German national feeling, and thus to raise Germany's power both internal and external.
		During the journey Mieroslawski proclaimed that Poles and Germans were brothers and waved a fl, red, and gold banner in support of the changed situation in Prussia.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/1848/german_revolution.html (1416 words)

	germanhistorymissouri
		From the beginning, these Germans knew they were fighting not only for the preservation of the Union and democracy, but also for human rights: for the liberation of the slaves- and for themselves.
		One of the major conflicts between the German population and the City was the fact that Sunday was traditionally a day in which Germans went to the theatre, held parties, drank and amused themselves with various entertainments.
		The speed and enthusiasm with which the Missouri Germans responded to the President's call to arms is an indisputable argument for the breadth and depth of their feeling on the slavery issue.
	freethought.mbdojo.com /germanhistorymissouri.html (2185 words)

	Germany and the French Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		But the reaction of German intellectuals to the French Revolution was not as uniform in the beginning as it seemed to be in the end.
		The influence of the French Revolution was particularly strong in Brunswick, Hamburg and the Rhineland.
		Most of the admirers of the French Revolution in Germany thought that it was a great event like the reformation or the barbaric migrations of earlier years, but they were quite con tent to have the revolution stay within French limits.
	mars.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/germany/lectures/05revolution.html (2150 words)

	Anarchist analysis of the German revolution 1918 - 23 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The German High Command strategy in 1918 with Russia out of the war was to bring the war to a swift conclusion by a mass offensive, which would, smash through the allied lines.
		Many Leninists due to their misunderstanding of the October revolution (as a 'planned' event rather then the outcome of the crumbling of support for Kerensky) see the small size and lack of discipline of the KPD as the core weakness.
		The KPD thus called off the general strike and with it the revolution except in Hamburg where the party was never told and a few hundred communists seized half the city center police stations.
	flag.blackened.net /revolt/history/german_rev.html (4231 words)

	H-Net Review: Jennifer Benner on The German Revolution, 1917-1923
		The history of the brief "German Republic" under Friedrich Ebert and the announcement of the "German Socialist Republic" by Karl Liebknecht, culminating in the foundation of the German Communist Party (KPD) and the murders of Liebknecht and Rosa Luxembourg by Freikorps on January 15, 1919 (p.
		Determining the role of the KPD in German parliamentary government and its relationship to the Communist International (Comintern) were complicated and contentious issues.
		In his task of rescuing the history of the German Revolution from its dismissal as a pseudo-socialist revolution, Broue is especially concerned to situate it within the context of the longer history of Social Democracy and of worker activism in Germany.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=24941148316750 (1786 words)

	A German revolution down at the neighborhood pool \| csmonitor.com
		As German cities flail economically, the private sector is diving in to save pools and other public services.
		Germans see their 6,716 Volksbäders, or "people's pools" as essential to the public welfare.
		German cities, collectively $10 billion in debt, have been shutting down pools rather than pay million-dollar repair bills.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/0910/p06s02-woeu.html (983 words)

	March Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		March Revolution Against the background of a revolutionary situation existing since 1847 and increasingly worsened by the outbreak of a cyclic economic crisis, the German March revolution began in the wake of and as the immediate consequence of the Parisian February revolution.
		In the so-called Third Germany, the small and greater states of the German Confederation, due to the weakness of the semi-a bsolutist or absolutist-aristocratic-monarchic power systems, the revolution was largely non-violent and was primarily borne by the urban population.
		The uprising in Austria and Prussia was the highlight of the March revolution; in their metropolis armed riots of the people forced the intransigent pre-March regimes to surrender.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/ip/marrev.htm (1061 words)

	History of a New York City Institution
		The New Yorker Staatszeitung, nicknamed the "Staats," waslaunched on December 24, 1834 by the city's German Jacksonian Democrats.After languishing under a series of owners, it was sold in 1845 to JakobUhl.
		The number of Germans in the city grew rapidly, as did their clubs andsocieties, while older immigrants and their children created an elite groupthat provided the necessary structure and leadership.
		The Staats became a sideline, and was merged in 1934 withthe Herold as the Staatszeitung und Herold.
	www.germancorner.com /NYStaatsZ/history.html (1112 words)

	Famous People (3) - The German Way
		Discovered by German designer Karl Lagerfeld in 1988, Schiffer announced in October 1998 that she would retire from the fashion runway.
		Elected German chancellor in September 1998, Schröder (spelled Schroeder in English) is the former governor (Ministerpräsident) of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen).
		German satirist best known for his biting humor and critical views of the human species.
	www.german-way.com /famous3.html (1885 words)

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