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Topic: German Wasp

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	German-American: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		German immigrants made up a substantial population of colonial Pennsylvania (A Mid-Atlantic state; one of the original 13 colonies), where they often came into political conflict with the Quaker (One who quakes and trembles with (or as with) fear) s.
		Germans were important in the beer (A general name for alcoholic beverages made by fermenting a cereal (or mixture of cereals) flavored with hops) and wine (Fermented juice (of grapes especially)) industries.
		German bakers introduced the pretzel (Glazed and salted cracker typically in the shape of a loose knot).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/german-american1.htm (746 words)

	WASP - LoveToKnow Article on WASP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The true wasps (forming the old section Diploptera) are in their turn divided into three families(i) the Vespidae, (2) the Eumenidae, and (3) the Masaridac, which together comprise some 1500 different species.
		Hence wasps cannot obtain the sugary secretion from deeply-seated nectaries, and their visits to flowers are confined to such as are shallow or widely opened; they particularly frequent the Umbelliferae.
		The tree wasps build stouter nests upon branches of trees; the first joint of the antennae of the females is yellow in front.
	62.1911encyclopedia.org /W/WA/WASP.htm (4428 words)

	EW - Wasps Cause a Summer Problem
		Wasps pose a danger to viticulture and forestry workers, camping grounds and recreational areas, honeybees, by raiding hives and diminishing food supplies and the environment, consuming large numbers of native insects which are an important food source for many of our native species including kaka, tui and geckos.
		Common and German wasps, the main concern in the Waikato, are slightly bigger than a honey bee with smooth bodies, a fl head and thorax and yellow and fl stripes on the abdomen.
		Wasps are unlikely to chase after you unless you have disturbed a nest.
	www.ew.govt.nz /newsandevents/mediareleases/mr801799.htm (538 words)

	EW - Wasps
		Wasps consume large numbers of native insects which are an important food source for many of our native species including kaka, tui and geckos.
		Median wasps are established in several countries which have a climate similar to that of New Zealand.
		Wasps (as with honey bees and bumblebees) tend to attack against dark coloured objects (particularly blue) when disturbed.
	www.ew.govt.nz /enviroinfo/pests/animals/wasps.htm (1494 words)

	DPIWE - European and English Wasps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Wasps are social insects and live in nests where adults rear the young.
		If wasp activity has not decreased for a week after treatment, check whether rain may have washed away the insecticide or if the wasps are using a new entrance hole and thus avoiding contact with the poison.
		Wasps are attracted to the liver, chew off a small piece and then most drop to the bottom to adjust their load.
	www.dpiwe.tas.gov.au /inter.nsf/WebPages/CPAS-5Y9793?open (1668 words)

	Wasps
		German wasps generally nest underground but sometimes in hollow trees and the walls and roofs of buildings.
		This wasp is very similar in appearance to the German wasp but can be distinguished by not having separate fl dots on its abdomen as the dots are fused to the fl rings on the abdomen.
		Common and German wasps attack bee hives and therefore pose a threat to the apicultural and horticultural industries.
	www.envbop.govt.nz /Land/Animals/Wasps.asp (832 words)

	Entomology - Yellowjacket wasp identification
		These wasps may occasionally seek out sweets from our sodas and fruits, however, most of the time, they leave humans and their food alone and they rarely show up in yellowjacket traps.
		In contrast, the pestiferous wasps are members of the Vespula vulgaris group, which have nests with peak wasp population numbering in the several thousands and they continue their life cycle well into the late autumn.
		Paper wasps are brown and yellow whereas yellowjackets are usually fl and yellow.
	wasps.ucr.edu /waspid.html (1116 words)

	Social and potter wasps
		In many parts of Central Europe this subfamily is called 'paper wasps' because its members build their nest out of a kind of paper they produce themselves out of fibers of wood.
		The Median Wasp, a hornet as well, to the right is closely related to the Saxon Wasp and is a new arrival in the south of Britain, but still rare.
		This wasp, Dolichovespula adulterina, is a cuckoo to the Saxon Wasp.
	www.gardensafari.net /english/real_wasps.htm (1966 words)

	David Element's Wildlife Web Page Hymenoptera 2 - Social Wasps
		Wasp patterns are variable (the worker Median Wasp shown here is a very dark form) and even experts may need to examine the facial shape and markings in order to obtain an identification to species level.
		Social Wasps are well renowned for their ability to sting, and although the effects may be painful and irritating to everyone there are some hypersensitive individuals who might experience anaphylactic shock as a consequence.
		The victim may be chemically tagged by an individual wasp so that the remainder of the colony will recognise (and also attack) a potential enemy, so wasps' nests should only be removed by properly qualified pest control officers.
	www.david.element.ukgateway.net /hymenoptera2socialwasps1.htm (385 words)

	WELCOME
		Wasps can cause serious damage to soft fruit but ripening apples and pears are unlikely to be affected unless first damaged by birds or caterpillars.
		Common wasps have been observed invading honey bee hives and nests to steal their honey although usually the bees are able to defend themselves.
		Wasps are social insects, forming colonies inside nests specially constructed in soil banks, roof spaces, garden sheds, and in cavities in trees and walls.
	ivytag.users.btopenworld.com /wasps.htm (3408 words)

	Comet Pest Control Services
		Wasps in their daily routine control other insect pests, and clear dead insect carcasses as well as acting as pollinators.
		Because wasps have not evolved to the level of storing food over winter the colonies die when conditions become too cold, existing nests decompose and are never re-used.
		At the very least a wasp sting can cause a great deal of irritation, old fashioned remedies such as the application of vinegar, which is still used today, will almost certainly irritate the sting further as wasps venom is not alkaline.
	www.cometpc.btinternet.co.uk /btpage7.htm (760 words)

	U.S. Navy - A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers - USS Wasp (CV 7)
		Wasp's impending mission was an important one — one upon which the fate of the island bastion of Malta hung.
		Wasp and her consorts passed through the Straits of Gibraltar under cover of the pre-dawn darkness on 19 April, avoiding the possibility of being discovered by Spanish or Axis agents.
		Arriving at San Diego on 19 June, Wasp embarked the remainder of her complement of aircraft, Grumman TBF-1s and Douglas SBD-3s-10 of the former and 12 of the latter conducting their carrier qualification on 22 and 23 June, respectively, the latter replacing the old Vindicators.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/ships/carriers/histories/cv07-wasp/cv07-wasp.html (6807 words)

	Wasp Trap (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The common wasp (Vespa Vulgaris) and the German wasp (Vespa (or Vespula) Germanica) are guilty of much robbing of honey stores in bee hives and are a nuisance in the Autumn when there are few caterpillars for them to feed on.
		Wasps will easily follow the aroma and crawl down through the holes but are unable to escape.
		His version of wasp trap is based on cones made from a 200 mm disc of 'expamet', he used a dinner plate as a template.
	www.dave-cushman.net /bee/wasptrap.html (1013 words)

	Tips & Advice - Wasps
		Introduced wasp species are causing a number of problems through New Zealand as this country provides a favourable habitat, there are no natural predators, winters are relatively mild, and there is a plentiful food supply.
		However, wasp densities depend a lot on the spring weather and rain at nest-founding time has reduced the number of nests for the sixth consecutive season in some parts of the North Island.
		Wasps build their nests in a variety of places: underground, often in sunny spots, along banks, attached to walls, plants and under the floor and eaves of houses.
	www.beehive.org.nz /tips-and-advice/taa-wasps.htm (987 words)

	Hornets-Literature!
		On "Evolutionary genetics of social wasps" and the phylogeny of the Vespinae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae).
		A plague of wasps in the beech forests of New Zealand is joining other immigrant killers, threatening to sweep the country with a wave of extinction which could put an end to native birds like the kaka.
		Fordham, R. A., Craven, A. J., Minot, E. 1991: Phenology and population structure of annual nests of the German wasp Vespula germanica (Fab.) in Manawatu, New Zealand, with particular reference to late summer and autumn.
	www.vespa-crabro.de /literature.htm (2023 words)

	New Zealand Journal of Ecology
		The Asian paper wasp predominated in the Malaise trap samples from the low- growing habitat while the German wasp (Vespula germanica) was more common in the taller vegetation type.
		The Asian paper wasp was more abundant than the German wasp in the samples in February and early March.
		Asian paper wasps collected an estimated 15 000 prey loads per ha per season from one of the shrubland areas, and 478 000 prey loads per ha per season from the second area.
	www.nzes.org.nz /nzje/abstract.php?volume_issue=j23_1&first_page=11 (353 words)

	Wasp Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		I was fascinated by the unique nest-building ability of many wasps, as well as the complex social structure of the hornets, yellowjackets and umbrella paper wasps.
		The other primary social wasp problem is that social wasp workers are capable of swarming out en masse to attack and sting nest intruders.
		The large fl and yellow wasp is the queen, and the small one is a worker.
	sphs.angeltowns.net /A_R_Wehrle/wasps/wasps.html (1338 words)

	Wasps
		Wasps have flight paths to and from the nest, so one bad idea is to stand in the wrong place, as you will get dive bombed and stung.
		Wasps also know when the nest is under attack and will marshal their forces from the nest and attack you.
		If you are stood outside the nest and you kill a wasp, say by batting it one, that wasp will give off a pheromone (scent) which will penetrate the nest giving the alarm and bringing the rest of the workers out at you.
	www.the-piedpiper.co.uk /th4.htm (1705 words)

	WASP (Lat. vespa) - Online Information article about WASP (Lat. vespa)
		The material of the nest, as before stated, is usually dried wood, worked by the mandibles of the wasp, with the addition of its salivary secretion, into a pulp, which can easily be moulded whilst moi.,t; it dries into a substance of a papery appearance, but possessing considerable tenacity.
		German wasp, with three fl spots upon its first abdominal segment, are classed together as ground wasps.
		district of wasps, unless the nest can be taken, there is little good in killing stray members of the community.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /VIR_WAT/WASP_Lat_vespa_.html (3585 words)

	issg Database: References for Vespula vulgaris
		Clapperton, B. Abundance of wasps and prey consumption of paper wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Polistinae) in Northland, New Zealand.
		Fordham, R. A., Craven, A. and Minot, E. Phenology and population structure of annual nests of the German wasp Vespula germanica (Fab.) in Manawatu, New Zealand, with particular reference to late summer and autumn.
		Sandlant, G. and Moller, H. Abundance of common and German wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the honeydew beech forests of New Zealand.
	www.issg.org /database/species/references.asp?si=67&fr=1&sts= (1626 words)

	Wasps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The wasps you are most likely to encounter in Ireland are: the Common Wasp (vespula vulgaris) and the German Wasp (vespula germanica).
		The wasp season is usually between April and November (this is not a strict rule, we deal with wasp nests all year round).
		Wasps are known to nest in a variety of areas i.e., attics, air vents, garden sheds, walls, rockeries, bushes/trees, dog kennels, porches, facia boards etc. (anywhere there is an access hole).
	www.aardvark-ie.com /wasps.htm (290 words)

	Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. 2000
		It is one of many direct descendants of Indo-European, one of whose dialects became prehistoric Common Germanic, which subdivided into dialects of which one was West Germanic; this in turn broke up into further dialects, one of which emerged into documentary attestation as Old English.
		The Germanic form is equally precise, however, since the rule is that old -s- went to -r- (Old English snoru) only if the accented syllable came after the -s-.
		In the so-called “centum languages” (comprising Greek, Italic, Germanic, and Celtic), the palatal velars become plain velars and the labiovelars at first remained, while in the “satem” languages (Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, and Armenian), the labiovelars became plain velars and the palatals became sibilants.
	www.bartleby.com /61/8.html (9441 words)

	Wasps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The German wasp was introduced with US aeroplane parts in the 1940s and the common wasp arrived only recently but is already widespread.
		The best way to find a wasp nest is to search on sunny days, near dawn or dusk, when the low light angles highlight the flight path as wasps enter and leave the nest.
		The great advantage of poisoned bait is that worker wasps carry the bait home, saving you the effort of trying to find the nest and the hassle of going near it.
	www.doc.govt.nz /Conservation/002~Animal-Pests/Wasps.asp (643 words)

	Common Wasp Information Sheet
		The size of wasp colonies will vary from year to year, the severity of the previous winter is probably the key factor.
		Individuals react differently to being stung by wasps; some are hardly affected, others suffer considerable pain and swelling and a few become seriously allergic to being stung, which in some cases results in sudden death due to anaphylactic shock.
		The pain of the wasp sting is caused by a toxic fluid containing a complex protein, which is injected through the needle like sting as it penetrates the victim.
	www.tameside.gov.uk /corpgen1/wasps.htm (370 words)

	Distribution of Social Wasps in New Zealand
		The earliest to arrive here was the Australian paper wasp (Polistes humilis), which was abundant in Northland in the 1880s.
		German wasps (Vespula germanica) arrived at the end of World War II and they had spread to the South Island 10 years later.
		The common and German wasp are widespread throughout New Zealand, but the Asian paper wasp is still extending its range.
	www.landcareresearch.co.nz /research/biosecurity/stowaways/wasps/distribution.asp (239 words)

	Clapperton et al.--Distribution and proportions of wasps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Both the German wasp (established before 1950s) and the common wasp (established before 1980s) were widespread throughout most of the country in 1990.
		The common wasp had increased its distribution since 1987, mostly in the lower North Island and lower South Island, but was still absent from most of Northland, East Cape, and some regions of the central North Island and southern South Island.
		The common wasp had almost totally displaced the German wasp in honeydew beech forests by 1990 and accounted for a higher proportion of most samples from rural habitats.
	www.rsnz.org /publish/nzjz/1994/29.php (283 words)

	Timeline
		After Hitler ignores their demand for German withdrawal from Poland, and as the British ship Athenia is sunk by German U-boats off the coast of Ireland, Great Britain and France, Australia and New Zeland formally declare war on Germany.
		German troops invading the Ukraine machine-gun to death between 50,000 and 96,000 Ukranians (of which at least 60 percent are Jews), in Babi Yar, a ravine about 30 miles outside of Kiev.
		German defenders abort the raid and 3,500 Canadians are lost.
	www.wasp-wwii.org /wasp/resources/WASPWWII_time.htm (5629 words)

	Garden Diary October 2004
		The wasps vary in size quite a bit, but most have an abdomen similar to this rather large individual.
		Here in the garden the level of wasp activity around the Ivy seems to be declining now and today they were easily outnumbered by various assorted flies.
		Usually when two wasps meet there is a flurry of activity and one leaves, but in this case the much larger Wood Wasp seemed to just investigate the other wasp and then both carried on feeding.
	www.mybitoftheplanet.com /2004/2004oct3.html (1659 words)

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