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	Protestant Churhes in the Third Reich
		When Hitler's German Workers' Party (the predecessors of the Nazis) adopted a manifesto in 1920 that was explicitly anti-Semitic and seems to promise the curtailing of religious freedom, it was not opposed by the Protestant establishment.
		The German Christian movement was born out of the tendency of the Protestant church to incorporate of elements of the volk traditions as a response to the uncertainty of the Weimar years.
		German Methodists were influenced by the same factors as the larger Lutheran Church, such as nationalism, a desire for a strong German state, but because of its small size, it was more easily engulfed by Nazi propaganda.
	hist.academic.claremontmckenna.edu /jpetropoulos/church/keithpage/protesta.htm (2298 words)

	Karl Barth, the German Christians, and ECUSA
		The chief theological opponent of the German Christians was Karl Barth.
		What the "German Christians" wanted and did was obviously along a line which had for long enough been acknowledged and trodden by the Church of the whole world: the line of the Enlightenment and Pietism, of Schleiermacher, Richard Rothe and Ritschl.
		The German Christians did not need to reconcile their differences at the level of theological propositions because they believed, to quote the Presiding bishop, that their "divergent views and different understandings of God's intent" were "brought together in the larger and all embracing truth of Christ."
	users.iglide.net /rjsanders/theo/gcc.htm (2603 words)

	Review of Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movementin the Third Reich (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The German Christians were a relatively small but highly disruptive element within German Protestantism which pursued the goal of harmonizing Christianity (or what they understood Christianity to be) with National Socialism.
		The German Christians were thus committed to a cult of the Volk, to the idea of racial purity and to adulation of the Führer.
		German scientific theology reflected the self-perception of German society; alternatively it was an expression of the Zeitgeist.
	www.ess.uwe.ac.uk /genocide/reviewstr17.htm (1076 words)

	Newsletter no 15 (Vol II, no 3) - April 1996
		Much of the support of the German Christians came from their appeal for a unified national church, overcoming these divisive tendencies, and hand-in-glove with the cause of national and political revival as espoused by the Nazis.
		Despite their fervent claims to be the Fuehrer's most loyal followers, the German Christians were subjected to the same discriminatory measures taken by the Party and/or the Gestapo to marginalize the churches, and to drive them out of the public arena.
		Ultimately the German Christians preached Christianity as the polar opposite of Judaism, Jesus as the arch-antisemite, and the cross as the symbol of war against the Jews.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/akz/akz9604.htm (2117 words)

	ipedia.com: Crusade Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		When the First Crusade was preached in 1095, the Christian princes of northern Iberia had been fighting their way out of the mountains of Galicia and Asturias, the Basque country and Navarre, with increasing success, for about a hundred years.
		The disaffected Germans and the Normans were not to be counted on, but the heart and backbone of a crusade could be found among the northern French.
		After a period of relative peace, in which Christians and Muslims co-existed in the Holy Land, Bernard of Clairvaux called for a new crusade when the town of Edessa was conquered by the Turks.
	www.ipedia.com /crusade.html (2742 words)

	Religion Role in the Rise of the Nazis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In contrast, Christianity had the capacity to stop Nazism before it came to power, and to reduce or moderate its practices afterwards, but repeatedly failed to do so because the principal churches were complicit withâ”indeed, in the pay ofâ”the Nazis.
		German bishops released a statement that wiped out past criticism of Nazism by proclaiming the new regime acceptable, then followed doctrine by ordering the laity to be loyal to this regime just as they had commanded loyalty to previous regimes.
		German Catholics were stunned by the magnitude and suddenness of this realignment.
	kanony.4t.com /custom3.html (1909 words)

	Bonhoeffer And The German Churches' Response To Nazism
		Being both a Christian and a racist was certainly not impossible, as witness America in the 1950s.
		The nature of Christian ethics is hard to pin down, and there is little consensus on the subject.
		In his Ethics he said that Christians should be actively involved in the world, calling it a "penultimate" to the kingdom of God that could not be ignored.
	www.bigissueground.com /atheistground/ash-germanchurchesnazis.shtml (2146 words)

	Christians against Nazis: the German Confessing Church - Christian History & Biography - ChristianityTodayLibrary.com
		The provincial churches who had been brought under the rule of the German Christians were referred to by the Confessing Church as 'liquidated churches'; those led by bishops who were not associated with the German Christians such as Hanover, Wiirttemberg and Bavaria, were 'intact' churches.
		Bonhoeffer was born in Breslau in 1906, the son of a professor of psychiatry.
		Bonhoeffer was one of the first Christians in the Confessing Church to recognize clearly the significance of the 'Jewish question' in Nazi Germany.
	www.ctlibrary.com /4555 (2620 words)

	Nazi Germany -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The German economy was later transferred to the leadership of (additional info and facts about Hermann Göring) Hermann Göring when, on October 18, 1936, the German Reichstag announced the formation of a (additional info and facts about Four year plan) Four year plan to shift the German economy towards a war production base.
		Another part of the new German economy was massive rearmament with the goal being to expand the 100,000-strong German Army into a force of millions.
		The Nazis' plan was to extend German (Space sought for occupation by a nation whose population is expanding) lebensraum ("living space") eastward, but their public pretext for launching the war in Eastern Europe was "to defend Western Civilization against (Soviet communism) Bolshevism".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/n/na/nazi_germany.htm (4536 words)

	Rocket in the Bocket: Does America need a Confessing Church? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The German suicide rate in the early 1930's was one of the highest in the world.
		I am ready for Christians as passionate about using their churches to educate young adults about the importance of marriage and monogamy as they are about campaigning for a Constitutional Amendment.
		The German Christians said that to segregate defilers from the pure race is an expression of Godly love to the segregated race.
	rocketinthebocket.blogspot.com /2005/05/does-america-need-confessing-church.html (4834 words)

	EKD: Protestant Church in Germany - - German Christians examine cooperation with Cuba
		Representatives from cooperation agencies and German Churches met in Havana with leaders from Cuban Churches and ecumenical movements which have a fraternal relationship and receive aid from these German organisations.
		German representatives included the Social Services Agency, Bread for the World, Overseas Services, the Berlin Missionary Department, the Evangelical Church in Germany and the Evangelical Church in Berlin-Brandenburg.
		During their visit, German representatives visited Churches, and Government- or Church-projects that are supported by their organisations.
	www.ekd.de /bulletin/bulletin_2435.html (392 words)

	Dietrich Bonhoeffer Short biography of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. The following story will give the reader some sense of the ...
		Paula BonhoefferÂ chose to educate her children in their early years at home, observing that "Germans have their backbones broken twice in life: first in the schools, secondly in the military." Her emphasis on a strong moral and intellectual character was shared throughout the Bonhoeffer family.
		Even before the war, German opponents of Hitler had considered overthrowing the Nazi regime; the first unrealized plan to overthrow Hitler was during the Sudeten crisis in 1938.
		German resistance groups hoped to convince their Allied contacts of their seriousness and win foreign support for the overthrow of the Nazi regime.
	www.believersweb.org /view.cfm?ID=980 (4967 words)

	Karl Barth and the German Church Conflict
		Protests against the German Christian heresy cannot simply begin with the Aryan Paragraph, nor with their rejection of the Old Testament, the Arianism of their Christology, the naturalism and pelagianism of their teachings of justification and sanctification, nor with the idolization of the state that characterizes German Christian ethics.
		Blurring racial and religious categories, the German Christians defined the church as essentially and primarily anti-Jewish, and it was this idea that became the fixed point around which spokesmen of the movement structured and organized their views.
		When the German Christians held their first national convention in Berlin on April 3-5, Dr. Friedrich Werner, later president of the Evangelical Church government office, declared that the basis of the church’s constitution had to be the “Führer” principle.
	www.daveblackonline.com /Karl_Barth.htm (1432 words)

	Christian News, Updated Daily - Christian Today > 50,000 German Christians Demonstrate Against Terrorism on Jesus Day ...
		While the sorrowful ringing of church bells were heard throughout cities around the world and as Christians gathered for solemn memorial services, a number of Christians in Germany marked the third anniversary of the 9/11 terror attacks in a very different way.
		Even though the initiative was criticised by some evangelical churches as an “extreme act” and that it “made the Christian church ridiculous”, the response of the participants was very satisfactory.
		The first Christian radio station in Ukraine’s capital city, has accepted thousands of calls of support and encouragement from listeners that have ‘‘surpassed expectations’’ of the radio station staff...
	www.christiantoday.com /news/europe/50000.german.christians.demonstrate.against.terrorism.on.jesus.day.2004/380.htm (719 words)

	E:\Offices\mqr\oct2002\perry.HTM
		The demands it placed on the loyalties of German citizens were demands that only the church could rightly make, and if the church heeded those demands it was accepting a source of revelation outside of the Jesus revealed by the Bible.
		What this ignores is that Christians will be able to rightly see where those borders lie only if they have already understood their churchly and civic practices as morally formative, as a kind of liturgy.
		John Perry is a Ph.D. student in Christian Ethics at the University of Notre Dame.
	www.goshen.edu /mqr/pastissues/oct02perry.html (11883 words)

	Crosswalk.com
		A new generation of German Christians says God is giving their country another chance with the Jews.
		German and international leaders say the rebirth of the Jewish community there is vital to overcoming the stain of the Holocaust, according to Reuters.
		Christian leaders are determined to put the shame of the Holocaust behind and begin telling Jews "with sensitivity and understanding" that Jesus is the Messiah, he said.
	www.learnathome.com /523028.html?view=print (704 words)

	German Christians split over common Bible project : HindustanTimes.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		German Protestants have pulled out of a project to revise a common Bible translation because the Catholics want it to follow Vatican instructions to return their church language closer to its ancient Latin roots.
		German Catholics and Protestants produced a common Bible translation in the 1980s and have long used it in ecumenical services.
		Translation problems in the German and English-speaking worlds pose a challenge for the Vatican because local churches in other countries often use them as a reference when translating into their languages.
	www.hindustantimes.com /news/181_1488293,00110001.htm (556 words)

	German Christians Hold Rally For Israel
		The some 3,000 demonstrators--waving Israeli flags, blowing shofars and marching under the slogan "Germany on Israel's Side"--were nearly all fundamentalist Christians who oppose a Palestinian state and view Jews as unfulfilled until they accept Jesus as their saviour.
		Gunter Keil--head of The Bridge Berlin- Jerusalem, the fundamentalist Christian organisation behind the demonstration--rejected the criticism.
		"Our Christian friends are always with us on the front line for Israel." Ms Rozenbaum, who is Jewish, said that she "tried not to think about" the missionary issue and the march organisers' strongly voiced opposition to the establishment of a Palestinian state.
	www.rense.com /general28/germ.htm (577 words)

	Welcome to the First Presbyterian Church of Waco, Texas
		Most Germans took the union of Christianity, nationalism, and militarism for granted, and patriotic sentiments were equated with Christian truth.
		It is threatened by the teaching methods and actions of the ruling Church party of the "German Christians" and of the Church administration carried on by them.
		This threat consists in the fact that the theological basis, in which the German Evangelical Church is united, has been continually and systematically thwarted and rendered ineffective by alien principles, on the part of the leaders and spokesmen of the "German Christians" as well as on the part of the Church administration.
	firstpreswaco.org /believe/barmendeclaration.htm (2190 words)

	The Antipas Papers/Chapter 2/A Trap Is Being Set - Don't Get Caught
		The fact of the matter is, the public persona which Hitler constantly cultivated was that of a "Christian Savior" commissioned by God to save the nation from the liberal rot which had overtaken it.
		As Christians, we have not been called to busy ourselves in the hopeless effort of repairing the damage, but instead we have been called to get as many people off the ship as is possible before it sinks.
		Apostasy inevitably develops when Christians - because of their worldly comfort and wealth, or simply their desire for material things - refuse to acknowledge in word, deed, or action the fact that they are merely "pilgrims and strangers" - aliens - to this world and this present life.
	www.antipasministries.com /html/file0000013.htm (4799 words)

	German Evangelicals' Political Future \| Reader Response \| Deutsche Welle \| 15.11.2004
		After reading a poll taken in Germany where only 20 percent of Germans consider religion a major part of their lives, I would say Germany would be quite providentially blessed to have a strong Christian political force.
		Interesting, your article labels church-going Christians in the US as "conservative" and in Germany as "radical." Of course, radical or not, mainstream Germans and other western Europeans seem to have very little interest in the Christian faith.
		While fundamentalist Christians played a vital role in the re-election of US President George W. Bush, their German counterparts have so far failed to gain any political significance.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,1564,1397391,00.html (651 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Extending her analysis into the postwar period, Bergen shows how the German Christians were relatively easily incorporated into mainstream church life after 1945.
		Adherents of the German Christian movement of the 1930's and 1940's saw Nazism and Christianity as movements with shared values and a common agenda.
		The last chapter, Postwar Echoes, gives and interesting account of the way in which German Christians tried to reconcile their old allegiances in the post war period and the way in which other Protestant sects used the high-visibility collaboration of the German Christians to avoid thorough de-Nazification at the end of the war.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0807845604 (859 words)

	H-Net Review: John A. Moses on Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich
		The German Christians were a relatively small but highly disruptive element within German Protestantism that pursued the goal of harmonizing Christianity (or what they understood Christianity to be) with National Socialism.
		The German Christians were thus committed to a cult of the
		German scientific theology reflected the self-perception of German society; alternatively it was an expression of the
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=28606849378558 (1111 words)

	The Secret of the Strength, Chapter 4
		Jewish Christians, all of whom could trace their ancestry back to Abraham, were circumcised and wore beards.
		Latin Christians carried the Gospel throughout the far reaches of the Roman empire: to the Celts in Britain and Ireland, to Iberia (Spain and Portugal), to the Gauls in what later became France, and to Celtic tribes living in the Alps and down the Danube valley.
		Once the Bible was printed and the Germans had it in their hands, the dark days of the apostate "catholic" church in northern Europe were over.
	www.gw.org /Sos/Sos04.htm (2068 words)

	German Radical Christians Look to US \| Germany \| Deutsche Welle \| 11.11.2004
		In Germany, radical Christians have so far played a negligible role in the political process and it remains unclear whether that will change in the future.
		"German Christians believe that they don't have a role to play in politics and unfortunately that's not going to change," he said.
		A German federal court has ruled that a regional ban on Muslim teachers wearing headscarves in public schools must also apply to Christian nuns, according to a news report.
	www.dw-world.de /dw/article/0,1564,1391622,00.html (964 words)

	Questioning The Authorities ~ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Yet the meeting of the Greater Berlin Gau of the "German Christians" in November 1933 marks a turning point in the church's internal conflict.
		The opponents of the "German Christians" form the Pfarrernotbund (Pastors' Emergency Council) in 1933, and then the Bekennende Kirche (Confessional Church) in 1934.
		But someday those Christians in Germany will stand before the Throne and answer for their compromise and lack of courage to stand for the Truth.
	members.aol.com /SalemTheSoldier/questioning_authority.html (2252 words)

	The UNC Press, Twisted Cross by Doris L. Bergen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In Twisted Cross, Doris Bergen addresses one important element of this response by focusing on the 600,000 self-described 'German Christians,' who sought to expunge all Jewish elements from the Christian church.
		Bergen refutes the notion that the German Christians were a marginal group and demonstrates that members occupied key positions within the Protestant church even after their agenda was rejected by the Nazi leadership.
		Extending her analysis into the postwar period, Bergen shows how the German Christians were relatively easily reincorporated into mainstream church life after 1945.
	uncpress.unc.edu /books/T-53.html (220 words)

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